I kī te Tari Āhuarangi o Haina, nā te koretake o te pūnaha āhuarangi i kino haere i te mahana o te ao, kei te piki haere te auau me te kaha haere o te pāmahana tino teitei me te ua nui o Haina.
Mai i te Huringa Ahumahi, ko ngā hau kati kōtuhi i puta mai i ngā mahi a te tangata kua piki ake ngā pāmahana o te ao, kua piki ake ngā taumata o te moana, ā, kua puta ngā huarere kino pērā i te ua, te waipuke, me te tauraki i ngā rohe rerekē he nui ake te kiato me te auau.
I tohu te Whakahaere Hauora o te Ao ko te pikinga o te pāmahana o te ao me te tahunga nui o ngā wahie pūmua kua noho hei tetahi o ngā tūmomo mōrearea nui ki te hauora o te tangata. Ehara i te mea ko te mōrearea o te whiu wera, te whiu wera, me te mate manawa anake, engari ka taea e te huringa āhuarangi te whakararu i te neke atu i te 50% o ngā mate tangata e mōhiotia ana.
He wero nui te huringa āhuarangi e pā ana ki te tangata i tēnei wā. Hei whenua whakaputa hau kati kōtuhi nui, i whakapuakina e Haina te whāinga "te tihi waro me te kore waro e horapa" i te tau 2020, i whakapuaki i te oati nui ki te ao whānui, i whakaatu i te kawenga me te whakapau kaha o tētahi whenua nui, ā, i whakaata hoki i te hiahia nui o te whenua ki te whakatairanga i te panonitanga me te whakapai ake i te hanganga ōhanga me te whakatairanga i te noho tahi pai o te tangata me te taiao.
Ngā wero o te aueue o te pūnaha hiko
He papa pakanga e tino tirotirohia ana te mara pūngao mō te whakatinanatanga o te "waro takirua".
Mō ia pikinga 1 nekehanga Celsius i te pāmahana toharite o te ao, ka nui ake te takoha a te waro i te 0.3 nekehanga Celsius. Hei whakatairanga ake i te hurihanga pūngao, me whakahaere te whakamahinga pūngao pūmua me te whakateretere i te hanganga o tētahi pūnaha pūngao hou. I te tau 2022-2023, neke atu i te 120 ngā kaupapa here "waro takirua" i whakaputaina e Haina, me te whakanui rawa i te tautoko matua mō te whanaketanga me te whakamahinga o te pūngao whakahou.
I raro i te whakatairanga kaha o ngā kaupapa here, kua riro a Haina hei whenua nui rawa atu o te ao mō te whakamahi i te pūngao hou me te pūngao whakahou. E ai ki ngā raraunga mai i te Whakahaere Pūngao ā-Motu, i te haurua tuatahi o te tau 2024, ko te kaha hou kua tāutahia e te whenua mō te whakaputa hiko pūngao whakahou he 134 miriona kirowati, e 88% o te kaha hou kua tāutahia; ko te whakaputa hiko pūngao whakahou he 1.56 trillion kirowati-haora, e 35% o te whakaputa hiko katoa.
He nui ake te mana hau me te mana photovoltaic kua whakauruhia ki roto i te whatunga hiko, e kawe mai ana i te hiko matomato ma ki te mahi whakaputa me te oranga o te tangata, engari e wero ana hoki i te aratau whakahaere tuku iho o te whatunga hiko.
Ko te aratau tuku hiko tuku iho he tere, he whakamahere hoki. Ina tahuri koe i te hiko, ko te tikanga kua tatauhia e tetahi ō hiahia i mua, ā, kei te whakaputa hiko māu i te wā kotahi i tētahi wāhi. Kua whakamaheretia te pihi whakaputa hiko o te tipu hiko me te pihi tuku hiko o te hongere tuku i mua, e ai ki ngā raraunga o mua. Ahakoa ka piki ake te hiahia mō te hiko, ka taea te whakatutuki i te hiahia i te wā tika mā te tīmata i ngā waeine hiko wera tārua, kia tutuki ai te mahi haumaru me te pumau o te pūnaha whatunga hiko.
Heoi, nā te whakaurunga mai o te maha o ngā hiko hau me te hiko photovoltaic, ko te wā me te nui o te hiko ka taea te whakaputa ka whakatauhia katoatia e te rangi, he mea uaua ki te whakamahere. Ina pai ngā āhuatanga o te rangi, ka oma ngā waeine hiko hou ki te kaha katoa, ā, ka whakaputa i te nui o te hiko matomato, engari ki te kore e piki ake te tono, kāore e taea te hono atu i tēnei hiko ki te Ipurangi; ina kaha te tono mō te hiko, ka ua, ka kapua, kāore ngā tāpine hau e huri, kāore ngā panera photovoltaic e wera, ā, ka puta te raruraru motuhanga hiko.
I mua, ko te whakarērea o te hau me te mārama i Gansu, Xinjiang me ētahi atu kawanatanga pūngao hou i pā ki te korenga o te hiko i te rohe i ngā wā o te tau, me te kore e taea e te whatunga hiko te mimiti i te hiko i te wā tika. Ko te kore e taea te whakahaere i te pūngao ma, he wero ki te tuku i te whatunga hiko, ā, ka nui ake ngā mōrearea whakahaere o te pūnaha hiko. I ēnei rā, i te wā e tino whakawhirinaki ana te tangata ki te tuku hiko pumau mō te whakaputa me te oranga, ko te kore e taurite i waenga i te whakaputa hiko me te kai hiko ka pā kino ki te ōhanga me te pāpori.
He rerekētanga motuhake kei waenganui i te kaha tāuta o te pūngao hou me te whakaputanga hiko tuturu, ā, kāore e taea e te hiahia hiko o ngā kaiwhakamahi me te hiko i whakaputaina e ngā tipu hiko te whakatutuki i te "pūtake whai i te kawenga" me te "taurite hihiri". Me whakamahi te hiko "hou" i te wā tika, me penapena rānei, he āhuatanga e tika ana mō te whakahaere pumau o tētahi whatunga hiko kua whakaritea pai. Hei whakatutuki i tēnei whāinga, hei tāpiri atu ki te hanga i tētahi tauira matapae pūngao ma tika mā te tātari tika i ngā raraunga huarere me ngā raraunga whakaputanga hiko o mua, me whakanui ake hoki i te ngāwari o te tuku pūnaha hiko mā roto i ngā taputapu pēnei i ngā pūnaha rokiroki pūngao me ngā tipu hiko mariko. E whakanui ana te whenua i te "whakateretere i te whakamahere me te hanga i tētahi pūnaha pūngao hou", ā, he hangarau tino nui te rokiroki pūngao.
"Pēke Kakariki" i roto i te Pūnaha Pūngao Hou
I raro i te hurihanga pūngao, kua piki haere te hiranga o ngā teihana hiko rokiroki papu. I whānau mai tēnei hangarau i te mutunga o te rautau 19, i hangaia tuatahitia hei whakahaere i ngā rauemi wai ā-wā i roto i ngā awa hei whakaputa hiko. Kua tere te whanaketanga, ā, kua āta pakari haere i runga i te papamuri o te tere o te ahumahi me te hanganga o ngā tipu hiko karihi.
He tino māmā noa iho te kaupapa. E rua ngā puna wai e hangaia ana i runga i te maunga, i raro hoki i te maunga. Ina tae mai te pō, te mutunga wiki rānei, ka heke te hiahia mō te hiko, ā, ka whakamahia te hiko iti te utu me te nui hei pupuhi wai ki te puna wai o runga; ina tae te nui o te hiko e pau ana, ka tukuna te wai hei whakaputa hiko, kia taea ai te whakarerekē anō me te tohatoha i te hiko i te wā me te wāhi.
Hei hangarau rokiroki pūngao rautau te pakeke, kua tukuna he mahi hou ki te rokiroki papu i roto i te tukanga "waro takirua". Ina kaha te kaha whakaputa hiko o te hiko photovoltaic me te hau, ā, ka whakaitihia te hiahia hiko a te kaiwhakamahi, ka taea e te rokiroki papu te penapena hiko nui. Ina piki ake te hiahia mō te hiko, ka tukuna te hiko hei āwhina i te whatunga hiko kia tutuki te taurite o te tuku me te tono.
He ngāwari, he pono hoki, he tere te tīmatanga me te mutunga. E iti iho i te 4 meneti te roa mai i te tīmatanga ki te whakaputa hiko kawenga katoa. Mēnā ka puta he aituā nui i roto i te whatunga hiko, ka taea e te rokiroki papu te tīmata tere me te whakahoki mai i te tuku hiko ki te whatunga hiko. E kiia ana ko te "matū" whakamutunga hei whakamārama i te whatunga hiko pouri.
Hei tētahi o ngā hangarau rokiroki pūngao tino pakari, tino whānuitia hoki te whakamahinga, ko te rokiroki papu te "pūhiko" nui rawa atu o te ao i tēnei wā, e 86% neke atu i te kaha rokiroki pūngao kua tāutahia o te ao. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā rokiroki pūngao hou pēnei i te rokiroki pūngao hikohiko me te rokiroki pūngao hauwai, he pai ngā painga o te rokiroki papu, arā, he hangarau pumau, he iti te utu, he nui hoki te kaha.
E 40 tau te roa o te ora mahi a tētahi teihana hiko rokiroki e papuhia ana. Ka taea e ia te mahi mō te 5 ki te 7 hāora ia rā, me te tuku tonu i te hiko. Ka whakamahia e ia te wai hei "wahie", he iti ngā utu whakahaere me te tiaki, ā, kāore e pāngia e ngā piki me ngā heke o ngā utu o ngā rauemi mata pērā i te lithium, te konutai me te vanadium. He mea nui ōna painga ōhanga me ōna āheinga ratonga ki te whakaiti i te utu o te hiko matomato me te whakaiti i ngā tukunga waro o te whatunga hiko.
I te marama o Hūrae 2024, i whakaputaina mana te mahere whakatinanatanga ā-rohe tuatahi o tōku whenua mō te rokiroki papu hei whai wāhi atu ki te mākete hiko i Guangdong. Ka hokohokohia e ngā teihana hiko rokiroki papu ngā hiko katoa i te wāhi kotahi i roto i tētahi huarahi hou o te "whakahua i te rahinga me te whakahua", me te "papu wai hei penapena hiko" me te "tuku wai hei whiwhi hiko" i roto i te mākete hiko me te whai hua me te ngāwari, me te whai wāhi atu ki tētahi tūranga hou o te penapena me te uru atu ki te "pēke hiko matomato" hou, me te whakatuwhera i tētahi ara hou ki te whiwhi hua e aro ana ki te mākete.
"Ka tito pūtaiao mātou i ngā rautaki whakatau utu, ka whai wāhi kaha ki te hokohoko hiko, ka whakapai ake i te whai huatanga whānui o ngā waeine, ā, ka whai kia whiwhi i ngā painga whakatenatena mai i ngā utu hiko me te hiko, me te whakatairanga hoki i te pikinga o te ōwehenga o te whakamahinga pūngao hou." Te kī a Wang Bei, te kaiwhakahaere matua tuarua o te Tari Whakamahere Rokiroki Pūngao me te Pūtea o te Southern Power Grid.
Nā te hangarau pakari, te kaha nui, te rokiroki ngāwari me te urunga atu, te putanga roa, te utu iti puta noa i te huringa ora, me ngā tikanga hokohoko kua whakapaitia ake, kua waiho te rokiroki papu hei "huarahi katoa" tino ohanga me te whai hua i roto i te tukanga hurihanga pūngao, e whai wāhi nui ana ki te whakatairanga i te whakamahinga whai hua o te pūngao whakahou me te whakarite i te haumaru me te pumau o te pūnaha hiko.
Ngā kaupapa nui tautohetohe
I runga i te papamuri o te whakarerekētanga o te hanganga pūngao ā-motu me te tere o te whanaketanga o te pūngao hou, kua puta he pikinga nui o te hanga whare nā ngā teihana hiko rokiroki papu. I te haurua tuatahi o te tau 2024, i eke te kaha tāuta katoa o te rokiroki papu i Haina ki te 54.39 miriona kirowati, ā, i piki ake te tere tipu haumi mā te 30.4 ōrau i runga i te wā kotahi o te tau kua hipa. I roto i ngā tau tekau e whai ake nei, ka tata te wāhi haumi o tōku whenua mō te rokiroki papu ki te kotahi tiriona yuan.
I te marama o Ākuhata 2024, i whakaputa te Komiti Matua o te CPC me te Kaunihera ā-Rohe i ngā "Whakaaro mō te Whakateretere i te Huringa Kakariki Whānui o te Whanaketanga Ōhanga me te Hapori". Hei te tau 2030, ka neke atu te kaha tāuta o ngā teihana hiko rokiroki papu i te 120 miriona kirowati.
Ahakoa ngā whai wāhitanga e puta mai ana, ka puta anō hoki te raruraru o te haumitanga nui rawa. He pūnaha hangarau uaua, he pūnaha pakari hoki te hanganga o ngā teihana hiko rokiroki papu, e uru ana ki ngā hononga maha pērā i ngā ture, ngā mahi whakarite me te whakaaetanga. I te pikinga o te haumitanga, he maha ngā wā ka warewarehia e ētahi kāwanatanga ā-rohe me ngā rangatira te āhua pūtaiao o te kōwhiringa wāhi me te kī tonu o te kaha, ā, ka whaia nuitia te tere me te rahi o te whanaketanga kaupapa, ka puta mai he maha ngā pānga kino.
Me whai whakaaro te kōwhiringa o ngā teihana hiko rokiroki papu ki ngā āhuatanga whenua, te tauwāhi whenua (e tata ana ki te pokapū kawenga, e tata ana ki te turanga hiko), te rārangi whero taiao, te hekenga o te upoko, te hoko whenua me te hekenga mai me ētahi atu āhuatanga. Mā te whakamahere me te whakatakotoranga koretake ka kore e taea te whakamahi i te hanganga o ngā teihana hiko. Ehara i te mea ka uaua te mārama ki te utu hanga me te utu whakahaere mō tētahi wā, engari ka puta anō hoki ngā raruraru pēnei i te takahi i te rārangi whero taiao i te wā o te hanganga; i muri i te otinga, ki te kore e eke ngā taumata hangarau me te whakahaere me te tiaki ki te paerewa, ka puta he mōrearea haumaru.
"Kei te mau tonu ētahi wā kāore i te tika te whiriwhiri i te wāhi mō ētahi kaupapa." I kī a Lei Xingchun, te kaiwhakahaere matua tuarua o te tari hanganga o te Southern Grid Energy Storage Company, "Ko te kaupapa o tētahi teihana hiko rokiroki-pamu ko te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o te whatunga hiko me te whakarite kia uru atu te pūngao hou ki te whatunga. Me whakatau te whiriwhiri wāhi me te kaha o te teihana hiko rokiroki-pamu i runga i ngā āhuatanga o te tohatoha hiko, ngā āhuatanga whakahaere o te whatunga hiko, te tohatoha kawenga hiko, me te hanganga hiko."
"He kaupapa nui tēnei, ā, he nui te haumitanga tuatahi e hiahiatia ana. He mea nui ake te whakapakari i te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me te mahi tahi me ngā rauemi taiao, te taiao taiao, te ngahere, te whenua tarutaru, te tiaki wai me ētahi atu tari, me te mahi pai ki te hono atu ki te rārangi whero tiaki taiao me ngā mahere e pā ana." I tāpiri atu a Jiang Shuwen, te tumuaki o te tari whakamahere o te Southern Grid Energy Storage Company.
Ko te haumitanga hanga o ngā tekau piriona, tae atu ki ngā tekau piriona, te rahi o te whenua hanga o ngā rau heketea o ngā puna wai, me te roanga o te hanga o te 5 ki te 7 tau, koinei anō ngā take e whakahē ana te tini i ngā wāhi rokiroki papu mō te kore e "ōhanga me te pai ki te taiao" ki te whakaritea ki ētahi atu wāhi rokiroki pūngao.
Engari i te mea pono, ki te whakaritea ki ngā wā tukunga iti me te 10 tau te roa o te ora mahi o te rokiroki pūngao matū, ka taea e te roanga mahi tuturu o ngā teihana hiko rokiroki-pamu te eke ki te 50 tau, neke atu rānei. Me te rokiroki pūngao nui-kaha, te auau papu mutunga kore, me te utu iti iho i te kirowati-haora, he nui ake tonu tōna whai huatanga ōhanga i ērā atu rokiroki pūngao.
Kua oti i a Zheng Jing, he miihini matua i te China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Planning and Design, tētahi rangahau: "E whakaatu ana te tātari i te whai huatanga ōhanga o te kaupapa ko te utu taurite mō ia kilowatt-haora o ngā teihana hiko rokiroki-pāmu he 0.207 yuan/kWh. Ko te utu taurite mō ia kilowatt-haora o te rokiroki pūngao hikohiko he 0.563 yuan/kWh, arā, he 2.7 ngā wā o te utu o ngā teihana hiko rokiroki-pāmu."
"Kua tere te tipu o te rokiroki pūngao hiko i ngā tau tata nei, engari he maha ngā tūponotanga huna. He mea tika kia whakaroa tonu i te huringa ora, kia whakaitihia te utu o te waeine, kia whakanuia te tauine o te teihana hiko, kia whirihorahia hoki te mahi whakatikatika wāhanga mai i te tirohanga kia mau ai te haumaru, kia rite ai ki ngā teihana hiko rokiroki-pamu," te kī a Zheng Jing.
Hangaia he teihana hiko, whakapaipaihia te whenua
E ai ki ngā raraunga mai i te Southern Power Grid Energy Storage, i te haurua tuatahi o te tau 2024, ko te nui o te whakaputanga hiko o ngā teihana hiko papu-putunga i te rohe tonga he tata ki te 6 piriona kWh, he rite ki te hiahia hiko o te 5.5 miriona kaiwhakamahi kāinga mō te haurua o te tau, he pikinga 1.3% ia tau; ko te maha o ngā tīmatanga whakaputa hiko waeine neke atu i te 20,000 ngā wā, he pikinga 20.9% ia tau. I te toharite, ko ia waeine o ia teihana hiko e whakaputa ana i te hiko tino teitei neke atu i te 3 ngā wā i te rā, he takoha nui ki te urunga pumau ki te hiko ma ki te whatunga hiko.
I runga i te āwhina i te whatunga hiko ki te whakapai ake i tōna kaha rokiroki pūngao tino pai, me te whakarato hiko ma mō te whanaketanga pāpori me te ōhanga, e whakapau kaha ana te Southern Power Grid Energy Storage ki te hanga i ngā teihana hiko ataahua, me te whakarato i ngā hua taiao me te taiao "kakariki, tuwhera, me te tiritiri" mō te iwi o te rohe.
I ia puna, kī tonu ngā maunga i ngā pua cherry. Ka haere ngā kaieke paihikara me ngā kaihaerere ki te Rohe o Shenzhen Yantian ki te tirotiro. E whakaata ana i te roto me ngā maunga, e hikoi ana i te moana o ngā pua cherry, me te mea kei roto rātou i tētahi pararaiha. Koinei te puna wai o runga o te Teihana Hiko Pumped Storage Shenzhen, te teihana hiko putunga-putunga tuatahi i hangaia i waenganui o te tāone i te whenua, me te "pāka maunga me te moana" i roto i te mangai o ngā tūruhi.
I te tīmatanga o tana whakamahere, i whakauruhia e te Teihana Hiko Pumped Storage o Shenzhen ngā ariā taiao matomato. I hoahoatia, i hangaia, ā, i whakamahia ngātahitia ngā whare me ngā taputapu tiaki taiao me te tiaki wai me te kaupapa. Kua toa te kaupapa i ngā tohu pēnei i te "Kaupapa Kounga ā-Motu" me te "Kaupapa Whakaaturanga Tiaki Oneone me te Wai ā-Motu". I muri i te whakamahinga o te teihana hiko, i whakapai ake a China Southern Power Grid Energy Storage i te whenua "whakakore ahumahi" o te rohe puna wai o runga ki te paerewa o te papa taiao, ā, i mahi tahi me te Kāwanatanga o te Rohe o Yantian ki te whakato i ngā pua cherry huri noa i te puna wai o runga, ka hangaia te kāri pakihi Yantian "maunga, moana me te tāone putiputi".
Ehara i te mea motuhake te aro ki te tiaki taiao i te Shenzhen Pumped Storage Power Station. Kua whakatakotohia e China Southern Power Grid Energy Storage ngā pūnaha whakahaere hanga matomato pakari me ngā paerewa aromatawai puta noa i te tukanga hanga kaupapa katoa; ka whakakotahihia e ia kaupapa te taiao taiao e karapoti ana, ngā āhuatanga ahurea me ngā mahere e tika ana a te kāwanatanga ā-rohe, ā, ka whakatakotohia he whakapaunga motuhake mō te whakaora me te whakapai ake i te taiao taiao i roto i te tahua tiaki taiao kia pai ai te whakaurunga o te whenua ahumahi o te kaupapa me te taiao taiao e karapoti ana.
"He nui ngā whakaritenga mō te whiriwhiri i te wāhi mō ngā teihana hiko rokiroki papu. Hei karo i ngā rārangi whero taiao, mēnā he tipu onge kua tiakina, he rākau tawhito rānei kei roto i te wāhi hanga, me kōrero wawe ki te tari ngahere, me te mahi i ngā mahi tiaki i raro i te arataki a te tari ngahere hei whakahaere i te tiaki i te wāhi, i te tiaki hekenga rānei," te kī a Jiang Shuwen.
I ia teihana hiko papu-rokiroki o Southern Power Grid Energy Storage, ka kitea he mata whakaatu hiko nui, e whakaputa ana i ngā raraunga wā-tūturu pēnei i te ihirangi katote kino, te kounga o te hau, ngā hihi ultraviolet, te pāmahana, te haumākū, me ētahi atu mea i roto i te taiao. "Koinei tā mātou i tono kia aroturukihia e mātou anō, kia mārama ai te kite a ngā kaipupuri hea i te kounga taiao o te teihana hiko." I kī a Jiang Shuwen, "Whai muri i te hanganga o ngā teihana hiko papu-rokiroki o Yangjiang me Meizhou, ka noho ngā kōtuku, e mōhiotia ana ko ngā 'manu aroturuki taiao', i roto i ngā rōpū, koinei te tino mōhiotanga o te kounga taiao rauropi pēnei i te kounga o te hau me te wai puna i te rohe o te teihana hiko."
Mai i te hanganga o te teihana hiko papu-pūmanawa nui tuatahi i Haina i Guangzhou i te tau 1993, kua kohia e Southern Power Grid Energy Storage te wheako pakari ki te whakatinana i ngā kaupapa matomato puta noa i te huringa ora. I te tau 2023, i whakarewahia e te kamupene te "Ngā Tikanga Whakahaere Hanganga Kakariki me ngā Tohu Aromatawai mō ngā Teihana Hiko Pupuri Papu", i whakamārama i ngā kawenga me ngā paerewa aromatawai o te hanganga matomato o ngā waeine katoa e whai wāhi ana ki te kaupapa i te wā o te tukanga hanganga. He whāinga mahi me ngā tikanga whakatinanatanga, he mea nui hei ārahi i te umanga ki te whakatinana i te tiaki taiao.
Kua hangaia ngā teihana hiko rokiroki papu mai i te tīmatanga, ā, he maha ngā hangarau me ngā whakahaere kāore anō kia whai i tētahi tauira. E whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā kaiārahi ahumahi pēnei i a Southern Power Grid Energy Storage ki te akiaki i ngā mekameka ahumahi o runga me raro ki te auaha tonu, ki te tūhura, ki te manatoko, me te whakatairanga i te whakapai ake ahumahi i ia taahiraa. Ko te tiaki taiao he wāhanga nui hoki o te whanaketanga pumau o te ahumahi rokiroki papu. Ehara i te mea ko te kawenga a te kamupene anake, engari e whakaatu ana hoki i te uara "kakariki" me te ihirangi koura o tēnei kaupapa rokiroki hiko matomato.
Kei te tangi te karaka kore-waro, ā, kei te haere tonu te whanaketanga o te pūngao hou ki te whakatutuki i ngā putanga hou. Kei te piki haere te hiranga o te tūranga o ngā teihana hiko rokiroki papu hei "kaiwhakahaere", "pēke hiko" me "kaitautoko" i roto i te taurite kawenga o te whatunga hiko.
Wā tuku: Hui-tanguru-05-2025
