Kei te hinga tonu te ao i te tau 2023 i roto i ngā whakamātautau nui. He maha ngā huarere kino, te horapa o ngā ahi mura i ngā maunga me ngā ngahere, me ngā rū whenua me ngā waipuke e horapa ana… He mea nui kia aro atu ki te huringa āhuarangi; kāore anō kia mutu te pakanga o Rūhia-Ukraine, kua tīmata anō te pakanga o Palestine ki a Iharaira, ā, kua puta he rerekētanga o te mākete pūngao nā te raruraru ā-rohe.
I waenganui i ngā panonitanga, kua tutuki i a Haina ngā hua whakamiharo i roto i te whakawhiti pūngao, ā, kua whai wāhi pai ki te whakaoranga ōhanga o te ao me te whanaketanga matomato o te ao.
I whakarōpūtia e te tari ētita o China Energy Daily ngā purongo pūngao tekau o te ao mō te tau 2023, i tātarihia te āhuatanga, ā, i tirohia hoki te ia whānui.
Ko te mahi tahi a Haina me Amerika te kaiārahi i ngā hoa o te ao i roto i te whakahaere āhuarangi
He mahi tahi a Haina me Amerika e werowero ana i te kaha hou ki te mahi āhuarangi o te ao. I te 15 o Noema, i tūtaki ngā upoko o Haina me te Hononga o Amerika ki te whakawhitiwhiti whakaaro mō ngā take nui e pā ana ki ngā whanaungatanga takirua me te rangimārie me te whanaketanga o te ao; I taua rā anō, i whakaputa ngā whenua e rua i tētahi kōrero a Sunshine Town mō te whakapakari i te mahi tahi hei whakatika i te raruraru āhuarangi. He raupapa mahi whai hua e kawe ana i te karere o te mahi tahi hōhonu i waenga i ngā taha e rua mō ngā take huringa āhuarangi, me te werowero anō hoki i te whakapono ki te whakahaere āhuarangi o te ao.
Mai i te 30 o Noema ki te 13 o Tīhema, i tū te Huihuinga 28 o ngā Rōpū ki te Anga Whakakotahi o ngā Whenua o te Ao mō te Huringa Āhuarangi i Dubai, United Arab Emirates. E 198 ngā rōpū kirimana i tae ki tētahi whakaaetanga nui mō te rarangi tuatahi o ngā taonga o te Whakaaetanga o Parī, te pūtea mō ngā mate me ngā kino o te āhuarangi, me te whakawhiti tika me te ōrite. Kei te whakawhānui ake a Haina me te Hononga o Amerika i te mahi tahi me te kohikohi kaha mō ngā take huringa āhuarangi, me te tuku tohu pai ki te ao.
Kei te Haere Tonu te Raruraru Ā-Ao, Kāore i te Mārama te Tirohanga ki te Mākete Pūngao
I haere tonu te pakanga i waenganui i a Rūhia me Ukraine, i tīmata anō te pakanga i waenganui i a Pāretina me Iharaira, ā, i tata mai te raruraru o te Moana Whero. Mai i te tīmatanga o tēnei tau, kua kaha ake te āhua o te ao tōrangapū, ā, kua tere ake te hanganga anō o te tauira tuku me te tono pūngao o te ao. Kua noho ko te pātai mō te whakarite i te haumarutanga pūngao hei pātai o te wā.
E tohu ana te Pēke o te Ao, mai i te tīmatanga o tēnei tau, he iti noa te pānga o ngā pakanga ā-rohe ki ngā utu o ngā taonga, ā, tera pea e whakaatu ana i te kaha ake o te ōhanga o te ao ki te mimiti i ngā ohorere utu hinu. Heoi, ina piki haere ngā pakanga ā-rohe, ka tere te pōuri o te tirohanga mō ngā utu o ngā taonga. Ko ngā āhuatanga pēnei i ngā pakanga ā-rohe, te hinganga o te ōhanga, te pikinga utu nui me ngā reiti huamoni ka pā tonu ki te tuku me ngā utu hinu me te hau o te ao tae noa ki te tau 2024.
E whakaatu ana te Great Power Diplomacy i ngā whakapainga o te mahi tahi ataahua me te pūngao
I tēnei tau, kua whakatairangahia whānuitia te mahi tahi a Haina hei whenua nui me ngā āhuatanga Hainamana, e whakaatu ana i tōna ataahua, me te whakatairanga i te mahi tahi pūngao o te ao me ngā painga tautoko me ngā painga tahi i ngā whānuitanga me ngā taumata hohonu. I te marama o Āperira, i hainatia e Haina me Parani ētahi whakaaetanga mahi tahi hou mō te hinu me te hau, te pūngao karihi, me te "hau me te hauwai rā". I te marama o Mei, i tū te Huihuinga tuatahi o Haina Āhia, ā, i haere tonu a Haina me ngā whenua o Āhia Waenganui ki te hanga i tētahi hononga whakawhiti pūngao "hinu me te hau+pūngao hou". I te marama o Ākuhata, i haere tonu a Haina me Āwherika ki te Tonga ki te whakapakari ake i te mahi tahi i roto i ngā wāhanga matua maha pērā i ngā rauemi pūngao me te whanaketanga matomato. I te marama o Oketopa, i tū angitu te tuatoru o ngā Huihuinga Huihuinga Mahi Tahi o te Ao "The Belt and Road", i puta ai he 458 ngā whakatutukitanga; I taua marama anō, i tū te 5 o ngā Huihuinga Pakihi Pūngao o Haina Rūhia, i hainatia ai te tata ki te 20 ngā whakaaetanga.
He mea tika kia whakahuatia ko tēnei tau te huritau 10 o te kaupapa ki te hanga tahi i te "Wheel and Road". Hei kaupapa nui hei whakatairanga i te whakatuwheratanga o Haina me te tūāpapa mahi hei whakatairanga i te hanganga o tētahi hapori me te heke mai tahi mō te tangata, kua whakanuia whānuitia ngā whakatutukitanga o te kaupapa ki te hanga tahi i te "Wheel and Road" i ngā tau 10 kua pahure ake nei, ā, he whānui ngā pānga. Ko te mahi tahi pūngao i raro i te kaupapa "Wheel and Road" kua hohonu haere, ā, kua tutuki ngā hua whai hua i ngā tau 10 kua pahure ake nei, e whai hua ana ki te iwi o ngā whenua me ngā rohe e hanga tahi ana, e āwhina ana hoki ki te hanga i tētahi heke mai pūngao matomato me te whānui ake.
He nui te āwangawanga o te ao mō te tukunga wai paru karihi a Hapani ki te moana
Mai i te 24 o Ākuhata, ka tukuna te wai poke mai i te tipu hiko karihi o Fukushima Daiichi i Hapani ki te moana, me te matapae e tata ana ki te 31200 tana o te wai para karihi hei te tau 2023. Kua 30 tau, neke atu rānei, te mahere a Hapani ki te tuku i te wai poke karihi ki te moana, ā, he nui ngā tūponotanga me ngā tūponotanga huna kei roto.
Kua nekehia e Hapani te mōrearea o te poke mai i te aituā karihi o Fukushima ki ngā whenua tata me te taiao huri noa, ka puta he kino tuarua ki te ao, kāore e pai mō te whakamahinga rangimārie o te pūngao karihi, ā, kāore e taea te whakahaere i te horapa o te poke karihi. Kua tohu ngā tohunga hinengaro o te ao me aro nui a Hapani ki ngā āwangawanga o ōna ake iwi, engari me aro atu hoki ki ngā āwangawanga kaha o te hapori o te ao, inā koa ngā whenua tata. Me te whakaaro haepapa me te whai whakaaro whai hua, me whakawhitiwhiti kōrero a Hapani ki ngā kaipupuri moni me te aro nui ki ā rātou tono tika mō te tautuhi i ngā kino me te utu.
Te tere o te horapa o te pūngao ma i Haina, me te whakamahi i tōna mana matua
I raro i te kaupapa o te matomato me te iti-waro, kei te whanake tonu te pūngao ma i tēnei tau. E ai ki ngā raraunga mai i te International Energy Agency, e matapaetia ana ka piki ake te kaha tāuta o te pūngao whakahou o te ao mā te 107 gigawatts i te mutunga o tēnei tau, me te kaha tāuta katoa neke atu i te 440 gigawatts, koinei te pikinga nui rawa atu i roto i te hītori.
I taua wā anō, e matapaetia ana ko te haumitanga pūngao o te ao ka eke ki te 2.8 trillion tāra US i tēnei tau, me te haumitanga hangarau pūngao ma e neke atu ana i te 1.7 trillion tāra US, e nui atu ana i ngā haumitanga ki ngā wahie pūmua pērā i te hinu.
He mea tika kia mōhiotia ko Haina, te whenua kua roa nei e tū ana i te tūranga tuatahi o te ao mō te kaha o te hau me te pūngao rā, kei te takaro i tētahi tūranga paionia, ā, kei te ārahi hoki.
Tae noa mai ki tēnei wā, kua kaweakehia ngā tāwhana hau o Haina ki ngā whenua me ngā rohe e 49, ā, neke atu i te 50% o te mākete o te ao te hanga tāwhana hau. I roto i ngā umanga tāwhana hau tekau o te ao, e 6 nō Haina. Ko te ahumahi photovoltaic o Haina he mea nui ake i ngā hononga matua pērā i ngā papa silicon, ngā pūtau pākahiko, me ngā kōwae, e noho ana i te neke atu i te 80% o te mākete o te ao, e whakaata ana i te mōhiotanga o te mākete ki te hangarau Hainamana.
E matapaetia ana e te umanga ka pāngia te pūnaha hiko o te ao i te tau 2030, ā, tata ki te 50% o te hanganga hiko o te ao e te pūngao whakahou. Kei mua tonu a Haina Zhengyuanyuan e tuku tonu ana i te pūngao matomato mō te huringa pūngao o te ao.
Kei te tūtaki ngā arai ki te whakawhiti pūngao o Ūropi me Amerika, ā, kei te ara ake ngā āwangawanga mō ngā arai hokohoko
Ahakoa kei te tere tipu haere te kaha tāuta o te pūngao hou o te ao, he maha tonu te whakararuraru i te whanaketanga o te umanga pūngao ma i ngā whenua o Ūropi me Amerika, ā, kei te whakaoho tonu ngā take mekameka tuku i ngā āwangawanga o ngā whenua o Ūropi me Amerika.
Nā ngā utu nui me ngā raruraru o te mekameka tuku taputapu kua hua ake he mate mō ngā kaihanga tāhū hau i Ūropi me Amerika, ā, kua puhoi te whakawhānui i te kaha me te maha o ngā kaiwhakawhanake e wehe atu ana i ngā kaupapa hiko hau i tai i te Hononga o Amerika me te Hononga o Ingarangi.
I roto i te mara o te pūngao o te rā, i ngā marama tuatahi e waru o tēnei tau, 15 ngā kaihanga nui o Ūropi i whakaputa i te katoa o te 1 gigawatt o ngā kōwae rā, 11% noa iho o te wā kotahi o te tau kua hipa.
I taua wā anō, kua whakapuakina e ngā āpiha o te EU te hiahia kia tīmatahia he rangahautanga mō ngā hua hiko hau o Haina mō ngā take kore tautoko. Ko te Ture Whakaiti Pikinga i whakatinanahia e te Hononga o Amerika ka aukati i ngā hua photovoltaic o tāwāhi kia kaua e uru ki te mākete o Amerika, ka whakaroa i te haumi, te hanga, me te tere o te hononga whatunga o ngā kaupapa hiko rā i te Hononga o Amerika.
Kāore e taea te wehewehe i te mahi tahi a te ao ki te whakatau i te huringa āhuarangi me te whakatutuki i te panonitanga pūngao. Kei te whakatū tonu ngā whenua o Ūropi me Amerika i ngā arai hokohoko, he mea "kino ki ētahi atu, kaua ki te whai i ō rātou ake painga." Mā te pupuri i te tuwhera o te mākete o te ao ka taea ai e tātou te whakatairanga tahi i te whakaiti i ngā utu o te hau me te rā, ā, ka tutuki he āhuatanga wikitoria mō ngā rōpū katoa.
Ka piki ake te tono matua mō ngā kohuke, ā, he tino āwangawanga te haumarutanga o te tuku
He tino wera te whanaketanga o ngā rauemi kohuke matua i te taha whakarunga. Nā te tipu tere o te whakamahi i te hangarau pūngao ma, kua piki ake te hiahia mō ngā kohuke matua e tohuhia ana e te lithium, te nickel, te cobalt, me te parahi. Kua tere te tipu o te tauine haumitanga o ngā kohuke matua i te taha whakarunga, ā, kua tere ake te whanaketanga o ngā rauemi kohuke ā-rohe e ngā whenua.
Hei tauira, ko ngā rauemi mata o te pākahiko lithium, mai i te tau 2017 ki te tau 2022, i piki ake te hiahia mō te lithium o te ao mā te toru ngā wā, i piki ake te hiahia mō te cobalt mā te 70%, ā, i piki ake te hiahia mō te nickel mā te 40%. Nā te nui o te hiahia mō te nickel i whakahihiko i te hihiko ki te tūhura i te taha whakarunga, ā, i waiho ai ngā roto tote, ngā maina, te takere moana, tae noa ki ngā rua puia hei taonga nui.
He mea tika kia mōhiotia kua whiriwhiria e ngā whenua whakaputa kohuke matua o te ao te whakakaha ake i ā rātou kaupapa here whanaketanga o runga. Ka tukuna e Chile tana "Rautaki Ritiumu ā-Motu" ā, ka whakatūria he kamupene kohuke ā-kāwanatanga; te whakaaro a Mexico ki te whakamotuhake i ngā rauemi keri ritiumu; ka whakakaha ake a Indonesia i tana mana whakahaere ā-kāwanatanga ki ngā rauemi nikara. Ko Chile, Argentina, me Bolivia, e neke atu ana i te haurua o ngā rauemi ritiumu katoa o te ao, kei te piki haere te whai wāhi ki ngā whakawhitiwhitinga, ā, kua tata te puta mai o te "Maina Ritiumu OPEC".
Kua noho ko ngā rauemi kohuke matua hei "hinu hou" i roto i te mākete pūngao, ā, ko te haumaru o te tuku kohuke kua noho hei mea nui ki te whanaketanga pumau o te pūngao ma. He mea nui te whakapakari i te haumaru o te tuku kohuke matua.
Ka whakarērea ētahi, ka whakatairangatia ētahi, ā, kei te haere tonu te tautohetohe mō te whakamahinga karihi.
I te marama o Āperira o tēnei tau, i panuitia e Tiamana te kati o āna tipu hiko karihi whakamutunga e toru, ā, ka uru mana ki te "wā kore herenga karihi" ā, ka noho hei kaupapa nui i roto i te umanga hiko karihi o te ao. Ko te take matua mō te whakarērea e Tiamana te hiko karihi ko ngā āwangawanga mō te haumaru karihi, koinei hoki te wero nui e pā ana ki te umanga hiko karihi o te ao i tēnei wā. I te tīmatanga o tēnei tau, i katihia hoki te tipu hiko karihi o Monticello, i neke atu i te haurua rautau e mahi ana i te United States, nā ngā take haumaru.
He "arai" anō hoki te utu nui o ngā kaupapa hanga hou i te huarahi whakawhanake i te mana karihi. He tauira noa te nui rawa o ngā utu mō ngā kaupapa mō te Wāhanga 3 me te Wāhanga 4 o te Whare Mana Karihi Vogt ö hler i te Hononga o Amerika.
Ahakoa he maha ngā wero, ko ngā āhuatanga ma me te iti-waro o te whakaputanga hiko karihi kei te kaha tonu ki te ao hiko. I roto i tēnei tau, i panuitia e Hapani, i pāngia e ngā aituā kino o te hiko karihi, te tīmatanga anō o ngā tipu hiko karihi hei whakau i te tuku hiko; i panuitia e Parani, e whakawhirinaki nui ana ki te hiko karihi, ka whakaratohia e ia neke atu i te 100 miriona euros hei putea mō tana umanga hiko karihi ā-rohe mō ngā tau 10 e whai ake nei; kua kī katoa a Pinirana, Īnia, tae noa ki te Hononga o Amerika ka kaha te whakawhanake i te umanga hiko karihi.
Kua whakaarohia tonutia te mana karihi ma, iti-waro hoki, hei taputapu nui hei aro atu ki te huringa āhuarangi, ā, kua noho ko te whakawhanake i te mana karihi kounga teitei hei take nui i roto i te huringa pūngao o te ao i nāianei.
Kāore anō kia mutu te wā o ngā whakakotahitanga me ngā hokonga hinu me te hau.
I whakahaerehia e ExxonMobil, te kamupene hinu nui rawa atu o te Hononga o Amerika, e Chevron, te tuarua o ngā kamupene hinu nui rawa atu, me te Western Oil Company ngā whakakotahitanga me ngā hokonga nui i tēnei tau, ā, ko te tapeke o ngā whakakotahitanga me ngā hokonga nui i roto i te umanga hinu me te hau o Amerika Te Raki he $124.5 piriona. E matapaetia ana e te umanga he ngaru hou o ngā whakakotahitanga me ngā hokonga i roto i te umanga hinu me te hau.
I te marama o Oketopa, i panuitia e ExxonMobil te hoko katoa o te kamupene hinu shale a Vanguard Natural Resources mō te tata ki te $60 piriona, koinei tana hoko nui rawa atu mai i te tau 1999. I panuitia e Chevron i taua marama anō ka haumi ia i te $53 piriona hei hoko i te kamupene hinu me te hau o Amerika a Hess, koinei hoki tana hoko nui rawa atu i roto i te hītori. I te marama o Tīhema, i panuitia e ngā kamupene hinu o te Hauāuru te hoko o tētahi kamupene hinu me te hau shale o Amerika mō te $12 piriona.
Kei te whakawhānui tonu ngā kaihanga hinu me te hau nui i ā rātou mahi pakihi whakarunga, ā, ka puta he ngaru hou o te whakaurunga. Ka piki haere te maha o ngā kamupene pūngao ka kaha ake tā rātou whakataetae mō ngā rawa hinu me te hau pai rawa atu kia mau ai te tuku mō ngā tekau tau e whai ake nei. Ahakoa kei te haere tonu te kōrero mō te taenga mai o te tono nui mō te hinu, ka taea te tino mohio kāore anō kia mutu te wā parapara.
Tērā pea ka tae mai te wā hurihanga hītori o te hiahia waro ki tētahi taumata hou
I te tau 2023, i eke te tono waro o te ao ki tētahi taumata tiketike hou i roto i te hītori, me te tapeke o te rahinga neke atu i te 8.5 piriona tāne.
I te nuinga o te wā, ko te aro nui o ngā whenua i te taumata kaupapa here ki te pūngao ma kua whakaroa i te tere tipu o te tono waro o te ao, engari ko te waro tonu te "kōhatu taumaha" o ngā pūnaha pūngao o te maha o ngā whenua.
Mai i te tirohanga o ngā āhuatanga o te mākete, kua puta kē te mākete waro i te wā o ngā piki me ngā heke o te tuku i puta mai i te mate urutā, te pakanga i waenganui i a Rūhia me Ukraine me ētahi atu āhuatanga, ā, kua heke te taumata toharite o ngā utu waro o te ao. Mai i te tirohanga o te taha tuku, he nui ake te tūponotanga ka uru atu te waro o Rūhia ki te mākete i te utu whakaheke nā ngā whiu i whakatakotoria e ngā whenua o Ūropi me Amerika; kua piki ake te nui o ngā kaweake o ngā whenua whakaputa waro pēnei i a Indonesia, Mozambique, me Awherika ki te Tonga, ā, kua tata te nui o ngā kaweake waro o Indonesia ki te 500 miriona tana, ka whakatakoto i tētahi rekoata hou o mua.
E ai ki te tirohanga a te Tari Pūngao o te Ao, kua tae pea te hiahia waro o te ao ki tētahi wā hurihanga hītori nā te pānga o ngā tukanga me ngā kaupapa here whakaiti waro i roto i ngā whenua maha. I te mea kua nui ake te kaha tāuta o te pūngao whakahou i te tere tipu o te hiahia hiko, tera pea ka heke te hiahia hiko waro, ā, e matapaetia ana ka pāngia te kai waro hei wahie pūmua e tētahi hekenga "hanganga".
Wā tuku: Hanuere-02-2024
