1. Isishwankathelo sokwenziwa kombane wamanzi
Ukuveliswa kwamandla ombane kukuguqula amandla amanzi emilambo yendalo abe ngamandla ombane ukuze abantu bawasebenzise. Imithombo yamandla esetyenziswa zizikhululo zamandla yahlukile, njengamandla elanga, amandla amanzi emilambo, namandla omoya aveliswa kukuhamba komoya. Iindleko zokuvelisa umbane ngokusebenzisa umbane ngamanzi zitshiphu, kwaye ukwakhiwa kwezikhululo zoveliso lwamanzi nako kunokudityaniswa nezinye izithembiso zokonga amanzi. I-China inobutyebi bamanzi kwaye ineemeko ezintle kakhulu. Amandla ombane adlala indima ebalulekileyo kulwakhiwo loqoqosho lwesizwe.
Umgangatho wamanzi omlambo uphezulu kunomgangatho wamanzi asezantsi. Ngenxa yomahluko phakathi komgangatho wamanzi omlambo, amandla amanzi aveliswa. La mandla abizwa ngokuba ngamandla anokwenzeka okanye amandla anokubakho. Umahluko phakathi komphakamo womphezulu wamanzi omlambo ubizwa ngokuba yithontsi, ekwabizwa ngokuba ngumahluko wenqanaba lamanzi okanye intloko. Oku kuthotywa yimeko esisiseko yamandla oxinzelelo lwendalo. Ukongeza, ubukhulu bamandla wamanzi buxhomekeke kubungakanani bokuhamba kwamanzi emlanjeni, enye imeko esisiseko ebaluleke kakhulu njengokuhla. Zombini ukuwisa kunye nokukhutshwa kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubungakanani bamandla oxinzelelo lwe-hydraulic; Okukhona esiwa kakhulu amanzi, kokukhona amandla okwenziwa ngoxinzelelo olukhulu olwenziwa ngamanzi; Ukuba ukuhla kunye nomthamo wamanzi kuncinci, imveliso yesikhululo sombane wamanzi iya kuba ncinane.
Ukuhla kubonakaliswa ngokubanzi ngeemitha. Ithambeka lomphezulu wamanzi ngumlinganiselo wokuhla kunye nomgama, onokubonisa iqondo lokugxininiswa kokuhla. Ukuba ukuhla kugxininisekile, ukusetyenziswa kombane wamanzi kulula ngakumbi. Ithontsi esetyenziswa sisikhululo sombane ngumahluko phakathi komphezulu wamanzi onyukayo wesikhululo sombane wamanzi kunye nomphezulu wamanzi osezantsi emva kokudlula kwiinjini yomoya oqhutywa ngamanzi.
Ukuhamba sisixa samanzi aqukuqela emlanjeni kwiyunithi yexesha, echazwe kwii-cubic metres ngesekhondi. I-cubic meter yamanzi yitoni enye. Ukuhamba komlambo kuyatshintsha nangaliphi na ixesha naphi na, ngoko xa sithetha ngokuqukuqela, kufuneka sichaze ixesha lendawo ethile apho uqukuqela khona. Ukuhamba kutshintsha kakhulu ngexesha. Ngokuqhelekileyo, imilambo yaseChina inokuhamba okukhulu ehlotyeni, ekwindla kunye nexesha lemvula, kodwa ukuhamba okuncinci ebusika nasentwasahlobo. Umthamo wamanzi uyahluka ukusuka kwinyanga ukuya kwimihla, kwaye umthamo wamanzi uyahluka unyaka nonyaka. Ukuqukuqela kwemilambo ngokubanzi kuncinane xa kuthelekiswa nomlambo; Njengoko i-tributaries idibana, ukuqukuqela komlambo kuyanda ngokuthe ngcembe. Ngoko ke, nangona ukuhla kwenyuka kugxininiswe, ukuhamba kuncinci; Nangona ukuqukuqela okusezantsi kukhulu, ithontsi lithe saa. Ngoko ke, kudla ngokuba yeyona nto inoqoqosho ukusebenzisa umbane wamanzi kwiindawo ezisembindini womlambo.
Ukwazi ukuhla kunye nokuhamba okusetyenziswe sisikhululo sombane wamanzi, imveliso yaso ingabalwa ngale fomula ilandelayo:
N= GQH
Kwifomula, i-N - imveliso, iyunithi: kW, ebizwa ngokuba namandla;
Q - ukuhamba, kwii-cubic metres ngesibini;
H - Ukulahla, kwiimitha;
G=9.8, kukukhawuleziswa komxhuzulane, kwiNewton/kg
Amandla ethiyori abalwa ngokwefomula engentla, kwaye akukho lahleko itsalwayo. Enyanisweni, kwinkqubo yokuveliswa kombane, ii-injini zamanzi, izixhobo zokuhambisa, iijeneretha, njl. Ngoko ke, amandla enkcazo-bungcali kufuneka athotywe, oko kukuthi, amandla angawona esinokuwasebenzisa kufuneka aphindwe nge-coefficient esebenzayo (uphawu: K).
Amandla ayiliweyo ejenereyitha kwisikhululo sombane oqhutywa ngamanzi abizwa ngokuba ngamandla alinganisiweyo, kwaye amandla angawona abizwa ngokuba ngamandla okwenene. Kwinkqubo yokuguqulwa kwamandla, akunakuphepheka ukulahlekelwa amandla athile. Kwinkqubo yokuveliswa kombane ngombane, kukho ilahleko ikakhulu yeeinjini zomoya oqhutywa ngamanzi kunye neejenereyitha (kuquka ilahleko yemibhobho). Kwizikhululo zamandla ombane amancinci asemaphandleni, ilahleko eyohlukeneyo ithatha i-40 ~ 50% yamandla enkcazo yombane, ngoko ke imveliso yezikhululo zombane wamanzi inokusebenzisa kuphela i-50 ~ 60% yamandla enkcazo-bungcali, oko kukuthi, ukusebenza kakuhle kumalunga ne-0.5 ~ 0.60 (kubandakanywa nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-injini ye-0.70 ~ 0.85 kunye ne-0.85 ye-0.85 kunye Ubuchule bokuhambisa izixhobo ze-0.80 ~ 0.85). Ke ngoko, awona mandla (imveliso) yesikhululo sombane wamanzi angabalwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
K – ukusebenza kakuhle kwesikhululo sombane oveliswa ngamanzi, (0.5~0.6) samkelwa ukubalwa ngokurhabaxa kwesikhululo sombane omncinci wamanzi; Le fomula ingentla inokwenziwa lula ngolu hlobo:
N=(0.5 ～ 0.6) QHG amandla okwenene=ukusebenza × ukuhamba × Ukuwisa × amanqaku alithoba asibhozo
Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ombane kukusebenzisa amanzi ukuqhuba uhlobo lomatshini, olubizwa ngokuba yiinjini yamanzi. Ngokomzekelo, i-waterwheel yamandulo e-China yi-injini yamanzi elula kakhulu. Iiinjini ezahlukeneyo zehydraulic turbines ezisetyenziswayo ngoku zilungelelaniswe kwiimeko ezithile ezahlukeneyo zehydraulic, ukuze zikwazi ukujikeleza ngokufanelekileyo kwaye zijike amandla amanzi abe ngamandla oomatshini. Omnye umatshini, ijenereyitha, iqhagamshelwe kwi-injini yamanzi ukuze i-rotor yejenereyitha ijikeleze kunye ne-injini yamanzi, kwaye emva koko umbane unokuveliswa. Ijenereyitha inokwahlulwa ibe ngamacandelo amabini: inxalenye ejikelezayo kunye ne-hydraulic turbine kunye nenxalenye esisigxina yejenereyitha. Inxalenye ejikelezayo kunye ne-hydraulic turbine ibizwa ngokuba yi-rotor ye-generator, kwaye kukho izibonda ezininzi zemagneti ezijikeleze i-rotor; Isangqa esijikeleze i-rotor yinxalenye esisigxina ye-generator, ebizwa ngokuba yi-stator ye-generator. I-stator ihlanganiswe ngeekhoyili ezininzi zobhedu. Xa izibonda ezininzi zamagnetic ze-rotor zijikeleza phakathi kwe-coil yobhedu ye-stator, okwangoku kuya kuveliswa kwi-wire copper, kwaye i-generator iguqule amandla omatshini kumandla ombane.
Amandla ombane aveliswa sisikhululo samandla aguqulwa ukusuka kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo zombane ukuya kumandla omatshini (imoto okanye imoto), amandla okukhanya (isibane sombane), amandla obushushu (isithando sombane), njl.
2, Ukwakhiwa kwesikhululo sombane wamanzi
Isikhululo sombane wamanzi sinezakhiwo ezisebenza ngoxinzelelo olukhulu olwenziwa ngamanzi, izixhobo zoomatshini kunye nezixhobo zombane.
(1) Izakhiwo zeHydraulic
Ibandakanya i-weir (idama), isango lokungena, itshaneli (okanye itonela), i-forebay (okanye itanki yokulawula), i-penstock, indlu yamandla kunye ne-tailrace, njl.
Yakha i-weir (idama) emlanjeni ukuvala umlambo, ukuphakamisa umphezulu wamanzi kwaye wenze indawo yokugcina amanzi. Ngale ndlela, ithontsi eligxininisiweyo lenziwa ukusuka kumphezulu wamanzi wedama kumsinga (edamini) ukuya kumphezulu wamanzi omlambo ophantsi kwedama, aze ke amanzi angeniswe kwisikhululo sombane wamanzi ngemibhobho yamanzi okanye itonela. Kwimijelo yomlambo engumnqantsa, ukusetyenziswa kwemijelo yokuguqula kunokwenza ithontsi. Umzekelo, ukuhla komlambo wendalo ziimitha ezili-10 ngekhilomitha. Ukuba umjelo uvulwe ekupheleni kweli candelo lomlambo ukwazisa amanzi, umjelo uya kugrunjwa ecaleni komlambo, kwaye i-gradient yomjelo iya kuba sicaba. Ukuba ukuhla kumjelo kuphela imitha eyi-1 ngekhilomitha, amanzi aya kuhamba ngeekhilomitha ezi-5 kumjelo, kwaye amanzi aya kuwela kuphela iimitha ezi-5, ngelixa amanzi aya kuwela i-50 yeemitha emva kokuhamba ngeekhilomitha ezi-5 kumlambo wendalo. Ngeli xesha, amanzi kumjelo abuyiselwa kwindlu yombane ngomlambo kunye nemibhobho yamanzi okanye i-tunnels, kwaye kukho ukuhla okugxininisiweyo kwe-45m okungasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa umbane.
Isikhululo sombane esisebenzisa imijelo yoluleko, itonela okanye imibhobho yamanzi (efana nemibhobho yeplastiki, imibhobho yentsimbi, imibhobho yekhonkrithi, njl.njl.) ukwenza ithontsi eligxininisiweyo libizwa ngokuba sisitishi sombane sohlobo lophambuko, oluluyilo oluqhelekileyo lwezikhululo zombane.
(2) Oomatshini kunye nezixhobo zombane
Ukongeza kule misebenzi ingasentla ye-hydraulic (i-weir, i-canal, i-forebay, i-penstock kunye ne-powerhouse), isikhululo sombane wombane sikwafuna ezi zixhobo zilandelayo:
(1) Izixhobo zoomatshini
Kukho iiinjini zehydraulic, iirhuluneli, iivalvu zesango, izixhobo zothumelo kunye nezixhobo ezingavelisi mbane.
(2) Izixhobo zombane
Kukho iijeneretha, iipaneli zokulawula ukusabalalisa, ii-transformers, imigca yokuhambisa, njl.
Nangona kunjalo, ayizizo zonke izikhululo zombane ezincinci ezinamanzi angasentla kunye nezixhobo zombane kunye nezixhobo zombane. Ukuba isikhululo sombane esinentloko yamanzi engaphantsi kweemitha ezi-6 sidla ngokuthatha indlela yomjelo wophambuko kunye negumbi lokuphambukisa lejelo elivulekileyo, akusayi kubakho ngaphambili kunye ne-penstock. Isikhululo samandla esinoluhlu oluncinci lonikezelo lwamandla kunye nomgama omfutshane wothumelo samkela ukuhanjiswa ngokuthe ngqo ngaphandle kwe-transformer. Izikhululo zombane wamanzi ezinamadama akudingi kwakha amadama. Isiziba samanzi esinzulu siyamkelwa, kwaye umbhobho wangaphakathi (okanye itonela) kunye nendlela yokuchitheka kwedama akufuneki ukuba kusetyenziswe izinto ezisebenza ngoxinzelelo olukhulu olwenziwa ngamanzi anjengomsinga, isango lokungena, umjelo kunye nephambili.
Ukwakha isikhululo sombane, uphando ngononophelo kunye noyilo kufuneka lwenziwe kuqala. Kukho izigaba ezintathu zoyilo kuyilo: uyilo lwangaphambili, uyilo lobugcisa kunye neenkcukacha zokwakha. Ukuze senze umsebenzi omhle kuyilo, kufuneka siqale siqhube uphando olucokisekileyo, oko kukuthi, siqonde ngokupheleleyo iimeko zendawo zendalo kunye nezoqoqosho - oko kukuthi, i-Topography, i-geology, i-hydrology, i-capital, njl. Ukuchaneka kunye nokuthembeka koyilo kunokuqinisekiswa kuphela emva kokulawula ezi meko kunye nokuzihlalutya.
Amacandelo ezikhululo zombane amancinci aneendlela ezahlukeneyo ngokweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezikhululo zombane wamanzi.
3. Uphando lweTopographic
Umgangatho wesaveyi yobume bendawo unempembelelo enkulu kubume beprojekthi kunye noqikelelo lobungakanani.
Ukuhlolwa komhlaba (ukuqonda iimeko zejoloji) kufuna nje ukuqonda ngokubanzi kunye nophando malunga nesiseko sejoloji kunye nejoloji yomlambo, kodwa nokuqonda ukuba isiseko somatshini siqinile, esichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukhuseleko lwesikhululo samandla ngokwaso. Nje ukuba i-barrage enomthamo othile wedama itshatyalalisiwe, ayisayi konakalisa kuphela isikhululo sombane wamanzi ngokwaso, kodwa iya kubangela ilahleko enkulu yobomi kunye nepropathi kumazantsi omlambo. Ngoko ke, ukhetho lwe-geological of forebay lubekwe ngokubanzi kwindawo yokuqala.
4, Hydrometry
Kwizikhululo zombane wamanzi, ezona nkcukacha zibalulekileyo ze-hydrological zirekhodi zomgangatho wamanzi omlambo, ukuhamba, ukugxininiswa kwentlenga, i-icing, idatha yemozulu kunye nedatha yophando lwezandyondyo. Ubungakanani bokuqukuqela komlambo buchaphazela ukwakheka kwendlela yokuchitheka kwesikhululo sombane wamanzi, kwaye ubuzaza besikhukula bungacingelwa, nto leyo eya kukhokelela ekutshatyalalisweni kwedama; Intlenga ethwalwa ngumlambo inokugcwalisa idama ngokukhawuleza kwimeko embi kakhulu. Umzekelo, ukungena kumjelo kuya kubangela intlenge yomjelo, kwaye intlenga erhabaxa iya kudlula kwi-injini yomoya oqhutywa ngamanzi kwaye ibangele ukuguga kweinjini yomoya. Ke ngoko, ukwakhiwa kwezikhululo zombane wamanzi kufuneka kube nedatha eyaneleyo ye-hydrological.
Ngoko ke, ngaphambi kokwenza isigqibo sokwakha isikhululo sombane, kuyimfuneko ukuphanda nokufunda isikhokelo sophuhliso loqoqosho kunye nemfuno yexesha elizayo yombane kwindawo yonikezelo lombane. Ngexesha elifanayo, qikelela imeko yeminye imithombo yamandla kwindawo yophuhliso. Kuphela emva kokufunda kunye nokuhlalutya le miqathango ingentla sinokuthi senze isigqibo sokuba ingaba isikhululo sombane wamanzi kufuneka sakhiwe kwaye kufuneka sibe sikhulu kangakanani isikali sokwakha.
Ngokubanzi, injongo yovavanyo lombane kukubonelela ngeenkcukacha ezichanekileyo nezithembekileyo eziyimfuneko kuyilo nolwakhiwo lwezikhululo zombane.
5, Iimeko ngokubanzi zendawo yesikhululo esikhethiweyo
Imiqathango jikelele yokukhetha indawo yesikhululo ingachazwa kule miba ilandelayo mine:
(1) Isiza sesikhululo esikhethiweyo siya kukwazi ukusebenzisa okona kuqoqosho ngamandla ombane wamanzi kwaye sihambelane nomgaqo wokongiwa kweendleko, oko kukuthi, emva kokugqitywa kwesikhululo samandla, ixabiso elincinci liya kuchithwa kwaye umbane omkhulu uya kuveliswa. Ngokubanzi, inokulinganiswa ngokuqikelela ingeniso yonyaka evela kumbane kunye notyalo-mali kulwakhiwo lwesikhululo ukuze kubonwe ukuba ingakanani imali etyalwayo enokubuyiselwa. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yeemeko ezahlukeneyo ze-hydrological kunye ne-topographic kunye neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zamandla, iindleko kunye notyalo-mali akufuneki kuthintelwe ngamaxabiso athile.
(2) Isiza sesikhululo esikhethiweyo kufuneka sibe neemeko eziphezulu ze-Topographic, geological and hydrological, kwaye kwenzeke kuyilo nolwakhiwo. Ukwakhiwa kwezikhululo zombane ezincinci zamanzi kuya kuhambelana nomthetho-siseko “wezinto zengingqi” kangangoko kunokwenzeka ngokwemathiriyeli yokwakha.
(3) Indawo yesikhululo esikhethiweyo iya kuba kufutshane nonikezelo lombane kunye nendawo yokusetyenzwa kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukunciphisa utyalo-mali kwizixhobo zothumelo kunye nelahleko yombane.
（4） Xa ukhetha indawo yesikhululo, izakhiwo zehydraulic ezikhoyo ziya kusetyenziswa kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Umzekelo, ukuhla kwamanzi kungasetyenziselwa ukwakha izikhululo zombane kwimijelo yokunkcenkceshela, okanye izikhululo zombane zingakhiwa kufuphi neendawo zokunkcenkceshela ukuvelisa umbane ngokusebenzisa ukuhamba kwamanzi, njl.
Ixesha lokuposa: Oct-25-2022
