Uveliso lwamandla ombane ngombane yenye yezona ndlela zikhulileyo zokuvelisa amandla, kwaye ithe gqolo ivelisa izinto ezintsha kwaye yaphuhliswa kwinkqubo yophuhliso lwenkqubo yamandla. Yenze inkqubela phambili ephawulekayo ngokubhekiselele kwisikali sokuma sodwa, inqanaba lezixhobo zobugcisa, kunye neteknoloji yokulawula. Njengomthombo wamandla ozinzileyo nothembekileyo okumgangatho ophezulu olawulwayo, amandla ombane adla ngokuquka izikhululo zombane eziqhelekileyo eziphehlwa ngamanzi kunye nezikhululo zombane ezimpontshwayo. Ukongeza ekusebenzeni njengomboneleli obalulekileyo wamandla ombane, baye badlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuchebeni okuphezulu, ukumodareyitha rhoqo, ukumodareyitha kwesigaba, ukuqala okumnyama, kunye nokulinda okungxamisekileyo ngexesha lonke lokusebenza kwenkqubo yamandla. Ngophuhliso olukhawulezayo lwemithombo yamandla emitsha njengamandla omoya kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla e-photovoltaic, ukunyuka kwencopho ukuya kwintlambo iyantlukwano kwiinkqubo zamandla kunye nokuncipha kwe-inertia ejikelezayo ebangelwa kukwanda kwezixhobo zombane zombane kunye nezixhobo, imiba esisiseko efana nokucwangciswa kwenkqubo yamandla kunye nokwakha, ukusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo, kunye nokuthunyelwa kwezoqoqosho kujongene nemingeni emikhulu, kwaye ikwayimiba emikhulu ekufuneka iqwalaselwe kulwakhiwo olutsha lwamandla ombane kwixesha elizayo. Kwimeko yokunikezelwa kwezibonelelo zaseTshayina, amandla ombane azakudlala indima ebaluleke ngakumbi kuhlobo olutsha lwenkqubo yamandla, ejongene neemfuno ezibalulekileyo zophuhliso namathuba, kwaye kubaluleke kakhulu kukhuseleko loqoqosho lokwakha uhlobo olutsha lwenkqubo yamandla.
Uhlalutyo lwemeko yangoku kunye nemeko yophuhliso lokuveliswa kombane ngamanzi
Imeko yophuhliso lobuchule
Utshintsho lwamandla acocekileyo lwehlabathi luyakhula ngokukhawuleza, kwaye umlinganiselo wamandla amatsha njengamandla omoya kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla e-photovoltaic kukhula ngokukhawuleza. Ukucwangcisa kunye nokwakha, ukusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo, kunye nokucwangciswa kwezoqoqosho kweenkqubo zamandla emveli zijongene nemingeni emitsha kunye nemiba. Ukusukela ngowama-2010 ukuya kowama-2021, ufakelo lwamandla omoya kwihlabathi jikelele lugcine ukukhula okukhawulezayo, ngesantya esiphakathi sokukhula kwe-15%; Umyinge wokukhula ngonyaka e-China ufikelele kuma-25%; Izinga lokukhula kofakelo lwamandla ombane we-photovoltaic kwihlabathi jikelele kwiminyaka eyi-10 edlulileyo ifikelele kwi-31%. Inkqubo yamandla enomlinganiselo ophezulu wamandla amatsha ijongene nemiba emikhulu efana nobunzima bokulinganisa ukubonelela kunye nemfuno, ubunzima obunzima bokulawulwa kwenkqubo yokusebenza kunye neengozi zozinzo ezibangelwa kukunciphisa inertia yokujikeleza, kunye nokunyuka okukhulu kwemfuno yokucheba i-peak, okubangelwa ukunyuka kweendleko zokusebenza kwenkqubo. Kungxamisekile ukukhuthaza ngokubambisana ukusonjululwa kwale miba ukusuka kubonelelo lombane, igridi, namacala omthwalo. Ukuveliswa kombane owenziwe ngamanzi ngumthombo wamandla olawulwayo obalulekileyo oneempawu ezifana ne-inetia enkulu ejikelezayo, isantya sokuphendula ngokukhawuleza, kunye nemowudi yokusebenza ebhetyebhetye. Ineengenelo zendalo ekusombululeni le mingeni mitsha kunye neengxaki.
Inqanaba lokufakelwa kombane liyaqhubeka nokuphucuka, kwaye iimfuno zobonelelo lwamandla olukhuselekileyo noluthembekileyo ukusuka kwimisebenzi yezoqoqosho nentlalontle iyaqhubeka nokukhula. Kwiminyaka engama-50 edlulileyo, inqanaba lokufakelwa kombane kwihlabathi liye laqhubeka liphucuka, kwaye inxalenye yamandla ombane ekusetyenzisweni kwamandla etheminali iye yanda ngokuthe ngcembe. Ukutshintshwa kwamandla ombane kwitheminali emelwe zizithuthi zombane kuye kwakhawuleza. Uluntu lwezoqoqosho lwanamhlanje luthembela ngakumbi kumbane, kwaye umbane uye waba yindlela esisiseko yokuvelisa imisebenzi yezoqoqosho nentlalontle. Unikezelo lwamandla olukhuselekileyo noluthembekileyo luyisiqinisekiso esibalulekileyo kwimveliso yabantu banamhlanje kunye nobomi. Ukucima kombane kwimimandla emikhulu akuzisi nje kuphela ilahleko enkulu yezoqoqosho, kodwa kusenokuzisa isiphithiphithi esikhulu ekuhlaleni. Ukhuseleko lwamandla lube ngundoqo wokhuseleko lwamandla, kwanokhuseleko lwesizwe. Inkonzo yangaphandle yeenkqubo zamandla amatsha ifuna ukuphuculwa okuqhubekayo kokuthembeka konikezelo lwamandla olukhuselekileyo, ngelixa uphuhliso lwangaphakathi lujongene nokunyuka okuqhubekayo kwizinto ezinobungozi ezibeka ingozi enkulu kukhuseleko lwamandla.
Ubuchwephesha obutsha buyaqhubeka nokuvela kwaye busebenza kwiinkqubo zamandla, ukuphucula kakhulu iqondo lobukrelekrele kunye nobunzima beenkqubo zamandla. Ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwezixhobo zombane zamandla kwimiba eyahlukeneyo yokuvelisa amandla, ukuhanjiswa, kunye nokusasazwa kuye kwakhokelela kutshintsho olubalulekileyo kwiimpawu zomthwalo kunye neempawu zenkqubo yenkqubo yamandla, okukhokelela kutshintsho olunzulu kwindlela yokusebenza yenkqubo yamandla. Unxibelelwano lolwazi, ulawulo, kunye nobuchwephesha bobuntlola busetyenziswa kakhulu kuzo zonke iinkalo zemveliso nolawulo lwenkqubo yamandla. Iqondo lobukrelekrele beenkqubo zamandla liye laphucuka kakhulu, kwaye ziyakwazi ukuziqhelanisa nohlalutyo olukhulu lwe-intanethi kunye nohlalutyo lwenkxaso yesigqibo. Ukuveliswa kombane osasazwayo kuqhagamshelwe kwicala lomsebenzisi womnatha wokusasazwa kwinqanaba elikhulu, kwaye isikhokelo sokuhamba kwamandla kwigridi sitshintshile ukusuka kwindlela enye ukuya kwindlela ezimbini okanye nakwi-multidirectional. Iindidi ezahlukahlukeneyo zezixhobo zombane ezihlakaniphile zivela kumlambo ongapheliyo, iimitha ezihlakaniphile zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi, kwaye inani lee-terminals zokufikelela kwenkqubo yamandla liyanda ngokukhawuleza. Ukhuseleko lolwazi lube ngumthombo obalulekileyo womngcipheko kwinkqubo yamandla.
Uhlaziyo kunye nophuhliso lwamandla ombane ngokuthe ngcembe lungena kwimeko encomekayo, kwaye imeko-bume yomgaqo-nkqubo efana namaxabiso ombane iya iphucuka ngokuthe ngcembe. Ngophuhliso olukhawulezayo loqoqosho lwaseTshayina kunye noluntu, ishishini lamandla ombane liye lafumana umtsi omkhulu ukusuka kwincinci ukuya enkulu, ukusuka kobuthathaka ukuya komelele, kwaye ukusuka ekulandeleni ukuya phambili. Ngokwemigaqo yenkqubo, ukusuka kurhulumente ukuya kwishishini, ukusuka kumzi-mveliso omnye ukuya kuthungelwano olunye, ukwahlula iifektri kunye nothungelwano, ukhuphiswano oluphakathi, kunye nokuhamba ngokuthe ngcembe ukusuka ekucwangcisweni ukuya kwimarike kuye kwakhokelela kwindlela yophuhliso lombane olulungele iimeko zelizwe laseChina. Umthamo wokwenziwa kunye nokwakha kunye nenqanaba lobuchwepheshe bamandla ombane waseTshayina kunye nezixhobo zibekwe phakathi kodidi lokuqala lwehlabathi. Inkonzo yendalo yonke kunye nezalathisi zokusingqongileyo zeshishini lamandla ombane ziya ziphucuka kancinane, kwaye eyona nkqubo yamandla ombane inkulu ehlabathini neyona iphucuke kakhulu ngokwethekhinoloji iye yakhiwa yaza yasetyenziswa. Imarike yombane yaseTshayina iqhubela phambili ngokuthe chu, kunye nendlela ecacileyo yolwakhiwo lwemarike yombane emanyeneyo ukusuka kwingingqi ukuya kumanqanaba kazwelonke, kwaye iye yabambelela kumgca waseTshayina wokufuna inyaniso kwiinyani. Iindlela zomgaqo-nkqubo ezifana namaxabiso ombane ziye zalungelelaniswa ngokuthe ngcembe, kwaye indlela yexabiso lombane efanelekileyo kuphuhliso lwamandla okugcinwa empompo isekiwe kwasekuqaleni, ibonelela ngemeko-bume yomgaqo-nkqubo wokuqonda ixabiso lezoqoqosho lokuyila nophuhliso lombane wamanzi.
Utshintsho olubalulekileyo lwenzekile kwiimeko zomda wokucwangciswa kombane wamanzi, uyilo kunye nokusebenza. Owona msebenzi ungundoqo wocwangciso kunye noyilo lwesikhululo sombane owenziwe ngamanzi kukukhetha isikali sesikhululo samandla ombane esinokwenzeka ngokoqoqosho kunye nendlela yokusebenza. Kuqhelekile ukuba kuthathelwe ingqalelo imiba yokucwangciswa kweprojekthi yombane owenziwe ngamanzi phantsi kwesiseko seyona njongo iphezulu yosetyenziso olubanzi lobutyebi bamanzi. Kuyimfuneko ukuba kuqwalaselwe ngokubanzi iimfuno ezinje ngolawulo lwezandyondyo, unkcenkceshelo, ukuthunyelwa ngenqanawa, kunye nonikezelo lwamanzi, kwaye wenze uthelekiso olubanzi lwezoqoqosho, lwentlalo, kunye nokusingqongileyo. Kumxholo wempumelelo yetekhnoloji eqhubekayo kunye nokwanda okuqhubekayo kwinxalenye yamandla omoya kunye namandla e-photovoltaic, inkqubo yamandla ngokungqongqo kufuneka isebenzise ngokuzeleyo ngakumbi izibonelelo ze-hydraulic, ityebise indlela yokusebenza yezikhululo zombane wamanzi, kwaye idlale indima enkulu ekuchebeni okuphezulu, ukumodareyitha rhoqo, kunye nohlengahlengiso lomgangatho. Usukelo oluninzi olwalungenzeki ngaphambili ngokweteknoloji, izixhobo, nolwakhiwo luye lwaba nokwenzeka ngokwezoqoqosho nangokwezobugcisa. Indlela yoqobo yogcino lwamanzi kunye nokukhutshwa kombane kwizikhululo zombane wamanzi ayinakukwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zeenkqubo zamandla amatsha, kwaye kuyimfuneko ukudibanisa indlela yezikhululo zamandla ezimpontshwayo zokugcina umbane ukuphucula ngokubonakalayo umthamo wolawulo lwezikhululo zombane wamanzi; Kwangaxeshanye, ngenxa yokusikelwa umda kwemithombo yamandla elawulwayo yexesha elifutshane enje ngezikhululo zamandla ezimpontshwayo ekukhuthazeni ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yamandla emitsha efana namandla omoya kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla ephotovoltaic, kunye nobunzima bokwenza umsebenzi wonikezelo lwamandla olukhuselekileyo nolufikelelekayo, kuyimfuneko ngokungqongqo ukunyusa umthamo wedama ukuphucula umgaqo wolawulo lomjikelo wexesha lokulawula umbane wesiqhelo xa kusenziwa umjikelo wolawulo lwamanzi. amandla amalahle arhoxisiwe.
Iimfuno zophuhliso ezitsha
Kukho imfuneko engxamisekileyo yokukhawulezisa uphuhliso lwemithombo yombane oveliswa ngamanzi, kwandiswe umlinganiselo wombane ophehlwa ngamanzi kwinkqubo entsha yamandla, nokudlala indima enkulu. Kumxholo wenjongo "yekhabhoni ezimbini", umthamo ofakiweyo uwonke wamandla omoya kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla e-photovoltaic kuya kufikelela kwi-1.2 yebhiliyoni ye-kilowatts ngo-2030; Kulindeleke ukuba ifikelele kwi-5 yeebhiliyoni ukuya kwi-6 yebhiliyoni ye-kilowatts ngo-2060. Kwixesha elizayo, kuya kubakho imfuno enkulu yokulawula izibonelelo kwiinkqubo ezintsha zamandla, kwaye ukuveliswa kombane owenziwe ngamanzi ngowona mthombo uphezulu wokulawula umbane. Ubuchwephesha bombane waseTshayina bunokuphuhlisa umthamo ofakelweyo oziikhilomitha ezingama-687 ezigidi. Ekupheleni kuka-2021, i-391 yezigidi zeekilowatts sele ziphuhlisiwe, kunye nesantya sophuhliso malunga ne-57%, ephantsi kakhulu kune-90% yezinga lophuhliso lwamazwe athile aphuhlileyo eYurophu nase-United States. Ukuqwalasela ukuba umjikelo wophuhliso lweeprojekthi zombane wamanzi ubude (ngokuqhelekileyo iminyaka emi-5-10), ngelixa umjikelo wophuhliso lwamandla omoya kunye neeprojekthi zokuvelisa amandla ombane we-photovoltaic umfutshane ngokwentelekiso (ngokuqhelekileyo iminyaka eyi-0.5-1, okanye mfutshane) kwaye uphuhlisa ngokukhawuleza, kungxamisekile ukukhawulezisa inkqubela yophuhliso lweeprojekthi zombane wamanzi, zizalise ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka, kwaye zidlale indima yazo ngokukhawuleza.
Kukho imfuneko engxamisekileyo yokuguqula indlela yophuhliso lombane wamanzi ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno ezintsha zokutsheva okuphezulu kwiinkqubo ezintsha zamandla. Ngaphantsi kwemithintelo yenjongo "yekhabhoni ezimbini", unikezelo lwamandla lwexesha elizayo lumisela iimfuno ezinkulu zokusebenza kwenkqubo yamandla ekuchebeni okuphezulu, kwaye oku akuyongxaki ukuba ukucwangcisa ukuxuba kunye nemikhosi yemarike kunokusombulula, kodwa kunoko umba osisiseko wobugcisa obunokwenzeka. Umsebenzi wezoqoqosho, okhuselekileyo nozinzile wenkqubo yamandla unokufezekiswa kuphela ngokukhokelwa kweemarike, ukucwangciswa, kunye nolawulo lokusebenza kwisiseko sokuba ubuchwepheshe bunokwenzeka. Kwizikhululo zombane eziqhelekileyo ezisebenza ngamanzi, kukho imfuneko engxamisekileyo yokwandisa ukusetyenziswa komthamo okhoyo wogcino kunye nezibonelelo, ukwandisa ngokufanelekileyo utyalo-mali lotshintsho xa kukho imfuneko, kwaye wenze zonke iinzame zokuphucula amandla okulawula; Kwizikhululo zombane zesiqhelo ezisandula ukucwangciswa zaza zakhiwa, kungxamisekile ukuba kuqwalaselwe utshintsho olubalulekileyo kwiimeko zemida eziziswe yinkqubo entsha yamandla, kwaye kucwangciswe kwaye kwakhiwe izikhululo zamandla ombane eziguquguqukayo nezilungelelanisiweyo kunye nendibaniselwano yesikali sexesha elide nelifutshane ngokweemeko zendawo. Ngokumalunga nokugcinwa kompompo, ukwakhiwa kufuneka kukhawuleziswe phantsi kwemeko yangoku apho amandla okulawula ixesha elifutshane akwanelanga kakhulu; Ekuhambeni kwexesha, imfuno yesixokelelwano yobuchule bexeshana elifutshane lokutsheva kufuneka iqwalaselwe kwaye isicwangciso sophuhliso senziwa ngokwenzululwazi. Kuhlobo lwezikhululo zamandla ezimponthiweyo zokudluliselwa kwamanzi, kuyimfuneko ukudibanisa iimfuno zobutyebi bamanzi esizwe ukwenzela ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi kwingingqi enqamlezileyo, zombini njengeprojekthi yokuhanjiswa kwamanzi kwisitya esinqamlezayo kunye nosetyenziso olubanzi lwemithombo yolawulo lwenkqubo yamandla. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, inokudityaniswa nokucwangciswa ngokubanzi kunye noyilo lweeprojekthi zokususwa kwetyuwa emanzini olwandle.
Kukho imfuneko engxamisekileyo yokukhuthaza ukuveliswa kombane owenziwe ngamanzi ukuze kudalwe ixabiso elikhulu lezoqoqosho nezentlalo ngelixa kuqinisekiswa ukusebenza kwezoqoqosho nokhuseleko lweenkqubo ezintsha zamandla. Ngokusekwe kwinjongo yophuhliso imiqobo yecarbon peak kunye nokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni kwinkqubo yamandla, amandla amatsha ngokuthe ngcembe aya kuba yeyona nto iphambili kwisakhiwo sonikezelo lwamandla enkqubo yamandla yexesha elizayo, kwaye ubungakanani bemithombo yamandla ekhabhoni ephezulu njengamandla amalahle aya kuncipha ngokuthe ngcembe. Ngokutsho kwedatha evela kumaziko ophando amaninzi, phantsi kwemeko yokurhoxiswa okukhulu kwamandla amalahle, ngo-2060, umthamo ofakiweyo waseTshayina wamandla omoya kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla e-photovoltaic malunga ne-70%; Umthamo ofakiweyo we-hydropower xa uqwalasela ukugcinwa okumponthiweyo malunga ne-800 yezigidi zeekilowatts, kubalwa malunga ne-10%. Kwixesha elizayo ulwakhiwo lwamandla, amandla ombane ngumthombo wamandla othembekileyo nothambileyo nohlengahlengiswayo, nolilitye lembombo lokuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo, okuzinzileyo noqoqosho lweenkqubo zamandla amatsha. Kungxamisekile ukushenxa kuphuhliso lwangoku “lokwenziwa kombane olusekwe, kulawulo olongeziweyo” kunye nendlela yokusebenza ukuya “kulawulo olusekwe kulawulo, ukuveliswa kombane okongeziweyo”. Ngokufanelekileyo, iinzuzo zoqoqosho zamashishini ombane ophehlwa ngamanzi kufuneka zifakwe kwimeko yexabiso elikhulu, kwaye izibonelelo zamashishini ombane kufuneka zinyuse ngokubonakalayo ingeniso evela kunikezelo lweenkonzo zolawulo kwinkqubo esekelwe kwingeniso yokuqala yokuveliswa kwamandla.
Kukho imfuneko engxamisekileyo yokwenza izinto ezintsha kwimigangatho yobuchwepheshe bombane owenziwe ngamanzi kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo kunye neenkqubo zokuqinisekisa uphuhliso olusebenzayo noluzinzileyo lombane oqhutywa ngamanzi. Kwixesha elizayo, imfuno yenjongo yeenkqubo ezintsha zombane kukuba uphuhliso oluyilayo lombane oveliswa ngamanzi kufuneka lukhawuleziswe, kwaye imigangatho yobugcisa ekhoyo ekhoyo efanelekileyo, imigaqo-nkqubo, kunye neenkqubo nazo kufuneka zingqamane nophuhliso oluyilayo lokukhuthaza uphuhliso olusebenzayo lwamandla ombane. Ngokwemigangatho kunye neenkcukacha, kungxamisekile ukukhulisa imigangatho kunye neenkcukacha zokucwangcisa, ukuyila, ukusebenza kunye nokugcinwa okusekwe kumboniso olingwayo kunye nokuqinisekiswa ngokuhambelana neemfuno zobugcisa zenkqubo entsha yamandla kwizikhululo zamandla ombane wamanzi, izikhululo zombane ezimpontshwayo, izikhululo zamandla ezixutyiweyo, kunye nokudluliselwa kwamanzi kwizikhululo zamandla okugcina impompo (kubandakanywa nezikhululo zokumpompa ngolungelelwaniso), ngokucwangciswa kwezikhululo zokumpompa; Ngokwemigaqo-nkqubo kunye neenkqubo, kukho imfuneko engxamisekileyo yokufunda kunye nokuqulunqa imigaqo-nkqubo yenkuthazo ukukhokela, ukuxhasa, kunye nokukhuthaza uphuhliso olutsha lombane ophehlwa ngamanzi. Kwangaxeshanye, kukho imfuneko engxamisekileyo yokwenza uyilo lwamaziko olufana namaxabiso eemarike kunye nombane ukwenzela ukuguqulwa kwamaxabiso amatsha ombane ophehlwa ngamanzi abe yinzuzo yezoqoqosho, nokukhuthaza amaqumrhu amashishini ukuba aqhube ngokukhutheleyo utyalo-mali lophuhliso lobugcisa obutsha, umboniso wolingo, kunye nophuhliso olukhulu.
Indlela entsha yophuhliso kunye nethemba lombane wamanzi
Uphuhliso olutsha lombane owenziwe ngamanzi luyimfuneko engxamisekileyo yokwakha uhlobo olutsha lwenkqubo yamandla. Kuyimfuneko ukuthobela umgaqo-siseko wokulungelelanisa imilinganiselo kwiimeko zendawo kunye nokuphumeza imigaqo-nkqubo ebanzi. Izikimu zobugcisa ezahlukeneyo kufuneka zamkelwe kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeprojekthi zombane owenziwe ngamanzi esele zakhiwe zaza zacwangciswa. Kubalulekile ukuqwalasela kungekuphela nje iimfuno ezisebenzayo zokuveliswa kwamandla kunye nokutsheva okuphezulu, ukumodareyitha rhoqo, kunye nokulinganisa, kodwa kunye nokusetyenziswa okubanzi kobutyebi bamanzi, ukwakhiwa komthwalo wamandla okulungelelaniswayo, kunye neminye imiba. Okokugqibela, iskim esosona sifanelekileyo kufuneka simiselwe ngovavanyo olubanzi lwenzuzo. Ngokuphucula amandla okulawula amandla ombane aqhelekileyo kunye nokwakha izikhululo zamandla ezimpompi zogqithiso lwamanzi phakathi kweebhayibhini (izikhululo zokumpompa), kukho iinzuzo ezibalulekileyo zoqoqosho xa kuthelekiswa nezikhululo zamandla ezimpontshwayo ezisanda kwakhiwa. Lilonke, akukho zithintelo zobugcisa ezingenakoyiswa kuphuhliso lwemveliso yombane wamanzi, enendawo enkulu yophuhliso kunye neenzuzo ezibalaseleyo kwezoqoqosho nokusingqongileyo. Kufanelekile ukunika ingqwalasela ephezulu kwaye kukhawuleziswe uphuhliso olukhulu olusekwe kwiindlela zokulinga.
"Ukuvelisa amandla+ ukumpompa"
Indlela “yokuvelisa umbane+ukumpompa” ibhekiselele ekusebenziseni izakhiwo zehydraulic ezifana nezikhululo zombane osele zikho kunye namadama, ngokunjalo nezibonelelo zothumelo lombane kunye nenguqu, ukukhetha iindawo ezifanelekileyo kumazantsi omthombo wamanzi wesikhululo soveliso lombane ukuze kwakhiwe idama lokuphambukisa amanzi ukwenza idama elisezantsi, ukongeza iimpompo zokumpompa, imibhobho, kunye nezinye izixhobo kunye nesixhobo sokugcina amanzi. Ngokwesiseko somsebenzi wokuvelisa umbane wesikhululo samandla ombane wamanzi, ukwandisa umsebenzi wokumpompa inkqubo yamandla ngexesha lomthwalo ophantsi, kwaye usasebenzisa iiyunithi zokuqala zejeneretha ye-hydraulic turbine generator ukuvelisa umbane, Ukuze kwandiswe amandla okumpompa kunye nokugcinwa kwesikhululo samandla ombane sokuqala, ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe amandla okulawula isikhululo sombane wamanzi (jonga uMfanekiso 1). Idama elisezantsi nalo linokwakhiwa ngokwahlukileyo kwindawo efanelekileyo emazantsi esikhululo sombane. Xa kusakhiwa ichibi elisezantsi lokuphuma kwamanzi kwisikhululo sombane oveliswa ngamanzi, kuyacetyiswa ukuba kulawulwe umgangatho wamanzi ukuze kungachaphazeli ukusebenza kakuhle kokuveliswa kombane kwisikhululo sokuqala soveliso lombane. Ukuqwalasela ukulungiswa kwendlela yokusebenza kunye neemfuno zokusebenza zokuthatha inxaxheba ekulinganisweni, kuyacetyiswa ukuba umpompo uxhotyiswe nge-motor synchronous. Le ndlela isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuguqulo olusebenzayo lwezikhululo zombane wamanzi ezisebenzayo. Izixhobo kunye nezibonelelo ziguquguqukayo kwaye zilula, kunye neempawu zotyalo-mali oluphantsi, ixesha elifutshane lokwakha, kunye neziphumo ezikhawulezayo.
"Imveliso yamandla + empompelwe ukwenziwa kwamandla"
Umahluko ophambili phakathi kwendlela "yokuvelisa amandla + okumpompa amandla" kunye nemowudi "yokuvelisa amandla + ukumpompa" kukuba ukutshintsha impompo yokumpompa ibe yindawo yokugcina impompo ngokuthe ngqo kwandisa umsebenzi wokumpontshwa wesikhululo sombane esiqhelekileyo samanzi, ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwa amandla okulawula isikhululo sombane wamanzi. Umgaqo-siseko wokubeka i-reservoir esezantsi uhambelana nemo "yokuvelisa amandla + ukumpompa". Le modeli inokusebenzisa i-reservoir yokuqala njengendawo yokugcina amanzi kunye nokwakha i-reservoir ephezulu kwindawo efanelekileyo. Kwizikhululo ezitsha zombane wamanzi, ngaphezu kokufaka iiseti ezithile zejeneretha eziqhelekileyo, iiyunithi zokugcina ezimpompelwe ezinomthamo othile zingafakwa. Ukucinga ukuba ubuninzi bemveliso yesikhululo sombane omnye we-hydropower yi-P1 kunye nokwanda kokugcinwa kwamandla okumpontshwa yi-P2, uluhlu lwamandla okusebenza kwesikhululo samandla ngokumalunga nenkqubo yamandla luya kwandiswa ukusuka (0, P1) ukuya (- P2, P1 + P2).
Ukurisayikilishwa kwezikhululo zombane we-cascade
Imowudi yophuhliso lweCascade yamkelwe kuphuhliso lwemilambo emininzi eTshayina, kwaye uthotho lwezikhululo zombane wamanzi, ezifana noMlambo iJinsha kunye noMlambo iDadu, ziyakhiwa. Kwiqela elitsha okanye elikhoyo lesikhululo soveliso lombane elisemanzini, kwizikhululo ezibini ezimeleneyo zoveliso lombane, uvimba wesikhululo soveliso samandla ombane esisentla ye-Cascade sisebenza njengomthombo ongaphezulu kunye nesikhululo sombane esisezantsi seCascade sisebenza njengedama elisezantsi. Ngokomhlaba wokwenene, amanzi afanelekileyo anokuthatyathwa, kwaye uphuhliso lunokwenziwa ngokudibanisa iindlela ezimbini “zokuvelisa amandla+ okumpompa” kunye “nokuvelisa amandla+ okumpompa amandla”. Le ndlela ilungele ukwakhiwa ngokutsha kwezikhululo zombane we-cascade hydropower, ezinokuthi ziphucule ngokubonakalayo umthamo wolawulo kunye nomjikelo wexesha lolawulo lwezikhululo zombane ophuma emanzini, ezineenzuzo ezibalulekileyo. Umfanekiso wesi-2 ubonisa uyilo lwesikhululo sombane ophuhliswe kwintlambo yomlambo eTshayina. Umgama osuka kwisiza sedama lesikhululo soveliso lombane esinyukayo ukuya kumanzi athathwayo asezantsi ngokwesiseko ungaphantsi kweekhilomitha ezingama-50.
Ulungelelwaniso lwengingqi
Indlela “yokulungelelaniswa kwendawo” ibhekisa kulwakhiwo lwamandla omoya kunye neeprojekthi zokuvelisa umbane we-photovoltaic kufutshane nezikhululo zombane wamanzi, kunye nokuzilungelelanisa ngokwakho kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwemisebenzi yesikhululo sombane owenziwe ngamanzi ukuze kuphunyezwe imveliso yombane ezinzileyo ngokuhambelana neemfuno zokucwangciswa. Ukuqwalasela ukuba iiyunithi eziphambili zombane we-hydropower zisebenza zonke ngokwenkqubo yokuhambisa amandla, le modi ingasetyenziswa kwizikhululo zamandla okuhamba kwe-radial kunye nezinye izikhululo zombane ezincinci ezingakulungelanga ukuguqulwa komgangatho omkhulu kwaye zihlala zingacwangciswanga njengesiqhelo sokucheba ukucheba kunye nemisebenzi yokuguqulwa kwamaxesha. Ukukhutshwa kokusebenza kweeyunithi zombane we-hydropower kunokulawulwa ngokuguquguqukayo, amandla abo okulawula ixesha elifutshane angasetyenziswa, kwaye ibhalansi yendawo kunye nokuphuma kwamandla okuzinzileyo kunokufezekiswa, ngelixa kuphuculwe izinga lokusetyenziswa kwe-asethi yemigca ekhoyo yokuhanjiswa.
Incopho yolawulo lwamanzi namandla
Indlela "yolawulo lwamanzi kunye nencopho yolawulo lwamandla ombane" isekwe kwingqikelelo yolwakhiwo lwezikhululo zamandla ezimpontshwayo zolawulo lwamanzi, kudityaniswe neeprojekthi zogcino lwamanzi ezinkulu ezifana nokuhanjiswa kwamanzi phakathi kwe-interbesin enkulu, ukwakha ibhetshi yamadama kunye nezibonelelo zokuphambukisa, kunye nokusebenzisa ukuwisa intloko phakathi kwamadama ukwakha isikhululo, isikhululo sempompo yokumpompa umbane, isikhululo sombane kunye nesixhobo sokumpompa umbane. ukuveliswa kwamandla kunye nokugcinwa kombane. Kwinkqubo yokudlulisa amanzi ukusuka kwimithombo yamanzi ephakamileyo ukuya kwiindawo eziphantsi, i-"Water Transfer kunye ne-Power Peak yokucheba iComplex" ingasebenzisa ngokupheleleyo ithontsi yentloko ukuze ifumane inzuzo yokuvelisa amandla, ngelixa ifezekisa ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi kumgama omde kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zokuhanjiswa kwamanzi. Ngexesha elifanayo, "i-complex yamanzi kunye ne-power peak shaving complex" inokusebenza njengomthwalo omkhulu othunyelwayo kunye nomthombo wamandla wenkqubo yamandla, ukubonelela ngeenkonzo zokulawula inkqubo. Ukongeza, i-complex inokudityaniswa neeprojekthi zokususwa kwetyuwa emanzini olwandle ukuze kuphunyezwe ukusetyenziswa okubanzi kophuhliso lobutyebi bamanzi kunye nolawulo lwenkqubo yombane.
Ugcino lokumpontshwa kwamanzi olwandle
Izikhululo zamandla okugcina amanzi ampontshiweyo olwandle zingakhetha indawo efanelekileyo elunxwemeni ukuze zakhe idama eliphezulu, zisebenzisa ulwandle njengedama elisezantsi. Ngokukhula kobunzima bendawo yezikhululo zamandla ezimponthiweyo eziqhelekileyo, izikhululo zamandla okugcina amanzi amponthiweyo olwandle zifumene ingqwalasela yamasebe esizwe afanelekileyo kwaye ziye zenza uphando lwezibonelelo kunye novavanyo lophando lobuchwephesha olujonge phambili. Ugcino lokumpontshwa kwamanzi olwandle lunokudityaniswa nophuhliso olubanzi lwamandla amaza, amandla amaza, amandla omoya ophuma elunxwemeni, njalo njalo, ukwakha umthamo omkhulu wogcino kunye nomjikelo omde wolawulo lwezikhululo zamandla ezimpontshwayo zokugcina.
Ngaphandle kwezikhululo zombane oqhutywa ngamanzi oqhutywa ngamanzi kunye nezinye izikhululo zombane ezincinci zamanzi ezingenamandla okugcina, uninzi lwezikhululo zombane wamanzi ezinomthamo othile wedama ziyakwazi ukufunda kwaye zenze utshintsho lomsebenzi wokumpontshwa. Kwisikhululo samandla ombane esandula ukwakhiwa, umthamo othile weeyunithi zokugcina ezimpompelweyo zinokuyilwa kwaye zilungelelaniswe ngokupheleleyo. Kuqikelelwa kwangaphambili ukuba ukusetyenziswa kweendlela ezintsha zophuhliso kunokunyusa ngokukhawuleza isikali somgangatho ophezulu wokucheba umthamo we-peak ubuncinane ubuncinane be-100 yezigidi ze-kilowatts; Ukusebenzisa "ulawulo lwamanzi kunye nenkcochoyi yokucheba yamandla" kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla okugcinwa okumpontshwa kwamanzi olwandle nako kunokuzisa umthamo obaluleke kakhulu womgangatho ophezulu wokutsheva, nto leyo ibaluleke kakhulu kulwakhiwo kunye nokusebenza okukhuselekileyo nozinzo lweenkqubo zamandla amatsha, kunye neenzuzo ezibalulekileyo kwezoqoqosho nezentlalo.
Iingcebiso zokwenziwa ngokutsha nophuhliso lombane wamanzi
Okokuqala, ququzelela uyilo olukwinqanaba eliphezulu lokuyila nophuhliso lombane wamanzi ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ukhuphe isikhokelo sokuxhasa uphuhliso lokuveliswa kombane kunye nophuhliso olusekelwe kulo msebenzi. Ukuqhuba uphando malunga nemiba emikhulu efana ne-ideology ekhokelayo, ukubekwa kophuhliso, imigaqo esisiseko, izinto eziphambili zokucwangcisa, kunye noyilo lophuhliso lokuvelisa amandla ombane wamanzi, kwaye kwesi siseko lungiselela izicwangciso zophuhliso, ukucacisa izigaba zophuhliso kunye nokulindelweyo, kunye nokukhokela amaqumrhu emarike ukwenza ngocwangco uphuhliso lweprojekthi.
Okwesibini kukuququzelela kunye nokwenza uhlalutyo lobuchule noqoqosho kunye neeprojekthi zokubonisa. Ngokudibanisa nokwakhiwa kweenkqubo ezintsha zamandla ombane, ququzelela kwaye uqhube uphando lwemithombo yezikhululo zombane kunye nohlalutyo lobugcisa kunye noqoqosho lweeprojekthi, ukucebisa izicwangciso zokwakha zobunjineli, khetha iiprojekthi zobunjineli eziqhelekileyo ukwenza imiboniso yobunjineli, kunye nokuqokelela amava ophuhliso olukhulu.
Okwesithathu, xhasa uphando kunye nokubonakaliswa kobuchwepheshe obuphambili. Ngokuseka iiprojekthi zesizwe zenzululwazi nobuchwepheshe kunye nezinye iindlela, siya kuxhasa impumelelo esisiseko kunye neyomhlaba jikelele yobugcisa, uphuhliso lwezixhobo eziphambili, kunye nezicelo zokubonisa kwintsimi yokuveliswa kombane wamanzi kunye nophuhliso, kubandakanywa kodwa kungaphelelanga kwiimathiriyeli zeblade zokumpompa amanzi olwandle kunye nee-injini zokugcinwa kwempompo, kunye novavanyo kunye noyilo logqithiso lwamanzi kwingingqi enkulu kunye nezakhiwo zokucheba umbane.
Okwesine, ukuqulunqa imigaqo-nkqubo yemali neyerhafu, ukuvunywa kweprojekthi, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yamaxabiso ombane ukukhuthaza uphuhliso olutsha lombane ophehlwa ngamanzi. Ukugxininisa kuzo zonke iinkalo zophuhliso olutsha lokuveliswa kwamandla ombane wamanzi, imigaqo-nkqubo efana nezaphulelo zenzala yemali, inkxaso-mali yotyalo-mali, kunye nenkuthazo yerhafu kufuneka yenziwe ngokuhambelana neemeko zendawo kwisigaba sokuqala sophuhliso lweprojekthi, kubandakanywa inkxaso yemali eluhlaza, ukunciphisa iindleko zezimali zeprojekthi; Kwiiprojekthi zokulungiswa kwempompo ezimpompiyo ezingatshintshi kakhulu iimpawu ze-hydrological zemilambo, iinkqubo zokwamkelwa lula kufuneka ziphunyezwe ukunciphisa umjikelo wokuvunywa kolawulo; Ukulungelelanisa umthamo wexabiso lombane weyunithi yokugcina impompo kunye nendlela yexabiso lombane lokuvelisa umbane omponsiweyo ukuqinisekisa imbuyekezo yexabiso elifanelekileyo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Mar-22-2023
