I roto i te ao o te pūngao ma, ko te hiko wai te pou nui o te whakawhiti pūngao, nā tōna āhua whakahou, te utu iti, me te kaha o te taurite kawenga tihi. Mai i ngā tāpine nui o te Pā o Three Gorges ki te rere mārie o ngā tipu hiko wai iti i ngā rohe maunga, ko te hurihanga o te tāpine ka haere tahi me te huringa pūngao mai i te "pūngao pūmanawa wai → pūngao miihini → pūngao hiko." Ko te tino ataahua o te hiko wai kei roto i te urutau pai o te waeine tāpine-whakaputa hiko wai i raro i ngā āhuatanga rerekē o te upoko wai me te rere. Ko tēnei tauira whakaaturanga hihiri, mā te tārua tika o ngā momo tāpine matua pērā i ngā tāpine tauhohenga me ngā tāpine whakatere, e whakaatu ana i te auahatanga ahurei o te taunekeneke i waenga i te tāpine me te rere wai. (1) Tauira Tāpine Tauhohenga: Te Whakawhiti Pūngao "Awhi" i waenga i te Rere Wai me ngā Mata Ko te tauira tāpine Francis te "āhua katoa" e whakamahia whānuitia ana. Ka tāruatia e te tauira te hanganga matua o te waeine 700MW i te Teihana Hiko o Three Gorges i te tauine 1:25. Ko te whānui o te oma he 30cm, ā, e 13 ngā mata kua whakangawaritia (15° te koki tomo, 20° te koki putanga) e whakarite ana ki te taha porowhita; e karapoti ana i te oma he whana ārahi ka taea te whakarite (24 ngā whana, he mea hanga ki te kirihou ABS me te anga whakarewa), e hono ana ki te "mowhiti kawana," ka taea te whakarite i te whakatuwheratanga o te whana ārahi (0-30°). He mea hanga te anga mārama ki te kiriaku whakarewa. Ka rere ōrite te wai (mai i te pūnaha wai e rere ana e te papu moroiti) ki roto i te anga mai i ngā taha katoa, e arahina ana e ngā whana ārahi, ā, ka pā ki ngā mata o te oma i te tere rere whakaata o te 20m/s, ka huri te oma (150 rpm, e rite ana ki te 125 rpm o te waeine tuturu). Ko te kaupapa matua o te whakaaturanga hihiri kei roto i te huringa pūngao o te "kohinga wai porowhita": Ina whakaritea te whakatuwheratanga o te whana ārahi ki te 20°, ka whakaatu te mita rere i te "tere rere whakaata 5L/s", ka pumau te mita tere i te 150 rpm, ā, ka puta te hiko 220V mai i te tauira whakaputa hiko. Ina whakatauirahia te "rerenga nui ake i te wā waipuke" (ka tuwhera katoa te arataki), ka piki te tere o te tāpine ki te 180 rpm, ā, ka piki te ngaohiko ki te 240V. I te wā kotahi, ka whakaatuhia e te mata "He pai ngā tāpine Francis mō ngā pane wai o te 50-700m, ā, ka taea te whakatutuki i te pai o te 95%". Mā tēnei hoahoa ka māmā ake te kaupapa tauhohenga o te "rerekētanga pēhanga i ngā taha e rua o ngā mata e akiaki ana i te tāpine", ka whakamārama pai ai he aha ngā tāpine Francis te whiringa pai mō te pane wai teitei me ngā tere rere nui. E whakaatu ana te tauira tāpine rere tuaka i ngā painga o te "whakaurunga wai tuaka" mō ngā pane wai iti, e whakaatu ana i ngā momo mata pumau me ngā momo mata ka taea te whakarite. He rotor te whānui o te tauira mata ka taea te whakarite me te 40cm me ngā mata e 6 e hurihuri ana i runga i ngā āhuatanga rere wai (e whakahaerehia ana e te motuka servo moroiti), me te whānuitanga whakatikatika koki mata mai i te -10° ki te +15°. Kei te whakaritehia te arataki me te rotor ki te taha kotahi, me te wai e rere ana ki te taha tuaka ki roto i te rotor. Ka hurihuri ngā mata i raro i te pānga whakakotahi o te pana wai me tō rātou ake hurihuri. He ahurei te āhuatanga taunekeneke "whakatikatika pane wai" o te tauira: Ina tīpakohia e te hunga mātakitaki te "pane wai iti 3-5m" (hei tauira, he awa i te mania), ka whakatikatikaina te koki o te mata ki te +15° (ka whakanui ake i te horahanga pa wai), ka 30° te whakatuwheratanga o te arataki, ā, ko te tere o te rotor he 60 rpm; ka huri ki te "pane wai waenga 10-30m", ka whakatikatikaina te koki o te mata ki te 0°, ka piki ake te tere ki te 100 rpm, ā, ka whakaatuhia e te mata "Ka taea e ngā tāwhana rere tuaka te whakatutuki i te pai o te 92% i ngā tere rere teitei me ngā pane wai iti". He nui ake te uara ako o te whakaaturanga whakatairite o ngā tāwhana reo-whakatikatika me ngā tāwhana reo-pūmau: I raro i te tere rere kotahi, ka tutuki i te tāwhana reo-whakatikatika te pai o te 8-10% teitei ake i te tāwhana reo-pūmau (ka whakaatuhia te pihi pai i te wā tūturu i runga i te mata), e whakaatu ana i te painga hangarau o "ngā tāwhana reo-whakatikatika e taea ai te urutau ki te whānuitanga o ngā tere rere." He mea tino nui tēnei whakatairite i roto i te whakaakoranga mō te mana wai iti i roto i ngā wāhi whakamakuku, hei āwhina i ngā ākonga ki te mārama "he aha i whakamahia ai ngā tāpine rere-axial i roto i ngā kaupapa mana wai iti o te taiwhenua." Ko te tauira tāpine rere-hianga he "rangatira o te urutau pane," me tōna tuaka mata oma i te koki 45° ki te pou matua (i waenganui i te tāpine rere-whakauru me te tāpine rere-axial). Ka taea te whakarite i ngā mata o te tauira i te wā kotahi (mai i te -5° ki te +25°), me te whakarite ngātahi i ngā vane ārahi me te tāpine. Ina piki ake te pane whakatauira mai i te 40m ki te 120m, ka whakarite aunoa te koki mata mai i te +25° ki te -5°, me te pupuri i te tere oma pumau o te 120 rpm, e whakaatu ana i te āhuatanga o te "tino whai hua i runga i te rerekētanga pane e toru-wāhanga." Mā te anga mārama ka taea te tirotiro mārama i te ara rere ahurei, ā, mā te mahere āhua whai hua i runga i te mata ka āwhina i ngā kaimātakitaki ki te mārama ki tōna "urutau i waenga i ngā tāpine rere-whakauru me ngā tāpine rere-axial."
(2) Tauira Tāpine Ārai: Tukunga Pūngao "Momo Tukinga" o te Rere o te Wai me ngā Mata
Ko te tauira tāpine Pelton te "toa mana" mō ngā tono pane-teitei, e whakaata ana i te hoahoa tawhito o te teihana hiko Leonhard i Switzerland. E 12 ngā peere āhua-kapu (ia peere he 50mL te kaha, he mea hanga ki te parahi whakakikoruatia ki te chrome) e tohatohahia ana puta noa i te oma (25cm te whānui); ka huri te "pūwero" (0.5cm te whānui) i te 360°. Ko te wai pēhanga teitei (e whakaratohia ana e te papu plunger, e whakaata ana i te pane o te 500-1000m) ka hanga he jet tere-teitei (50m/s) e pā tika ana ki te "wehewehe" o ngā peere, ka huri i te kaha nekeneke o te wai ki te kaha miihini o te oma e hurihuri ana. Ko te mea nui o te whakaaturanga hihiri ko te whakawhiti pūngao mā te "pānga jet": Ina whakahohehia he pūwero kotahi, ka puta he "kaha tauhohenga" kitea i te jet wai e pā ana ki te wira tāpine (te whakaterenga tere o te rotor), ka eke ki te 300 rpm me te mana whakaputa whakaputa whakaputa whakaata o te 500W. Me ngā pūwero e rua (kua whakaritea kia ōrite), ka piki te tere ki te 580 rpm me te mana ki te 980W. E whakaatu ana te mata "ka taea e te whai huatanga o tēnei momo tāpine te eke ki te 90% i raro i te teitei o te wai, ā, kāore te wai e tomo ki te anga, he pai mō te wai he nui te paru." E whakaatu mārama ana tēnei hoahoa i te mātāpono "kāore te whakawhiti pūngao nekeneke e whakawhirinaki ki te pēhanga wai, engari ki te pānga o te rere wai tere-rahi anake," e whakamārama pai ana he aha i pai ai mō "ngā tipu hiko wai maunga he nui ake te teitei o te 100m." E whakaatu ana te tauira tāpine pānga-taupoki i te ngāwari o te urutau o te "pānga jet whakarara," me te pūwero e koki ana i te 22.5° ki te papa wira tāpine, ka pā te wai ki ngā mata āhua-koko (18 mata). Mā te āhuatanga taunekeneke ka taea e ngā kaimātakitaki te whakarerekē i te koki o te pūwero, me te mātakitaki i te huringa o te tere hurihuri—he hekenga 10-15% ina peka ke te koki mai i te 22.5°, e whakaatu ana i te pānga o te tika o te koki ki te whai huatanga. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia tēnei momo tauira hei whakaatu i te "pūngao wai iti i ngā wāhi maunga," he pai mō ngā "pūnaha pūngao tohatoha me te upoko o te 20-300m me ngā tere rere iti." Ka whakanuia e te tauira tāpine rua-pānga te whakamahinga pūngao mā te "pānga wai ki ngā mata e rua." E rua ngā paparanga mata o te wira tāpine; i muri i te pānga tuatahi, ka rere te wai mā roto i te wira ki te pā ki te paparanga o raro. Mā te wira mārama ka taea e ngā kaimātakitaki te kite i te ara "pānga rua". E whakaatu ana te mata "ahakoa he iti ake te whai huatanga o te hoahoa pānga rua-pānga (75-85%), ko tōna hanganga māmā me te iti o te utu e pai ai mō te mana wai iti o te taiwhenua." Mā tēnei hoahoa ka mārama te "mātauranga o te whakamahinga pūngao i roto i ngā hoahoa māmā". (3) Ngā Momo Motuhake o ngā Tauira Tāpine Wai: Ngā Hoahoa Auaha mō ngā Āhuatanga Tino Kino
He otinga "papatahi" te tauira tāpine pūwero mō ngā tipu hiko wai iti-upoko. He hanganga "āhua pūwero" tōna—kei roto i te anga āhua pūwero te whakaputa hiko i te ara rere wai, ā, e hono tika ana te hurihanga tāpine ki te pou whakaputa hiko (kāore he anga porowhita). Ka rere te wai mā te taha tuaka o te waeine. Mō ngā teitei upoko whakatauira o te 2-8m (hei tauira, ngā tipu hiko tai), ka huri te hurihanga (40cm te whānui, 8 ngā mata piko) i te 80 rpm. E whakaatu ana te mata "Ka taea e ngā hurihanga pūwero te whakatutuki i te pai o te 88%, he pai mō ngā tipu hiko awaawa, me ngā utu hangarau ā-iwi iti." E whakaatu mārama ana te anga mārama i te āhuatanga "rere wai tika", e whakamārama ana i tōna whakamahinga whānui i roto i ngā tono upoko iti pērā i ngā awa tai me te whakamakuku. E whakaatu ana te tauira tāpine tai i te whakaputa hiko e rua ngā taha. He hoahoa "āhua-S" ōrite ōna mata hurihanga, e āhei ai te hurihanga o te hurihanga ahakoa te rere o te wai mai i te maui ki te matau, mai i te matau ki te maui rānei (60 rpm). E hono ana te tauira ki tētahi "tāke whakaata tai," e whakamahi ana i ngā taumata wai e piki ana, e heke ana hoki hei waihanga i te rere tauutuutu, e whakaatu ana i te huringa o te "whakaputa hiko i te tai nui → whakaputa hiko i te tai iti → kati i te tai marino." E whakaatu ana te mata "Ka whakamahia e ngā tāpine tai te kaha o te marama, he mea whakahou, ā, he tino matapae." Mā tēnei hoahoa ka kitea te hononga i waenga i te "pūngao ma me ngā manawataki taiao".
Wā tuku: Hepetema-10-2025
