Kua roa te iwi e whakanui ana i te whakaputa hiko wai hei pūtake pūngao hou, kore parahanga, me te ma. I ēnei rā, he whānui te whakamahinga o ngā teihana hiko wai nui me te rahi, ā, kua tino pakari ngā hangarau pūngao hou puta noa i te ao. Hei tauira, ko te teihana hiko wai o Three Gorges i Haina te teihana hiko wai nui rawa atu o te ao. Heoi, he maha ngā pānga kino o ngā teihana hiko wai nui me te rahi ki te taiao, pērā i te aukati i te rere pai o ngā awa taiao e ngā tāke, te aukati i te tukunga o te paru, me te whakarerekē i te taiao rauropi; me nui hoki te waipuke o te whenua i te hanganga o ngā teihana hiko wai, ka hua ake he tokomaha o ngā manene.
Hei pūtake pūngao hou, he iti ake te pānga o te hiko wai iti ki te taiao, nō reira kei te piki haere te uara o te tangata. Ko ngā teihana hiko wai iti, pērā i ngā teihana hiko wai nui me ngā teihana hiko waenga, he tipu hiko wai. Ko te "hiko wai iti" e kīia whānuitia ana ko ngā teihana hiko wai, ngā tipu hiko wai rānei me ngā pūnaha hiko he iti rawa te kaha kua tāutahia, ā, he rerekē te kaha kua tāutahia i runga i ngā āhuatanga ā-motu o ia whenua.
I Haina, ko te "pūngao wai iti" e pā ana ki ngā teihana hiko wai me ngā whatunga hiko ā-rohe e tautoko ana i te kaha kua tāutahia o te 25MW, iti iho rānei, e utua ana, e whakahaerehia ana hoki e ngā hinonga ā-rohe, ā-rōpū, ā-takitahi rānei. Ko te pūngao wai iti nō te pūngao ma kore waro, kāore he raruraru o te paunga rauemi, ā, kāore hoki e whakapoke i te taiao. He wāhanga nui tēnei o te whakatinanatanga a Haina i te rautaki whanaketanga tauwhiro.
Ko te whakawhanake i te pūngao hou pēnei i te hiko wai iti e ai ki ngā āhuatanga o te rohe, me te huri i ngā rauemi hiko wai ki te hiko kounga teitei, he mea nui tēnei ki te whakarite i te whanaketanga ōhanga me te pāpori o te motu, te whakapai ake i te kounga o te oranga o te iwi, te whakaoti rapanga o te whakamahi hiko i ngā rohe kāore he hiko me te korenga o te hiko, te whakatairanga i te whakahaere awa, te whakapai ake i te taiao, te tiaki taiao, me te whanaketanga pāpori-ōhanga o te rohe.
He nui ngā rahui o ngā rauemi hiko wai iti a Haina, me te rahui matapae o te 150 miriona kW me te kaha tāuta pea neke atu i te 70000 MW mō te whanaketanga. He kōwhiringa kore e taea te karo te whakawhanake kaha i te hiko wai iti hei whakapai ake i te hanganga pūngao i roto i te horopaki o te tiaki taiao iti-waro, te tiaki pūngao me te whakaiti i ngā tukunga, me te whanaketanga pumau. E ai ki te mahere a te Manatū Rauemi Wai, i te tau 2020, ka hangaia e Haina he 10 ngā kawanatanga hiko wai iti me te kaha tāuta neke atu i te 5 miriona kW, 100 ngā turanga hiko wai iti nui me te kaha tāuta neke atu i te 200000 kW, me te 300 ngā kawanatanga hiko wai iti me te kaha tāuta neke atu i te 100000 kW. I te tau 2023, e ai ki te mahere a te Manatū Rauemi Wai, ka tutuki i te whakaputa hiko wai iti te whāinga 2020, engari ka nui ake te whanaketanga i runga i tēnei kaupapa.
He pūnaha whakaputa hiko te teihana hiko wai e huri ana i te pūngao wai hei hiko mā roto i te tāwhana wai, ā, ko te huinga whakaputa hiko tāwhana wai te taputapu matua mō te whakatutuki i te huringa pūngao i roto i ngā pūnaha hiko wai iti. E rua ngā wāhanga o te tukanga huringa pūngao o te huinga whakaputa hiko wai.
Ka hurihia e te wāhanga tuatahi te pūngao pūmanawa o te wai hei pūngao miihini o te tāpine wai. He rerekē te pūngao pūmanawa o te rere o te wai i ngā teitei me ngā whenua rerekē. Ina pā te rere o te wai mai i tētahi tūranga teitei ki te tāpine i tētahi tūranga iti iho, ka hurihia te pūngao pūmanawa i puta mai i te huringa taumata wai hei pūngao miihini o te tāpine.
I te wāhanga tuarua, ka hurihia te pūngao miihini o te tāpine wai hei pūngao hiko, kātahi ka tukuna ki ngā taputapu hiko mā roto i ngā raina tuku o te whatunga hiko. Whai muri i te pānga o te rere o te wai, ka akiakihia e te tāpine wai te whakaputa hiko honohono coaxial kia huri. Ka akiakihia e te rotor o te whakaputa hiko hurihuri te papa aukume whakaoho kia huri, ā, ka tapahia e te takai stator o te whakaputa hiko ngā raina papa aukume whakaoho kia puta ai te kaha hiko whakaoho. I tetahi taha, ka tukuna e ia te pūngao hiko, ā, i tetahi atu taha, ka puta he taipana aukati hikohiko i te taha ke o te hurihanga i runga i te rotor. Ka pā tonu te rere o te wai ki te taputapu tāpine wai, ā, ko te taipana hurihuri i whiwhihia e te tāpine wai mai i te rere o te wai ka hinga i te taipana aukati hikohiko i hangaia i roto i te rotor whakaputa hiko. Ina tae te rua ki te taurite, ka mahi te wae tāpine wai i te tere pumau kia pumau ai te whakaputa hiko me te whakaoti i te hurihanga pūngao.
He taputapu hurihanga pūngao nui te huinga whakaputa hiko wai e huri ana i te pūngao pūmanawa o te wai hei pūngao hiko. Ko te nuinga o te wā he tāpine wai, he whakaputa hiko, he kaiwhakahaere tere, he pūnaha whakaoho, he pūnaha whakamatao, me ngā taputapu whakahaere tipu hiko. He kupu whakataki poto ki ngā momo me ngā mahi a ngā taputapu matua i roto i tētahi huinga whakaputa hiko wai noa:
1) Tāpine wai. E rua ngā momo tāpine wai e whakamahia whānuitia ana: te hiko whakahihiko me te hiko tauhohe.
2) Hīkoihiko. Ko te nuinga o ngā hīkoihiko e whakamahi ana i ngā hīkoihiko tukutahi whakaoho hiko.
3) Pūnaha whakaoho. Nā te mea he pūnaha whakaoho hiko tukutahi ngā whakaputa hiko, he mea tika kia whakahaerehia te pūnaha whakaoho DC kia tutuki ai te whakahaere ngaohiko, te whakahaere mana hohe me te mana tauhohe o te pūngao hiko, kia pai ake ai te kounga o te pūngao hiko putanga.
4) Pūrere whakahaere me te whakahaere tere (tae atu ki te kaiwhakahaere tere me te pūrere pēhanga hinu). Ka whakamahia te kaiārahi hei whakahaere i te tere o te tāpine wai, kia tutuki ai i te auau o te pūngao hiko putanga ngā whakaritenga o te pūtake hiko.
5) Pūnaha whakamatao. Ko te nuinga o ngā whakaputa hiko wai iti ka whakamahi i te whakamatao hau, ka whakamahi i te pūnaha whakapūhau hei āwhina i te whakamarara i te wera me te whakamatao i te mata o te stator, te rotor, me te matua rino o te whakaputa hiko.
6) Pūrere aukati. Ko ngā miihini hiko waipēhi he nui ake te kaha kua whakatauria i tētahi uara kua whakauruhia ki ngā pūrere aukati.
7) Ngā taputapu whakahaere o ngā tipu hiko. Ko te nuinga o ngā taputapu whakahaere o ngā teihana hiko e whakamahi ana i te mana mamati rorohiko hei whakatutuki i ngā mahi pēnei i te hononga whatunga, te whakahaere auau, te whakahaere ngaohiko, te whakahaere i te tauwehenga mana, te tiaki, me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero mō te whakaputa hiko wai.
Ka taea te wehewehe i te hiko wai iti ki te momo hurihanga, te momo tāpua, me te momo ranu i runga i te tikanga o te pūngao kukū. Ko te nuinga o ngā teihana hiko wai iti i Haina he momo hurihanga iti he iti te utu.
Ko ngā āhuatanga o te whakaputa hiko wai iti ko te hanganga iti o te teihana, te hangarau māmā, te hoko taputapu ngāwari, me te whakamahi takitahi, me te kore e tuku hiko ki ngā wāhi tawhiti atu i te teihana; he iti te kaha o te whatunga hiko wai iti, ā, he iti anō hoki te kaha o te whakaputa hiko. He kaha ngā āhuatanga ā-rohe me te papatipu o te whakakorenga o te hiko wai iti.
Hei pūtake pūngao ma, kua whai wāhi te hiko wai iti ki te hanganga o ngā kāinga pūngao hou hapori i Haina. E whakapono ana mātou mā te whakakotahitanga o te hiko wai iti me te hangarau rokiroki pūngao ka nui ake te aro o te hunga mātakitaki ki te whanaketanga o te hiko wai iti a muri ake nei!
Wā tuku: Hakihea-11-2023
