Ko te hiko wai he hangarau pūngao whakahou e whakamahi ana i te pūngao nekeneke o te wai hei whakaputa hiko. He puna pūngao ma e whakamahia whānuitia ana, he maha ngā painga, pērā i te whakahounga, te iti o ngā tukunga, te pumau me te kaha ki te whakahaere. Ko te kaupapa mahi o te hiko wai e ahu mai ana i tētahi ariā māmā: te whakamahi i te pūngao nekeneke o te rere o te wai hei akiaki i te tāpine, ka huri i te miihini whakaputa hiko hei whakaputa hiko. Ko ngā mahi o te whakaputa hiko wai ko: te huri wai mai i tētahi puna wai, i tētahi awa rānei, e hiahia ana ki tētahi puna wai, he puna wai (puna wai hanga) he awa tūturu rānei, e whakarato ana i te hiko; te ārahi i te rere o te wai, ko te rere o te wai e tukuna ana ki ngā mata o te tāpine mā roto i tētahi hongere huri. Ka taea e te hongere huri te whakahaere i te rere o te rere o te wai hei whakatika i te kaha whakaputa hiko; kei te rere te tāpine, ā, ka pā te rere o te wai ki ngā mata o te tāpine, ka huri. He rite te tāpine ki te wira hau i roto i te whakaputa hiko hau; ka whakaputa te miihini whakaputa hiko, ā, ko te mahi a te tāpine ka huri i te miihini whakaputa hiko, e whakaputa hiko ana mā te kaupapa o te whakaawe hikohiko; ko te tuku hiko, ka tukuna te mana whakaputa ki te whatunga hiko ka tukuna ki ngā tāone, ki ngā ahumahi me ngā whare. He maha ngā momo hiko wai. E ai ki ngā mātāpono mahi me ngā āhuatanga tono rerekē, ka taea te wehewehe ki te whakaputa hiko awa, te whakaputa hiko puna wai, te whakaputa hiko tai me te moana, me te hiko wai iti. He maha ngā painga o te hiko wai, engari he ngoikoretanga anō hoki. Ko ngā painga matua: he puna hiko whakahou te hiko wai. Ka whakawhirinaki te hiko wai ki te rere o te wai, nō reira ka taea te whakahou, ā, e kore e pau; he puna hiko ma. Kāore te hiko wai e whakaputa hau kati kōtuhi me ngā poke hau, ā, he iti noa te pānga ki te taiao; ka taea te whakahaere. Ka taea te whakarerekē i ngā teihana hiko wai kia rite ki te tono kia whakaratohia he hiko kawenga taketake pono. Ko ngā ngoikoretanga matua: ka pā kino pea ngā kaupapa hiko wai nui ki te pūnaha rauropi, me ngā raruraru pāpori pēnei i te hekenga mai o ngā kainoho me te tango whenua; ka herea te hiko wai e te wātea o ngā rauemi wai, ā, ka pā pea te tauraki, te hekenga rānei o te rere o te wai ki te kaha whakaputa hiko.
He roa te hītori o te hiko wai, hei momo pūngao hou. Ngā tāwhana wai me ngā wira wai o mua: I te rautau 2 BC, ka tīmata te tangata ki te whakamahi i ngā tāwhana wai me ngā wira wai hei taraiwa i ngā mīhini pēnei i ngā mira me ngā mira kani. Ka whakamahia e ēnei mīhini te pūngao nekeneke o te rere o te wai hei mahi. Te taenga mai o te whakaputa hiko: I te mutunga o te rautau 19, ka tīmata te tangata ki te whakamahi i ngā tipu hiko wai hei huri i te pūngao wai hei hiko. I hangaia te tipu hiko wai arumoni tuatahi o te ao i Wisconsin, USA i te tau 1882. Te hanga i ngā tāwhana me ngā puna wai: I te tīmatanga o te rautau 20, i tino whānui te whānuitanga o te hiko wai me te hanganga o ngā tāwhana me ngā puna wai. Ko ētahi o ngā kaupapa tāwhana rongonui ko te Tāwhana Hoover i te United States me te Tāwhana Three Gorges i Haina. Ngā whanaketanga hangarau: I roto i te wā, kua whakapaitia tonutia te hangarau hiko wai, tae atu ki te whakaurunga o ngā tāwhana, ngā kaihanga hiko wai me ngā pūnaha whakahaere atamai, kua whakapai ake i te whai huatanga me te pono o te hiko wai.
He puna pūngao ma, he puna pūngao hou te hiko wai, ā, e kapi ana tana mekameka ahumahi i ētahi hononga matua, mai i te whakahaere rauemi wai ki te tuku hiko. Ko te hononga tuatahi o te mekameka ahumahi hiko wai ko te whakahaere rauemi wai. Kei roto i tēnei ko te whakarite, te penapena me te tohatoha i ngā rerenga wai kia taea ai te tuku pumau i te wai ki ngā tāpine hei whakaputa hiko. Ko te whakahaere rauemi wai me aroturuki i ngā tawhā pēnei i te ua, te tere rere o te wai me te taumata wai kia taea ai te whakatau tika. Ko te whakahaere rauemi wai hou e aro ana ki te pumau kia taea ai te pupuri i te kaha whakaputa hiko ahakoa i roto i ngā āhuatanga tino kino pēnei i te tauraki. Ko ngā tāhuna me ngā puna wai he whakaurunga matua i roto i te mekameka ahumahi hiko wai. Ko ngā tāhuna te tikanga e whakamahia ana hei whakapiki i ngā taumata wai me te hanga pēhanga wai, kia piki ake ai te kaha nekeneke o te rere o te wai. Ka whakamahia ngā puna wai hei penapena wai kia taea ai te whakarato i te rere wai e ranea ana i te wā e hiahiatia ana. Me whai whakaaro te hoahoa me te hanganga o ngā tāhuna ki ngā āhuatanga whenua, ngā āhuatanga rere wai me ngā pānga taiao kia pai ai te haumaru me te pumau. Ko ngā tāhuna ngā wāhanga matua o te mekameka ahumahi hiko wai. Ina rere te wai i roto i ngā mata o te tāhuna, ka hurihia tōna pūngao nekeneke hei pūngao miihini, ka huri ai te tāhuna. Ka taea te whiriwhiri i te hoahoa me te momo tāpine i runga i te tere o te rere o te wai, te tere rere me te teitei kia eke ki te pai o te pūngao. Ina huri te tāpine, ka peia e ia te pūkaha hiko hono hei whakaputa hiko. Ko te pūkaha hiko te taputapu matua e huri ana i te pūngao miihini hei pūngao hiko. Ko te tikanga, ko te kaupapa whakahaere o te pūkaha hiko he whakaoho i te iahiko mā roto i te papa aukume hurihuri hei whakaputa iahiko hurihuri. Me whakatau te hoahoa me te kaha o te pūkaha hiko i runga i te hiahia hiko me ngā āhuatanga o te rere o te wai. Ko te hiko e whakaputaina ana e te pūkaha hiko he iahiko hurihuri, e tika ana kia tukatukahia mā roto i te teihana hiko. Ko ngā mahi matua o te teihana hiko ko te whakanui ake (te whakanui i te ngaohiko hei whakaiti i te ngaronga pūngao ina tukuna te hiko) me te huri i te momo iahiko (te huri i te AC ki te DC, te huri rānei) kia tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga o te pūnaha tuku hiko. Ko te hononga whakamutunga ko te tuku hiko. Ka tukuna te hiko e whakaputaina ana e te teihana hiko ki ngā kaiwhakamahi hiko i ngā tāone nui, ā-umanga, ā-whenua rānei mā roto i ngā raina tuku hiko. Me whakamahere, me hoahoa, me tiaki hoki ngā raina tuku hiko kia pai ai te tukunga o te hiko ki te wāhi e hiahiatia ana. I ētahi wāhi, me tukatuka anō te hiko mā te teihana hiko iti kia tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga o ngā ngaohiko me ngā auau rerekē.
Wā tuku: Whiringa-ā-rangi 12-2024
