He paripari tō ngā awa katoa i roto i te taiao. Ka rere te wai i te taha o te awa i raro i te mana o te kaha ā-papa. He nui te kaha pūmanawa o te wai i ngā teitei. Mā te āwhina o ngā hanganga waipēhi me ngā taputapu hiko-mīhini, ka taea te huri i te kaha o te wai hei kaha hiko, arā, te whakaputa hiko wai. Ko te kaupapa o te whakaputa hiko wai ko tā tātou whakaawe hiko-mārō, arā, ina tapahia e te kaiārahi ngā rārangi rerenga aukume i roto i te papa aukume, ka puta he iahiko. I roto i ēnei, ko te "nekehanga" o te kaiārahi i roto i te papa aukume ka tutuki mā te rere o te wai e pā ana ki te tāpine hei huri i te kaha wai hei kaha miihini hurihuri; ā, tata tonu te hanganga o te papa aukume e te iahiko whakaoho i hangaia e te pūnaha whakaoho e rere ana i roto i te takai hurihuri o te kaihanga hiko, arā, ko te aukume ka puta mai i te hiko.
1. He aha te pūnaha whakaoho? Hei whakatutuki i te huringa pūngao, me whai papa aukume DC te kaihanga hiko tukutahi, ā, ko te ia DC e whakaputa ana i tēnei papa aukume ka kiia ko te ia whakaoho o te kaihanga hiko. I te nuinga o te wā, ko te tukanga hanga papa aukume i roto i te rotor o te kaihanga hiko e ai ki te kaupapa o te whakaoho hiko hiko ka kiia ko te whakaoho. Ko te pūnaha whakaoho e pā ana ki te taputapu e whakarato ana i te ia whakaoho mō te kaihanga hiko tukutahi. He wāhanga nui o te kaihanga hiko tukutahi. I te nuinga o te wā e rua ngā wāhanga matua: te waeine hiko whakaoho me te kaiwhakahaere whakaoho. Ka whakaratohia e te waeine hiko whakaoho te ia whakaoho ki te rotor o te kaihanga hiko tukutahi, ā, ka whakahaerehia e te kaiwhakahaere whakaoho te putanga o te waeine hiko whakaoho e ai ki te tohu whakauru me ngā paearu whakahaere kua hoatu.
2. Te Mahi a te Pūnaha Whakaoho Ko ngā mahi matua a te pūnaha whakaoho ko ēnei: (1) I raro i ngā āhuatanga mahi noa, ka tukuna e ia te ia whakaoho ki te pūkaha hiko, ā, ka whakatikatika i te ia whakaoho kia rite ki te ture kua hoatu kia rite ki ngā āhuatanga o te ngaohiko me te kawenga o te pūkaha hiko hei pupuri i te pumau o te ngaohiko. He aha i taea ai te pupuri i te pumau o te ngaohiko mā te whakatikatika i te ia whakaoho? He whanaungatanga tata kei waenganui i te pūmanawa whakaoho (arā, te pūmanawa kore-kawenga) Ed o te takai pūmau o te pūkaha hiko, te ngaohiko o te pūkaha hiko Ug, te ia kawenga tauhohe Ir o te pūkaha hiko, me te tauhohenga tukutahi roa Xd:
He rite te kaha whakaoho Ed ki te rerenga aukume, ā, ko te rerenga aukume e whakawhirinaki ana ki te nui o te ia whakaoho. Ina kore e rerekē te ia whakaoho, ka kore e rerekē te rerenga aukume me te kaha whakaoho Ed. Mai i te tātai i runga ake nei, ka kitea ka heke te ngaohiko pito o te kaihanga hiko me te pikinga o te ia tauhohe. Heoi, kia tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga a te kaiwhakamahi mō te kounga hiko, me noho tonu te ngaohiko pito o te kaihanga hiko. Ko te huarahi ki te whakatutuki i tēnei whakaritenga ko te whakarite i te ia whakaoho o te kaihanga hiko i te mea ka huri te ia tauhohe Ir (arā, ka huri te kawenga). (2) E ai ki ngā āhuatanga kawenga, ka whakaritea te ia whakaoho kia rite ki tētahi ture kua hoatu hei whakarite i te mana tauhohe. He aha te take e tika ai te whakarite i te mana tauhohe? He maha ngā taputapu hiko e mahi ana i runga i te kaupapa o te whakaoho hikohiko, pērā i ngā whakawhiti hiko, ngā motuka, ngā mīhini whakarewa, me ētahi atu. Ka whakawhirinaki katoa rātou ki te whakatūnga o tētahi papa aukume tauutuutu hei huri me te whakawhiti pūngao. Ko te mana hiko e hiahiatia ana hei whakatū i tētahi papa aukume tauutuutu me te rerenga aukume tauhohe ka kiia ko te mana tauhohe. Ko ngā taputapu hiko katoa me ngā koiri hikohiko ka pau te mana tauhohe hei whakatū i tētahi papa aukume. Ki te kore he mana tauhohe, kāore te motuka e huri, kāore e taea e te whakawhiti hiko te whakawhiti i te ngaohiko, ā, he maha ngā taputapu hiko e kore e mahi. Nō reira, ehara te mana tauhohe i te mana koretake. I raro i ngā āhuatanga noa, ehara i te mea ka whiwhi noa ngā taputapu hiko i te mana hohe mai i te whakaputa hiko, engari me whiwhi hoki i te mana tauhohe mai i te whakaputa hiko. Mena he iti te mana tauhohe i roto i te whatunga hiko, kāore e ranea te mana tauhohe o ngā taputapu hiko hei whakatū i tētahi mara hikohiko noa. Kātahi ka kore e taea e ēnei taputapu hiko te pupuri i te mahi kua whakatauria, ā, ka heke te ngaohiko pito o ngā taputapu hiko, ka pā ki te mahi noa o ngā taputapu hiko. Nō reira, me whakarerekē te mana tauhohe kia rite ki te kawenga tuturu, ā, ko te putanga mana tauhohe a te whakaputa hiko e pā ana ki te nui o te ia whakaoho. Kāore te kaupapa motuhake e whakamāramahia i konei. (3) Ina puta he aituā poto i roto i te pūnaha hiko, ina heke nui rānei te ngaohiko pito o te whakaputa hiko i ētahi atu take, ka taea te whakaoho kaha i te whakaputa hiko kia pai ake ai te rohe pumau hihiri o te pūnaha hiko me te tika o te mahi tiaki whakawhiti. (4) Ina puta te kaha rawa o te hiko o te kaihanga hiko nā te whakahekenga ohorere o te kawenga me ētahi atu take, ka taea te tango i te aukume o te kaihanga hiko hei whakawhāiti i te pikinga nui o te ngaohiko o te pito o te kaihanga hiko. (5) Whakapai ake i te pumau o te pūnaha hiko. (6) Ina puta he ara iahiko poto ā-wāhanga-ki-ā-wāhanga i roto i te kaihanga hiko me ōna waea arataki, he nui rawa rānei te ngaohiko o te pito o te kaihanga hiko, ka tere te tango i te aukume hei whakawhāiti i te whānui o te aituā. (7) Ka taea te tohatoha tika i te mana tauhohe o ngā kaihanga hiko whakarara.
3. Te Whakarōpūtanga o ngā Pūnaha Whakaohooho E ai ki te huarahi e whiwhi ai te kaihanga hiko i te ia whakaohooho (arā, te tikanga tuku o te pūhiko hiko whakaohooho), ka taea te wehewehe i te pūnaha whakaohooho ki te whakaohooho o waho me te whakaohooho-ā-koe: ko te ia whakaohooho i whiwhi mai i ētahi atu pūhiko ka kiia ko te whakaohooho o waho; ko te ia whakaohooho i whiwhi mai i te kaihanga hiko tonu ka kiia ko te whakaohooho-ā-koe. E ai ki te tikanga whakatikatika, ka taea te wehewehe ki te whakaohooho hurihuri me te whakaohooho tūmau. Kāore he mīhini whakaohooho motuhake a te pūnaha whakaohooho tūmau. Mena ka whiwhi ia i te mana whakaohooho mai i te kaihanga hiko tonu, ka kiia ko te whakaohooho tūmau whakaohooho-ā-koe. Ka taea te wehewehe i te whakaohooho tūmau whakaohooho-ā-koe ki te whakaohooho-ā-koe whakarara me te whakaohooho whakakotahi-ā-koe.
Ko te tikanga whakaohooho e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te whakaohooho pūmau whakaohooho-whaiaro-whakarara, e whakaaturia ana i te pikitia i raro nei. Ka whiwhi i te mana whakaohooho mā te whakawhiti whakatikatika e hono ana ki te putanga whakaputa hiko, ā, ka tukuna te ia whakaohooho o te whakaputa hiko i muri i te whakatikatika.
Te hoahoa waea o te pūnaha whakaoho whakatikatika whakaoho-whaiaro-whakarara
Ko te pūnaha whakaoho pūmau whakaoho-whaiaro whakarara ko ngā wāhanga e whai ake nei: te whakawhiti whakaoho, te whakatikatika, te taputapu tango aukume, te kaiwhakahaere whakahaere me te taputapu tiaki ngaohiko nui. E whakaoti ana ēnei wāhanga e rima i ngā mahi e whai ake nei:
(1) Whakawhiti hiko whakaohooho: Whakaitihia te ngaohiko i te pito mīhini ki te ngaohiko e ōrite ana ki te whakatikatika.
(2) Whakatikatika: Koinei te wāhanga matua o te pūnaha katoa. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia he ara iahiko piriti e toru-wāhanga e whakahaeretia katoatia ana hei whakaoti i te mahi tahuritanga mai i te AC ki te DC.
(3) Pūrere tango aukume: E rua ngā wāhanga o te pūrere tango aukume, arā, ko te pana tango aukume me te ātete tango aukume. Ko tēnei pūrere te kawenga mō te tango tere i te aukume o te waeine mēnā ka pā mai he aituā.
(4) Kaiwhakahaere Whakahaere: Ka hurihia e te pūrere whakahaere o te pūnaha whakaoho te ia whakaoho mā te whakahaere i te koki kawe o te thyristor o te pūrere whakatikatika kia tutuki ai te pānga o te whakahaere i te mana tauhohe me te ngaohiko o te kaihanga.
(5) Te tiaki i te ngaohiko nui: Ina he ngaohiko nui te ara iahiko hurihuri o te kaihanga hiko, ka tahuri te ara iahiko hei kai i te kaha ngaohiko nui, hei whakawhāiti i te uara ngaohiko nui, hei tiaki hoki i te takai hurihuri o te kaihanga hiko me ōna taputapu hono.
Ko ngā painga o te pūnaha whakaoho pūmau whakaoho-whaiaro-whakarara ko: he hanganga māmā, he iti ake ngā taputapu, he iti te haumi me te iti ake o te tiaki. Ko te ngoikoretanga ko te mea ka poto te ara iahiko whakaoho o te whakaputa hiko, o te pūnaha rānei, ka ngaro, ka heke nui rānei te iahiko whakaoho, engari me tino whakanui ake te iahiko whakaoho (arā, te whakaoho kaha) i tēnei wā. Heoi, i te mea he maha ngā waeine nui o ēnei rā e whakamahi ana i ngā pae pahi kua kati, ā, he tere te tiaki me te pono o ngā whatunga hiko ngaohiko teitei, kei te piki haere te maha o ngā waeine e whakamahi ana i tēnei tikanga whakaoho, ā, koinei hoki te tikanga whakaoho e taunakitia ana e ngā ture me ngā whakaritenga. 4. Te aukati hiko o te waeine Ina tangohia te waeine me te kati, ka rongoatia tetahi wāhanga o te pūngao miihini nā te nui o te koretake hurihuri o te rotor. Ka taea anake te whakamutu katoa i tēnei wāhanga o te pūngao i muri i te hurihanga hei pūngao wera waku o te peera pana, te peera ārahi me te hau. Nā te mea he rite te ngaronga waku o te hau ki te tapawhā o te tere raina o te porowhita, ka tino heke te tere o te rotor i te tuatahi, kātahi ka noho mangere mō te wā roa i te tere iti. Ina roa te wā e oma ana te waeine i te tere iti, ka mura pea te rakau pana nā te mea kāore e taea te whakatū i te kiriata hinu i waenganui i te pereti whakaata i raro i te pane pana me te rakau whāriki. Nā konei, i te wā e whakawetohia ana, ina heke te tere o te waeine ki tētahi uara kua tohua, me whakamahi te pūnaha pana waeine. Ka wehea te pana waeine ki te pana hiko, te pana mīhini me te pana whakakotahi. Ko te pana hiko he whakapoto i te stator whakaputa-toru-wāhanga i te putanga pito mīhini i muri i te wetewete me te tango aukume i te kaihanga, ā, tatari kia heke te tere o te waeine ki te 50% ki te 60% o te tere kua tohua. Mā roto i tētahi raupapa mahi arorau, ka whakaratohia te mana pana, ā, ka huri te kaiwhakahaere whakaoho ki te aratau pana hiko hei tāpiri i te au whakaoho ki te takai rotor kaihanga. Nā te mea kei te hurihuri te kaihanga, ka whakaoho te stator i te au porowhita-poto i raro i te mahi a te papa aukume rotor. Ko te taipana hikohiko i hangaia he ritenga kē atu i te ahunga korekore o te rotor, e whai wāhi ana ki te pana. I te tukanga o te whakatinanatanga o te aukati hiko, me whakarato te pūtake hiko aukati ki waho, e pā tata ana ki te hanganga ara iahiko matua o te pūnaha whakaoho. Kei te whakaatuhia i raro nei ngā huarahi maha hei whiwhi i te pūtake hiko whakaoho aukati hiko.
Ngā huarahi maha hei whiwhi i te pūngao hiko whakaohooho parai
I te huarahi tuatahi, ko te taputapu whakaoho he tikanga waea whakaoho-whaiaro. Ina poto te porowhita o te pito mīhini, kāore he pūtake hiko o te whakawhiti whakaoho. Ka ahu mai te pūtake hiko aukati i tētahi whakawhiti aukati motuhake, ā, ka honoa te whakawhiti aukati ki te hiko tipu. E ai ki te kōrero i runga ake nei, ko te nuinga o ngā kaupapa hiko wai e whakamahi ana i tētahi pūnaha whakaoho whakatikatika whakaoho-whaiaro, ā, he pai ake te whakamahi i tētahi piriti whakatikatika mō te pūnaha whakaoho me te pūnaha aukati hiko. Nō reira, he mea noa ake tēnei tikanga mō te whiwhi i te pūtake hiko whakaoho aukati hiko. Ko te tukanga reremahi aukati hiko o tēnei tikanga e whai ake nei:
(1) Ka whakatuwheratia te pūwāhi hiko putanga o te waeine, ā, ka momotuhia te pūnaha.
(2) Kua tangohia te aukume o te takai hurihuri.
(3) Kua whakatuwheratia te pana hiko i te taha tuarua o te whakawhiti hiko whakaoho.
(4) Kua kati te pana ara-poto o te pērai hiko.
(5) Kua kati te pana hiko i te taha tuarua o te whakawhiti perei hiko.
(6) Ka whakaohokia te thyristor o te piriti whakatikatika ki te kawe hiko, ā, ka uru te waeine ki te āhua pēra hiko.
(7) Ina kore te tere o te waeine, ka tukuna te pērai hiko (mēnā ka whakamahia te pērai ngātahi, ina tae te tere ki te 5% ki te 10% o te tere kua tohua, ka whakamahia te pērai ā-ringa). 5. Pūnaha whakaoho atamai Ko te tipu hiko wai atamai e pā ana ki tētahi tipu hiko wai, ki tētahi rōpū teihana hiko wai rānei me te mamati mōhiohio, te whatunga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, te paerewa whakauru, te taunekeneke pakihi, te arotau mahi, me te whakatau atamai. Ka wehea poutū ngā tipu hiko wai atamai ki te paparanga tukanga, te paparanga wae, me te paparanga whakahaere teihana, mā te whakamahi i tētahi hanganga whatunga-2 paparanga-3 o te whatunga paparanga tukanga (whatunga GOOSE, whatunga SV) me te whatunga paparanga whakahaere teihana (whatunga MMS). Me tautoko ngā tipu hiko wai atamai e ngā taputapu atamai. Hei pūnaha whakahaere matua o te huinga whakaputa hiko wai-turbine, he mea nui te whanaketanga hangarau o te pūnaha whakaoho i roto i te hanganga o ngā tipu hiko wai atamai.
I roto i ngā tipu hiko wai atamai, haunga te whakaoti i ngā mahi taketake pēnei i te tīmata me te whakamutu i te huinga whakaputa hiko tāpine, te whakanui me te whakaiti i te mana tauhohe, me te whakaweto ohorere, me taea hoki e te pūnaha whakaoho te whakatutuki i ngā mahi whakatauira raraunga me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero a te IEC61850, me te tautoko i te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me te whatunga paparanga whakahaere teihana (whatunga MMS) me te whatunga paparanga tukanga (whatunga GOOSE me te whatunga SV). Kei te paparanga wae o te hanganga pūnaha teihana hiko wai atamai te taputapu pūnaha whakaoho, ā, kei te paparanga tukanga te wae whakakotahi, te pūnga atamai, te wae whakahaere āwhina me ētahi atu taputapu, taputapu atamai rānei. Kei te whakaatuhia te hanganga pūnaha i te ahua i raro nei.
Pūnaha whakaoho atamai
Ka tutuki i te rorohiko manaaki o te paparanga whakahaere teihana o te tipu hiko wai atamai ngā whakaritenga o te paerewa whakawhitiwhiti IEC61850, ā, ka tukuna te tohu o te pūnaha whakaoho ki te rorohiko manaaki o te pūnaha aroturuki mā te whatunga MMS. Me taea e te pūnaha whakaoho atamai te hono atu ki te whatunga GOOSE me ngā pana whatunga SV hei kohikohi raraunga i te paparanga tukatuka. E hiahia ana te paparanga tukatuka kia matihiko katoa ngā raraunga e puta mai ana i te CT, PT me ngā wāhanga ā-rohe. Ka honoa te CT me te PT ki te wae whakakotahi (ka honoa ngā whakawhiti hiko mā ngā taura whatu, ā, ka honoa ngā whakawhiti hikohiko mā ngā taura). I muri i te mamati o ngā raraunga iahiko me te ngaohiko, ka honoa ki te pana whatunga SV mā ngā taura whatu. Me hono ngā wāhanga ā-rohe ki te pūnga atamai mā ngā taura, ā, ka hurihia ngā tohu pana, ngā tohu anaro rānei hei tohu matihiko, ka tukuna ki te pana whatunga GOOSE mā ngā taura whatu. I tēnei wā, ko te mahi whakawhitiwhiti te mahi a te pūnaha whakaoho me te whatunga MMS paparanga whakahaere teihana me te whatunga GOOSE/SV paparanga tukatuka. Haunga te tutuki i te taunekeneke mōhiohio whatunga o te paerewa whakawhitiwhiti kōrero IEC61850, me whai aroturuki ipurangi whānui te pūnaha whakaoho atamai, te tautuhi hapa atamai me te whakahaere whakamātautau me te tiaki watea. Me whakamatautauria te mahi me te pānga tono o te taputapu whakaoho atamai tino mahi i roto i ngā tono hangarau tūturu a meake nei.
Wā tuku: Oketopa-09-2024
