Kutshanje, urhulumente waseSwitzerland uyile umgaqo-nkqubo omtsha. Ukuba ingxaki yamandla ekhoyo ngoku iyancipha, iSwitzerland iya kuthintela ukuqhuba iimoto zombane "ngokungeyomfuneko" yokuhamba.
Idatha efanelekileyo ibonisa ukuba malunga ne-60% yamandla e-Switzerland avela kwizikhululo zombane wamanzi kunye nama-30% kumandla enyukliya. Nangona kunjalo, urhulumente uthembise ukuwaphelisa amandla akhe enyukliya, ngelixa amanye avela kwiifama zomoya kunye namafutha endalo amandulo. Izibalo zibonisa ukuba iSwitzerland ivelisa amandla aneleyo minyaka yonke ukugcina ukukhanya, kodwa ukuguquguquka kwemozulu yexesha lonyaka kuya kukhokelela kwiimeko ezingalindelekanga.
Amanzi emvula kunye nokunyibilika kwekhephu kwiinyanga ezifudumeleyo kunokugcina umgangatho wamanzi omlambo kwaye kubonelele ngemithombo eyimfuneko yokuveliswa kombane ngamanzi. Nangona kunjalo, inqanaba lamanzi lamachibi kunye nemilambo kwiinyanga ezibandayo kunye nehlobo laseYuropu elimbalele ngokungaqhelekanga liye lehla, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuveliseni umbane ophantsi kwamanzi, ngoko ke iSwitzerland kufuneka ixhomekeke ekuthengeni amandla kumazwe angaphandle.
Ngaphambili, iSwitzerland yayithenga umbane ovela eFransi naseJamani ukuze uhlangabezane nazo zonke iimfuno zayo zombane, kodwa kulo nyaka imeko itshintshile, yaye nonikezelo lwamandla ombane kumazwe angabamelwane nawo luxakeke kakhulu.
I-France ibingumthengisi othumela ngaphandle kombane amashumi eminyaka, kodwa kwisiqingatha sokuqala sika-2022, amandla enyukliya aseFransi afumana ukusilela rhoqo. Okwangoku, ukufumaneka kweeyunithi zamandla enyukliya yaseFransi kuphezulu kancinane kune-50%, okukhokelela eFransi ukuba ibe ngumrhwebi wombane okokuqala. Kwakhona ngenxa yokwehliswa kokuveliswa kwamandla enyukliya, iFransi ingajongana nengozi yokusilela kombane kobu busika. Ngaphambili, umqhubi wegridi waseFransi uthe kuya kunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-1% ukuya kwi-5% phantsi kweemeko ezisisiseko, kwaye uninzi lwe-15% phantsi kweemeko ezimbi kakhulu. Ngokweenkcukacha zamva nje zobonelelo lwamandla ezidizwe yiFrench BFM TV ngomhla wesi-2, umqhubi wegridi yombane waseFransi uqalise ukwenza isicwangciso esithile sokucinywa kombane. Iindawo zokucinywa kombane zikho kulo lonke ilizwe, kwaye usapho ngalunye luyacima umbane ukuya kutsho kwiiyure ezimbini ngosuku, kwaye kube kanye kuphela ngemini.
Imeko efanayo eJamani. Kwimeko yokulahleka konikezelo lwegesi yendalo yombhobho waseRashiya, izixhobo zoluntu kufuneka zisokole.
Ukususela ekuqaleni kukaJuni kulo nyaka, i-Elcom, i-Swiss Federal Power Commission, yathi ngenxa yokunciphisa ukuveliswa kwamandla enyukliya aseFransi kunye nombane wokuthumela ngaphandle, ukungenisa umbane waseSwitzerland ovela eFransi kulo busika kunokuba ngaphantsi kakhulu kunoko kwiminyaka edlulileyo, engayikhuphi ingxaki yokungabikho kwamandla ombane.
Ngokweendaba, iSwitzerland inokufuna ukungenisa umbane ovela eJamani, eOstriya nakwamanye amazwe angabamelwane e-Itali. Nangona kunjalo, ngokuka-Elcom, ukufumaneka kombane othunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kula mazwe kuxhomekeke kakhulu ekufumanekeni kwegesi yendalo esekelwe kwi-fuel fuels.
Mkhulu kangakanani umsantsa wombane eSwitzerland? Ngokweengxelo zeendaba zangaphandle, iSwitzerland ineemfuno ze-4GWh zokungenisa umbane kulo busika. Kutheni ungakhethi iindawo zokugcina amandla ombane? Iindleko sisizathu esibalulekileyo. Eyona nto iYurophu isweleyo ngakumbi lixesha lonyaka kunye neteknoloji yokugcina amandla ixesha elide. Okwangoku, ukugcinwa kwamandla kwexesha elide akuzange kudume kwaye kusetyenziswe kwinqanaba elikhulu.
Ngokophando olwenziwa ngu-Elcom kubaxhasi bamandla baseSwitzerland abangama-613, uninzi lwabaqhubi kulindeleke ukuba banyuse iintlawulo zabo zombane malunga ne-47%, oku kuthetha ukuba amaxabiso ombane wendlu aya kunyuka malunga ne-20%. Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso erhasi yendalo, amalahle kunye nekhabhoni, kunye nokuhla kokuveliswa kwamandla enyukliya eFransi, konke kube negalelo ekunyukeni kwamaxabiso ombane eSwitzerland.
Ngokomgangatho wamva nje wexabiso lombane we-183.97 euros/MWh (malunga ne-1.36 yuan/kWh) eSwitzerland, ixabiso lemarike elihambelanayo lombane we-4GWh ubuncinci li-735900 euros, malunga ne-5.44 yezigidi zeeyuan. Ukuba ixabiso eliphezulu lombane ngo-Agasti li-488.14 euro / MWh (malunga ne-3.61 yuan / kWh), iindleko ezihambelanayo ze-4GWh malunga ne-14.4348 yezigidi ze-yuan.
Ukuvalwa kwamandla ombane! Ukuvinjelwa ngokungeyomfuneko kwezithuthi zombane
Inani lemithombo yeendaba libike ukuba ukuze ukwazi ukujamelana nokunqongophala kwamandla kunye nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwamandla kulo busika, i-Swiss Federal Council okwangoku iqulunqa idrafti ephakamisa imimiselo malunga "nokuthintela kunye nokuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ombane ukuqinisekisa ukunikezelwa kombane welizwe", icacisa isicwangciso senyathelo elinesine malunga nokuphepha ukuphuma kombane, kwaye isebenzise ukuvinjelwa okuhlukeneyo xa kwenzeka iingxaki zamanqanaba ahlukeneyo.
Nangona kunjalo, enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zihambelana nokuvinjelwa kokuqhuba izithuthi zombane kwinqanaba lesithathu. Olu xwebhu lufuna ukuba “izithuthi zombane zabucala zivumeleke ukuba zisetyenziswe kuphela kuhambo oluyimfuneko (njengeemfuno zobugcisa, ukuya kuthenga, ukubona ugqirha, ukuya kwimisebenzi yonqulo, nokuya kwidinga lenkundla).”
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, umthamo wokuthengisa ophakathi kweemoto zaseSwitzerland malunga ne-300000 ngonyaka, kwaye umyinge wezithuthi zombane uyenyuka. Kwi-2021, i-31823 izithuthi zombane ezibhalisiweyo zongezwa eSwitzerland, kwaye umlinganiselo wezithuthi zombane ezintsha eSwitzerland ukususela ngoJanuwari ukuya ku-Agasti 2022 ufikelele kwi-25%. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokungonelanga kweetshiphusi kunye neengxaki zokubonelela ngombane, ukukhula kweemoto zombane eSwitzerland kulo nyaka akulunganga njengaleyo kwiminyaka edlulileyo.
ISwitzerland iceba ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kombane ezidolophini ngokuthintela ukutshaja iimoto zombane kwezinye iimeko. Lo ngumlinganiselo ovelisa izinto ezintsha kakhulu kodwa ogqithisileyo, oqaqambisa ngakumbi ubuzaza bokunqongophala kwamandla eYurophu. Oku kuthetha ukuba iSwitzerland inokuba lilizwe lokuqala emhlabeni ukuvala izithuthi zombane. Nangona kunjalo, lo mmiselo nawo uyamangalisa kakhulu, kuba okwangoku, ukuthuthwa kwehlabathi jikelele kuyatshintsha ukusuka kwizithuthi zamafutha ukuya kwizithuthi zombane ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kumafutha e-fossil kunye nokuqonda ukuguqulwa kwamandla acocekileyo.
Xa inani elikhulu lezithuthi zombane lidityaniswe kwigridi yamandla, ngokwenene inokunyusa umngcipheko wokungonelanga kwamandla kwaye izise imingeni ekusebenzeni okuzinzile kwenkqubo yamandla. Nangona kunjalo, ngokoluvo lweengcali kwishishini, izithuthi zombane eziza kukhuthazwa kwizinga elikhulu kwixesha elizayo nazo zingasetyenziswa njengeendawo zokugcina amandla kwaye zidibene zibizwa ukuba zithathe inxaxheba kwi-peak shaving kunye nokuzaliswa kwentlambo yegridi yamandla. Abanini bemoto banokuhlawulisa xa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kuphantsi. Banokubuyisela umva unikezelo lwamandla kwigridi yamandla ngexesha lencopho yokusetyenziswa kwamandla, okanye naxa amandla efutshane. Oku kunciphisa uxinzelelo lonikezelo lwamandla, kuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kunye nokuzinza kwenkqubo yamandla, kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo yamandla.
Ixesha lokuposa: Dec-12-2022
