Ehlabathini lonke, amaziko ombane avelisa umbane omalunga nama-24 ekhulwini yaye anika abantu abangaphezu kwebhiliyoni umbane. Amaziko ombane ehlabathi avelisa i-megawatts edityanisiweyo engama-675,000, amandla alingana ne-3.6 yeebhiliyoni zemiphanda yeoli, ngokutsho kweLebhu yeSizwe yaMandla aVuselelekayo. Kukho ngaphezu kwama-2,000 omzi-mveliso woveliso lwamanzi osebenza e-United States, okwenza umbane owenziwe ngamanzi ube ngowona mthombo wamandla ahlaziyekayo welizwe.
Kweli nqaku, siza kujonga indlela ukuwa kwamanzi awadala ngayo amandla kwaye sifunde malunga nomjikelo we-hydrologic odala ukuhamba kwamanzi kubalulekile kumbane owenziwe ngamanzi. Uya kufumana umboniso kwisicelo esinye esikhethekileyo sombane esinokuchaphazela ubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla.
Xa ubukele umlambo uqengqeleka, kuba nzima ukuba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni wamandla onawo. Ukuba uke waba yi-rafting yamanzi amhlophe, ngoko uye waziva inxalenye encinci yamandla omlambo. I-Rapids yamanzi amhlophe idalwe njengomlambo, ethwele umthamo omkhulu wamanzi ezantsi, i-bottlenecks ngepaseji emxinwa. Njengoko umlambo unyanzeliswa kulo mngxuma, ukuhamba kwawo kuyakhawuleza. Izikhukula ngomnye umzekelo wokuba angakanani amandla anokuba nawo umthamo omkhulu wamanzi.
Amaziko ombane ombane asebenzisa amandla amanzi kwaye asebenzise oomatshini abalula ukuguqula loo mandla abe ngumbane. Izityalo zombane nge-Hydropower zisekwe kumbono olula - amanzi aqukuqela edameni ajika i-iturbine, ejika ijenereyitha.
Nanga amacandelo asisiseko somzi-mveliso wombane oqhelekileyo:
I-shaft edibanisa i-iturbine kunye nejenereyitha
Idama – Uninzi lwemizi-mveliso yombane oveliswa ngamanzi ixhomekeke kwidama elibamba amanzi, lidala idama elikhulu. Rhoqo, eli dama lisetyenziswa njengechibi lokuzonwabisa, njengeLake Roosevelt kwiDama laseGrand Coulee eWashington State.
Ukungenisa – Amasango edama avulekileyo kwaye umxhuzulane utsala amanzi ngepenstock, umbhobho okhokelela kwi-injini yomoya. Amanzi anyusa uxinzelelo njengoko equkuqela kulo mbhobho.
I-Turbine – Amanzi abetha aze ajike amagqabi amakhulu e-injini yomoya, edityaniswe nejenereyitha ngaphezu kwayo ngendlela ye-shaft. Olona hlobo luxhaphakileyo lwe turbine yezityalo zombane yiFrancis Turbine, ekhangeleka ngathi yidiski enkulu enamacangca agobileyo. I-iturbine inobunzima obumalunga neetoni ezili-172 kwaye ijike ngereyithi ye-90 revolutions ngomzuzu (rpm), ngokutsho kweSiseko seMfundo yaManzi naMandla (FWEE).
Iijenereyitha – Njengoko iiblade zeinjini yomoya zijika, yenza uthotho lweemagnethi ngaphakathi kwijenereyitha. Iimagnethi ezinkulu zijikelezisa iikhoyili zobhedu ezidlulileyo, zivelisa alternating current (AC) ngokushukuma kweeelectron. (Uya kufunda ngakumbi malunga nendlela ijenereyitha esebenza ngayo kamva.)
I-Transformer - I-transformer ngaphakathi kwindlu yamandla ithatha i-AC kwaye iyiguqulele kwi-high-voltage current.
Iintambo zombane – Kuwo wonke umzi-mveliso wamandla kuvela iingcingo ezine: izigaba ezithathu zamandla ziveliswa ngaxeshanye kunye nokungathathi hlangothi okanye umhlaba oqhelekileyo kuzo zontathu. (Funda indlela iiGridi zoSasazo lwaMandla aSebenza ngayo ukuze ufunde ngakumbi malunga nokuhanjiswa kweentambo zombane.)
Ukuphuma kwamanzi – Amanzi asetyenzisiweyo athwalwa ngemibhobho, ebizwa ngokuba zii-tailraces, aze aphinde angene emlanjeni ongezantsi.
Amanzi akwidama athathwa njengamandla agciniweyo. Xa amasango evuleka, amanzi aqukuqela kwi-penstock abe namandla e-kinetic kuba ayashukuma. Umthamo wombane owenziweyo umiselwa zizinto ezininzi. Ezimbini zezo zinto ngumthamo wokuhamba kwamanzi kunye nobungakanani bentloko ye-hydraulic. Intloko ibhekisa kumgama ophakathi komphezulu wamanzi kunye nee turbines. Njengoko intloko kunye nokuhamba kwanda, ngokunjalo nombane owenziweyo. Intloko ikholisa ukuxhomekeka kubungakanani bamanzi akwidama.
Kukho olunye uhlobo lomzi-mveliso woveliso lwamanzi, olubizwa ngokuba sisiziko sokumpontshwa. Kumzi-mveliso oqhelekileyo woveliso lwamanzi, amanzi aphuma kwidama aqukuqela kwisikhululo, aphume aze athwalwe ezantsi ngomsinga. Iplanti yogcino olumpompelweyo ineziqulatho ezimbini:
Uvimba wombane ongaphezulu – Njengesixhobo sombane esiqhelekileyo samanzi, idama lenza indawo yokugcina amanzi. Amanzi akweli dama aqukuqela kwiziko lokuvelisa umbane ukuze enze umbane.
Idama elisezantsi – Amanzi aphuma kumzi-mveliso woveliso lombane aqukuqela ukuya kwidama elisezantsi kunokuba aphinde angene emlanjeni aze aqukuqele ezantsi.
Ngokusebenzisa i-injini yomoya ebuyiselwa umva, isityalo sinokumpompa amanzi abuyele kwidama eliphezulu. Oku kwenziwa ngeeyure ezingasebenziyo. Ngokusisiseko, i-reservoir yesibini iphinda igcwalise i-reservoir ephezulu. Ngokumpompa amanzi ukubuyisela kwidama elingaphezulu, umzi-mveliso unamanzi amaninzi okuvelisa umbane ngamaxesha okusetyenziswa kakhulu.
Ijenereyitha
Intliziyo yomzi-mveliso wamandla ombane yijenereyitha. Uninzi lwezityalo zombane zineqela lezi generator.
Ijenereyitha, njengoko ubunokuthelekelela, ivelisa umbane. Inkqubo esisiseko yokuvelisa umbane ngolu hlobo kukujikelezisa uthotho lweemagnethi ngaphakathi kweekhoyili zocingo. Le nkqubo ihambisa ii-electron, ezivelisa umsinga wombane.
IDama iHoover ineejenereyitha ezili-17 zizonke, nganye kuzo inokuvelisa ukuya kutsho kwi-133 yeemegawatts. Umthamo uwonke womzi-mveliso wokuvelisa umbane waseHoover Dam ngama-2,074 eemegawathi. Ijenereyitha nganye yenziwe ngamalungu athile asisiseko:
Njengoko i-turbine ijika, i-excitor ithumela umbane wombane kwi-rotor. I-rotor luluhlu lwee-electromagnets ezinkulu ezijikeleza ngaphakathi kwekhoyili enenxeba eliqinileyo yocingo lobhedu, ebizwa ngokuba yi-stator. Intsimi yamagnetic phakathi kwekhoyili kunye nemagnethi idala umsinga wombane.
Kwidama leHoover, i-current ye-16,500 amps isuka kwi-generator ukuya kwi-transformer, apho i-ramps yangoku ifikelela kwi-230,000 amps ngaphambi kokuba ihanjiswe.
Amaziko ombane asebenzisa amandla ombane asebenzisa ithuba lenkqubo eyenzeka ngokwemvelo, eqhubekayo - inkqubo ebangela ukuba kune imvula nemilambo inyuke. Yonke imihla, iplanethi yethu ilahlekelwa ngumlinganiselo omncinci wamanzi emoyeni njengoko imitha ye-ultraviolet iphula iimolekyuli zamanzi. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye, amanzi amatsha akhutshwa kumbindi woMhlaba ngenxa yentaba-mlilo. Ubungakanani bamanzi adaliweyo kunye nomthamo wamanzi alahlekileyo malunga nokulingana.
Ngalo naliphi na ixesha, umthamo wamanzi uwonke ehlabathini ukwiindlela ezininzi ezahlukahlukeneyo. Inokuba lulwelo, njengaselwandle, emilanjeni nasemvula; iqinile, njengakwimikhenkce; okanye igesi, njengoko kumphunga wamanzi ongabonakaliyo osemoyeni. Amanzi atshintsha iimeko njengoko ejikeleza iplanethi yimisinga yomoya. Imisinga yomoya yenziwa ngumsebenzi wokufudumeza kwelanga. Imijikelo yomoya wenziwa lilanga elikhanya ngakumbi kwi-ikhweyitha kunakweminye imimandla yesijikelezi-langa.
Imijikelo yangoku yomoya iqhuba ubonelelo lwamanzi oMhlaba ngomjikelo wawo, obizwa ngokuba ngumjikelo we-hydrologic. Njengoko ilanga lifudumeza amanzi alulwelo, amanzi aba ngumphunga emoyeni. Ilanga lifudumeza umoya, nto leyo ebangela ukuba umoya unyuke emoyeni. Umoya ubanda ngakumbi xa unyuka, ngoko njengoko umphunga wamanzi unyuka, uyaphola, ujiye ube ngamathontsi. Xa amathontsi aneleyo eqokelelana kwindawo enye, amathontsi anokuba nzima ngokwaneleyo ukuba abuyele eMhlabeni njengemvula.
Umjikelo we-hydrologic ubalulekile kwizityalo zombane ngenxa yokuba zixhomekeke ekuhambeni kwamanzi. Ukuba kukho ukunqongophala kwemvula kufutshane nesityalo, amanzi akayi kuqokelelwa phezulu. Ngaphandle komjelo oqokelela amanzi, mancinci amanzi ahambayo kwisikhululo sombane oveliswa ngamanzi kunye nombane omncinci wenziwayo.
Umbono osisiseko wombane kukusebenzisa amandla olwelo oluhambayo ukujika iblade yeinjini yomoya. Ngokuqhelekileyo, idama elikhulu kufuneka lakhiwe embindini womlambo ukwenza lo msebenzi. Ukuveliswa okutsha kwenza imali kwingcamango yombane owenziwe ngamanzi kwisikali esincinane kakhulu ukubonelela ngombane wezixhobo zombane eziphathwayo.
Umqambi uRobert Komarechka wase-Ontario, eKhanada, uye wavelisa ingcamango yokubeka iijenereyitha zombane ezincinci kwi-soles of shoes. Ukholelwa ukuba ezi turbines ezincinci ziyakuvelisa umbane owaneleyo ukunika amandla phantse nasiphi na isixhobo. NgoMeyi ka-2001, uKomarechka wafumana i-patent yesixhobo sakhe esisodwa esinamandla onyawo.
Kukho umgaqo osisiseko kakhulu kwindlela esihamba ngayo: Unyawo luwela isithende ukuya kuzwane kwinyathelo ngalinye. Njengoko unyawo lwakho luwela emhlabeni, amandla ehliswa ngesithende sakho. Xa ulungiselela isinyathelo sakho esilandelayo, uqhubela phambili unyawo lwakho, ngoko amandla adluliselwa kwibhola yonyawo lwakho. U-Komarechka ngokucacileyo waqaphela lo mgaqo osisiseko wokuhamba kwaye uye wavelisa ingcamango yokuhlanganisa amandla alo msebenzi wemihla ngemihla.
Kukho iinxalenye ezintlanu "kwizihlangu zeKomarechka ezinendibano yejenereyitha yombane wamanzi," njengoko kuchaziwe kwilungelo layo elilodwa lomenzi:
Ulwelo – Isixokelelwano siya kusebenzisa ulwelo olusebenza ngombane.
Iingxowa zokubamba ulwelo - Esinye isikhwama sibekwe kwisithende kunye nesinye kwicandelo lezwane lesihlangu.
IiConduits - Iiconduits zidibanisa ingxowa nganye kwi-microgenerator.
I-Turbine – Njengoko amanzi ebuyela emva naphambili eyedwa, ihambisa iincakuba zeinjini yomoya encinane.
I-Microgenerator - Ijeneretha iphakathi kweengxowa ezimbini ezizaliswe ngamanzi, kwaye iquka i-vane rotor, eqhuba i-shaft kwaye iguqule i-generator.
Njengoko umntu ehamba, ukunyanzeliswa kolwelo kwi-sac ebekwe kwisithende sesihlangu kuya kunyanzela ulwelo kwi-conduit kunye nemodyuli ye-hydroelectric generator. Njengoko umsebenzisi eqhubeka nokuhamba, isithende siya kuphakanyiswa kwaye uxinzelelo oluya ezantsi luya kufakwa kwingxowa phantsi kwebhola yonyawo lomntu. Ukuhamba kwamanzi kuya kujikeleza i-rotor kunye ne-shaft ukuvelisa umbane.
Isokethi yangaphandle iya kunikwa ukudibanisa iingcingo kwisixhobo esiphathwayo. Iyunithi ephumayo yokulawula amandla inokubonelelwa ukuba inxitywe kwibhanti yomsebenzisi. Izixhobo zombane zinokudityaniswa kule yunithi yokukhutshwa kolawulo lwamandla, eya kubonelela ngobonelelo oluzinzileyo lombane.
"Ngokonyuka kwenani lezixhobo eziphathwa ngebhetri, eziphathwayo," i-patent ifundeka, "kukho isidingo esikhulayo sokubonelela ngomthombo wombane ohlala ixesha elide, oguquguqukayo, osebenzayo." UKomarechka ulindele ukuba isixhobo sakhe sisetyenziselwe ukunika amandla iikhompyuter eziphathwayo, iiselfowuni, izidlali zeCD, izamkeli zeGPS kunye noonomathotholo abasebenzisa iindlela ezimbini.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jul-21-2022
