I-Hydropower lelona lizwe likhulu elinokuhlaziywa, livelisa amandla aphindwe kabini kunomoya, nangaphezulu ngokuphindwe kane kunelanga. Kwaye ukumpompa amanzi endulini, owaziwa ngokuba “ngumthombo othululwayo wogcino lwamanzi”, kubandakanya ngaphezulu kwe-90% yomthamo opheleleyo wogcino lwamandla ehlabathi.
Kodwa nangona impembelelo yombane owenziwe ngamanzi ingaphezu kwamandla, asiva nto ingako ngayo e-US Ngelixa kumashumi ambalwa eminyaka adlulileyo sibone ukuhla kwexabiso lomoya kunye nelanga kunye nokunyuka kwexabiso, ukuveliswa kombane wasekhaya kuhlala kuzinzile ngokwentelekiso, njengoko isizwe sele sakha izityalo zombane kwezona ndawo zifanelekileyo ngokwejografi.
Kumazwe ngamazwe, libali elahlukileyo. I-China iye yakhuthaza ukwanda koqoqosho ngokwakha amawaka amadama amatsha, ahlala emakhulu, aphehla umbane wamanzi kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo. IAfrika, iIndiya, namanye amazwe aseAsia nakwiPasifiki amiselwe ukwenza okufanayo.
Kodwa ukwandiswa ngaphandle kokongamela okungqongqo kwendalo kunokukhokelela enkathazweni, njengoko amadama kunye neendawo zokugcina amanzi ziphazamisa indalo yemilambo kunye neendawo zokuhlala ezingqongileyo, kwaye uphononongo lwamva nje lubonisa ukuba amadama angakhupha ikharbon diokside kunye nemethane ngaphezulu kunokuba bekuqondwa ngaphambili. Ngaphezu koko, imbalela eqhutywa yimozulu yenza i-hydro ibe ngumthombo wamandla ongathembekanga kangako, njengoko amadama akuMbindi waseMelika aphulukene nesixa esibalulekileyo somthamo wawo wokuvelisa umbane.
"Ngonyaka oqhelekileyo, i-Hoover Dam iya kuvelisa malunga ne-4.5 yeebhiliyoni zeeyure ze-kilowatt zamandla," kusho uMark Cook, uMphathi we-iconic Hoover Dam. “Ekubeni eli chibi liyiyo ngoku, lifana ne-3.5 yeebhiliyoni zeekilowatt iiyure.”
Nangona kunjalo iingcali zithi i-hydro inendima enkulu ekufuneka idlalwe kwikamva elinokuhlaziywa nge-100%, ngoko ke ukufunda indlela yokunciphisa le mingeni kuyimfuneko.
Umbane wasekhaya wamanzi
Ngo-2021, umbane owenziwe ngamanzi ubalelwa malunga ne-6% yokuveliswa kombane osetyenziswayo e-US kunye ne-32% yokuvelisa umbane ohlaziyekayo. Ngaphakathi, yayiyeyona inkulu enokuphinda ihlaziywe kude kube ngu-2019, xa yagqithwa ngumoya.
I-US akulindelekanga ukuba ibone ukukhula okukhulu kombane owenziwe ngamanzi kule minyaka ilishumi izayo, ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yenkqubo enzima yokukhutshwa kweelayisenisi kunye nenkqubo yemvume.
"Kubiza amashumi ezigidi zeedola kunye neminyaka yomzamo wokuhamba kwinkqubo yokukhutshwa kwelayisensi. Kwaye kwezinye zezi ndawo, ngokukodwa ezinye zezixhobo ezincinci, abanayo loo mali okanye elo xesha," utsho uMalcolm Woolf, uMongameli kunye ne-CEO ye-National Hydropower Association. Uqikelela ukuba kukho inkitha yee-arhente ezahlukeneyo ezibandakanyekayo ekunikeni ilayisensi okanye ukuphinda kunikwe ilayisensi indawo enye yokuvelisa umbane. Inkqubo, uthe, ithatha ixesha elide kunokunika ilayisensi kwiziko lenyukliya.
Ngenxa yokuba umyinge womzi-mveliso wombane owenziwe ngamanzi e-US ungaphezulu kweminyaka engama-60 ubudala, uninzi luya kufuna ukuphinda lunikwe ilayisensi kwakamsinya.
"Ke ngoko sinokujongana ne-raft yokunikezela ngelayisensi, into ehlekisayo njengokuba sizama ukonyusa inani lesizukulwana esingena khabhoni kweli lizwe," utshilo uWoolf.
Kodwa iSebe lezaMandla lithi likhona ithuba lokukhula kweli lizwe, ngokuphuculwa kwezityalo ezindala kunye nokongeza umbane kumadama asele ekhona.
“Sinamadama angama-90 000 kweli lizwe, uninzi lwawo enzelwe ukulawula izikhukhula, ukunkcenkceshela, ukugcina amanzi, ukuzonwabisa, yi-3% kuphela kula madama asetyenziswa ngokwenene ukwenza umbane,” utshilo uWoolf.
Ukukhula kweli candelo kuxhomekeke ekwandiseni amandla ombane okugcinwa kuwo amanzi ampompelweyo, afumana ukutsaleka njengendlela “yokuqinisa” izinto ezihlaziyiweyo, ukugcina amandla agqithisileyo ukuze asetyenziswe xa ilanga lingakhanyi kwaye nomoya ungavuthuzi.
Xa indawo yokugcina emponthiweyo ivelisa amandla, isebenza kanye njengeplanti eqhelekileyo yokuvelisa amanzi: Amanzi aqukuqela ukusuka kwidama eliphezulu ukuya ngaphantsi, ejikeleza i-iturbine eyenza umbane endleleni. Umahluko kukuba indawo yokugcina emponthiweyo inokuphinda itshaje, isebenzisa amandla asuka kwigridi yokumpompa amanzi ukusuka ngaphantsi ukuya kwindawo ephezulu, ngaloo ndlela igcina amandla anokubakho anokukhululwa xa kuyimfuneko.
Ngelixa ugcino olumpompelweyo lumalunga neegigawathi ezingama-22 zomthamo wokuvelisa umbane namhlanje, kukho ngaphezulu kweegigawathi ezingama-60 zeeprojekthi ezicetywayo kumbhobho wophuhliso. Leyo yindawo yesibini emva kweTshayina.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iimvume kunye nezicelo zeelayisenisi zeenkqubo zokugcina ezimpontshwayo ziye zanda kakhulu, kwaye iteknoloji entsha iyaqwalaselwa. Ezi ziquka izixhobo “ezivaliweyo”, apho kungekho dama lidityanisiweyo kumthombo wamanzi ongaphandle, okanye izibonelelo ezincinci ezisebenzisa iitanki endaweni yamadama. Zombini ezi ndlela zingaphazamisi kakhulu imeko engqongileyo.
Izinto ezikhutshwayo kunye nembalela
Ukonakaliswa kwemilambo okanye ukudala amadama amatsha kunokuthintela ukufuduka kweentlanzi kwaye konakalise inkqubo yendalo engqongileyo kunye neendawo zokuhlala. Amadama kunye namadama ade asusa amashumi ezigidi zabantu kwimbali yonke, ngokuqhelekileyo abemi bomthonyama okanye basemaphandleni.
Lo monakalo uvunywa ngokubanzi. Kodwa umceli mngeni omtsha - ukukhutshwa kwemithombo yamanzi - ngoku ifumana ingqalelo eyongeziweyo.
″Into abantu abangayiqondiyo kukuba la madama eneneni akhupha icarbon dioxide eninzi kunye nemethane emoyeni, zombini ezi gasi ezinamandla zegreenhouse,” utshilo u-Ilissa Ocko, iNzululwazi yeMozulu kwiNgxowa-mali yoKhuselo lokuSingqongileyo.
Izinto ezikhutshwayo zivela kwizityalo ezibolayo kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo, eziqhekeza kwaye zikhuphe i-methane xa ummandla uzaliswe ngamanzi ukuze zenze indawo yokugcina amanzi. “Ngesiqhelo laa methane iye ijike ibe yikharbon diokside, kodwa udinga ioksijini ukuze wenze oko. Kwaye ukuba amanzi ashushu ngokwenene, iileya ezisezantsi ziphelelwa yioksijini,” utshilo u-Ocko, ethetha ukuba i-methane emva koko ikhutshelwa emoyeni.
Xa kufikwa kukufudumala kwehlabathi, imethane inamandla aphindwe ngama-80 ngaphezu kweCO2 kwiminyaka engama-20 yokuqala emva kokukhululwa kwayo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uphando lubonisa ukuba iindawo ezishushu zehlabathi, njenge-Indiya ne-Afrika, zikholisa ukuba nezityalo ezingcolisa ngakumbi, ngelixa u-Ocko esithi amadama ase-China nase-US awayongxaki. Kodwa u-Ocko uthi kufuneka kubekho indlela eyomeleleyo yokulinganisa izinto ezikhutshwayo.
“Kwaye ke unokuba nazo zonke iintlobo zenkuthazo zokuyinciphisa, okanye imimiselo ngabasemagunyeni abohlukeneyo ukuze uqiniseke ukuba awukhuphi kakhulu,” utshilo u-Ocko.
Enye ingxaki enkulu kumbane ophehlwa ngamanzi yimbalela eqhutywa yimozulu. Amadama angekho nzulu avelisa amandla amancinci, kwaye yiloo nto exhalabisa kakhulu kwiNtshona yaseMelika, ebone elona xesha lomileyo leminyaka engama-22 kule minyaka ili-1,200 idlulileyo.
Njengeziqulatho ezifana neLake Powell, elondla iDama laseGlen Canyon, kunye neLake Mead, elondla iDama iHoover, livelisa umbane omncinci, amafutha efosili aqalisa ukudodobala. Olunye uphononongo lwafumanisa ukuba ukusuka ku-2001-2015, i-100 yezigidi zeetoni ezongezelelweyo ze-carbon dioxide zakhululwa kumazwe ali-11 entshona ngenxa yembalela ebangelwa yimbalela kude nombane. Ngexesha lendawo erhabaxa kakhulu yaseCalifornia phakathi kuka-2012-2016, olunye uphononongo luqikelele ukuba ukuveliswa kombane olahlekileyo kuxabisa i-2.45 yezigidigidi zeedola.
Okokuqala kwimbali, ukunqongophala kwamanzi kuye kwabhengezwa eLake Mead, okubangela ukucuthwa kolwabiwo lwamanzi e-Arizona, Nevada naseMexico. Umgangatho wamanzi, okwangoku kwi-1,047 yeenyawo, kulindeleke ukuba uhla ngakumbi, njengoko i-Bureau of Reclamation ithathe inyathelo elingazange libonwe ngaphambili lokubamba amanzi eLake Powell, emi phezu kweLake Mead, ukuze iDama laseGlen Canyon liqhubeke nokuvelisa amandla. Ukuba iLake Mead yehla ngaphantsi kweenyawo ze-950, ayiyi kuphinda ivelise amandla.
Ikamva lombane wamanzi
Ukwenza iziseko zophuhliso lombane okhoyo zibe zisimanjemanje kunokonyusa ukusebenza kakuhle kwaye kubuyise enye ilahleko enxulumene nembalela, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba izityalo ziyakwazi ukusebenza kumashumi eminyaka ezayo.
Phakathi ngoku kunye no-2030, i-127 yeebhiliyoni zeedola iya kuchithwa ekuphuculeni izityalo ezidala kwihlabathi jikelele. Oko kubalela phantse isinye kwisine sotyalo-mali olupheleleyo lombane wamanzi kwihlabathi jikelele, kwaye phantse i-90% yotyalo-mali eYurophu nakuMntla Melika.
KwiDama laseHoover, oko kuthetha ukubuyisela kwakhona ezinye iiinjini zabo zomoya ukuze zisebenze ngokufanelekileyo kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ezisezantsi, ukufakela iingcango zoothinti ezicekethekileyo, ezilawula ukuhamba kwamanzi kwiiiturbines kunye nokutofa umoya oxinanisiweyo kwiiinjini zomoya ukwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle.
Kodwa kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi, uninzi lotyalo-mali luya kwizityalo ezitsha. Iiprojekthi ezinkulu, zikarhulumente e-Asia nase-Afrika kulindeleke ukuba ziphendule ngaphezu kwe-75% yomthamo omtsha wombane ngo-2030.
"Ngokoluvo lwam oluthobekileyo, zakhiwe ngokugqithisileyo. Zakhelwe kumthamo omkhulu ongeyomfuneko, "uShannon Ames, uMlawuli oyiNtloko we-Low Impact Hydropower Institute uthe, "Zinokwenziwa njengomlambo kwaye zinokuthi ziyilwe ngokwahlukileyo."
Izixhobo zokuhambisa umlambo azibandakanyi indawo yokugcina amanzi, kwaye ngoko zinempembelelo encinci kokusingqongileyo, kodwa azikwazi ukuvelisa amandla xa zifunwa, njengoko imveliso ixhomekeke ekuhambeni kwexesha lonyaka. Umbane wokuqhutywa komlambo kulindeleke ukuba uphendule malunga ne-13% yetotali yokongeza umthamo kule minyaka ilishumi, ngelixa umbane wemveli uza kwenza i-56% kunye ne-hydropower empontshiweyo engama-29%.
Kodwa ngokubanzi, ukukhula kombane owenziwe ngamanzi kuyacotha, kwaye kumiselwe isivumelwano malunga ne-23% ngo-2030. Ixesha elifutshane lophuhliso linganceda abaphuhlisi bafumane izivumelwano zokuthenga amandla, ngaloo ndlela kukhuthazwa utyalo-mali njengoko imbuyekezo iya kuqinisekiswa.
"Inxalenye yesizathu sokuba ingabonakali inomtsalane ngamanye amaxesha njengelanga nomoya kungenxa yokuba i-horizon yezibonelelo zahlukile. Umzekelo, isityalo somoya kunye nelanga sijongwa njengeprojekthi yeminyaka engama-20," utshilo u-Ames, "Kwelinye icala, umbane owenziwe ngamanzi unelayisensi kwaye usebenza iminyaka engama-50.
Ukufumana inkuthazo efanelekileyo yombane owenziwe ngamanzi kunye nophuhliso logcino olumpompelweyo, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba oko kwenziwa ngendlela ezinzileyo, kuya kuba yimfuneko ekulumleni ihlabathi kumafutha efosili, utshilo uWoolf.
“Asizifumani iintloko-ndaba ezenziwa bobunye ubugcisa. Kodwa ndicinga ukuba abantu baya beqonda ngakumbi ukuba awunakuba negridi ethembekileyo ngaphandle kombane ngamanzi.”
Ixesha lokuposa: Jul-14-2022
