He aha ngā tawhā whakahaere o te tāpine wai?
Ko ngā tawhā mahi taketake o te tāpine wai ko te upoko, te tere rere, te tere, te putanga, me te whai huatanga.
Ko te pane wai o te tāpine e pā ana ki te rerekētanga o te taumaha waeine o te pūngao rere wai i waenga i te wāhanga tomo me te wāhanga putanga o te tāpine, e whakaaturia ana i roto i te H me te ine i roto i te mita.
Ko te tere rere o te tāpine wai e pā ana ki te rōrahi o te wai e rere ana i roto i te wāhanga whakawhiti o te tāpine mō ia wā.
Ko te tere o te tāpine e pā ana ki te maha o ngā wā e hurihuri ana te pou matua o te tāpine i ia meneti.
Ko te putanga o te tāpine wai e pā ana ki te putanga mana kei te pito o te pou o te tāpine wai.
Ko te whai huatanga o te tāpine e pā ana ki te ōwehenga o te putanga o te tāpine ki te putanga o te wai.
He aha ngā momo tāpine wai?
E rua ngā momo o ngā tāpine wai: te momo whakaeke-whakahē me te momo whakaterenga. E ono ngā momo o te tāpine whakaeke-whakahē: te tāpine rere-whakaranu (HL), te tāpine mata pumau rere-tuaka (ZD), te tāpine mata pumau rere-tuaka (ZZ), te tāpine rere-whakahē (XL), te tāpine mata pumau rere-mā-roto (GD), me te tāpine mata pumau rere-mā-roto (GZ).
E toru ngā momo tāpine hiko: ngā tāpine momo peere (momo tapahi) (CJ), ngā tāpine momo piko (XJ), me ngā tāpine momo pato rua (SJ).
3. He aha ngā tāpine whakaeke-ārai me ngā tāpine whakateretere?
Ko te tāpine wai e huri ana i te pūngao pūmanawa, te pūngao pēhanga, me te pūngao nekeneke o te rere o te wai hei pūngao miihini totoka ka kiia he tāpine wai whakaeke-whakahē.
Ko te tāpine wai e huri ana i te pūngao nekeneke o te rere o te wai hei pūngao miihini totoka ka kiia he tāpine hikoi.
He aha ngā āhuatanga me te whānuitanga o te whakamahinga o ngā tāpine rere whakauru?
Ko te tāpine rere whakaranu, e mōhiotia ana ko te tāpine Francis, he rere wai e tomo ana ki te impeller mā te taha radial, ā, e rere ana ki waho mā te taha axial. He whānuitia ngā whakamahinga o ngā tāpine rere whakaranu, he hanganga māmā, he mahi pono, ā, he tino whai hua. Ko tētahi o ngā tāpine wai e whakamahia whānuitia ana i ēnei rā. Ko te whānuitanga o te pane wai e tika ana ko te 50-700m.
He aha ngā āhuatanga me te whānuitanga o te whakamahinga o te tāpine wai hurihuri?
Ko te tāpoi rere tuaka, ka rere te rere o te wai i roto i te rohe impeller ki te tuaka, ā, ka huri te rere o te wai mai i te radial ki te tuaka i waenganui i ngā vanes aratohu me te impeller.
He māmā noa te hanganga o te poroporo pumau, engari ka tino heke tōna whai huatanga ina rerekē i ngā tikanga hoahoa. He pai mō ngā tipu hiko he iti te mana me ngā panonitanga iti o te pane wai, mai i te 3 ki te 50 mita te whānui. He tino uaua te hanganga o te poroporo hurihuri. Ka tutuki i a ia te whakatikatika takirua o ngā whana ārahi me ngā mata mā te whakarite i te hurihanga o ngā mata me ngā whana ārahi, ka whakawhānui ake i te whānuitanga putanga o te rohe whai hua teitei, ā, he pai te pumau o te mahi. I tēnei wā, ko te whānuitanga o te pane wai e whakamahia ana mai i ētahi mita ki te 50-70m.
He aha ngā āhuatanga me te whānuitanga o te whakamahinga o ngā tāpine wai peere?
Ka mahi te tāpine wai momo peere, e mōhiotia ana ko te tāpine Petion, mā te pā ki ngā mata o te tāpine i te taha whakarara o te porowhita tāpine me te pupuhi mai i te pūwero. Ka whakamahia te tāpine wai momo peere mō ngā pane wai teitei, ko ngā pēke iti ka whakamahia mō ngā pane wai o te 40-250m, me ngā pēke nui ka whakamahia mō ngā pane wai o te 400-4500m.
7. He aha ngā āhuatanga me te whānuitanga o te whakamahinga o te tāpine hiko whakarara?
Ka puta he pupuhi mai i te pūwero wai e anga ana ki te taha o te pūwero, e hanga ana i tētahi koki (ko te tikanga he 22.5 nekehanga) ki te papa o te impeller i te tomokanga. Ka whakamahia tēnei momo pūwero wai i roto i ngā teihana hiko wai iti me te rahi, me te awhe upoko e tika ana i raro i te 400m.
He aha te hanganga taketake o tētahi tāpine wai momo peere?
Kei roto i te tāpine wai momo peere ngā wāhanga e whai ake nei o te iahiko nui, ā, ko ā rātou mahi matua koia ēnei:
(l) Ka hangaia te pūwero e te rere o te wai mai i te paipa pēhanga o runga e tika ana mā roto i te pūwero, ka hanga he jet e pā ana ki te impeller. Ka hurihia te kaha pēhanga o te rere o te wai i roto i te pūwero hei kaha nekeneke o te jet.
(2) Ka whakarerekē te ngira i te whānui o te pupuhi i rehuhia mai i te pūwero mā te neke i te ngira, ā, ka whakarerekē anō hoki i te tere rere o te tāpine wai.
(3) He kōpae te mea hanga o te wira, me ētahi peere e mau ana ki runga. Ka tere te jet ki ngā peere, ka tukuna tōna kaha nekeneke ki roto, ā, mā reira ka hurihia te wira, ka mahi.
(4) Kei waenganui i te pūwero me te impeller te ārai. Ina whakaitihia ohoreretia te kawenga e te tāpine, ka tere te tahuritanga o te jet e te ārai ki te peere. I tēnei wā, ka āta kati te ngira ki tētahi tūranga e tika ana mō te kawenga hou. Kia tau te pūwero ki te tūranga hou, ka hoki te ārai ki te tūranga taketake o te jet, ā, ka whakarite mō te mahi e whai ake nei.
(5) Mā te anga ka taea te tuku pai i te rere o te wai kua oti ki raro, ā, he rite te pēhanga i roto i te anga ki te pēhanga o te hau. Ka whakamahia hoki te anga hei tautoko i ngā whāriki o te tāpine wai.
9. Me pēhea te pānui me te mārama ki te waitohu o te tāpine wai?
E ai ki te "Ture mō te tohu i ngā tauira tāpine" a te JBB84-74 i Haina, e toru ngā wāhanga o te tohu tāpine, e wehea ana e te "-" i waenganui i ia wāhanga. Ko te tohu i te wāhanga tuatahi ko te reta tuatahi o te Pinyin Hainamana mō te momo tāpine wai, ā, ko ngā tau Ārapi e tohu ana i te tere motuhake o te tāpine wai. Ko te wāhanga tuarua he reta Pinyin Hainamana e rua, ko te tuatahi e tohu ana i te whakatakotoranga o te pou matua o te tāpine wai, ā, ko te tuarua e tohu ana i ngā āhuatanga o te rūma whakauru. Ko te wāhanga tuatoru ko te diameter ingoa o te wira i roto i te henimita.
Me pēhea te tautuhi i ngā diameter ingoa o ngā momo tāpine wai rerekē?
Ko te diameter ingoa o te tāpine rere ranu ko te diameter mōrahi i te taha tomo o ngā mata o te impeller, koinei te diameter i te whakawhitinga o te mowhiti o raro o te impeller me te taha tomo o ngā mata.
Ko te diameter ingoa o ngā tāpine rere axial me te tāpine rere hianga ko te diameter o roto i te rūma impeller i te whakawhitinga o te tuaka mata o te impeller me te rūma impeller.
Ko te diameter ingoa o te tāpine wai momo peere ko te diameter porowhita pitch e pātata ana te oma ki te raina matua i roto i te jet.
He aha ngā tino take o te cavitation i roto i ngā tāhū wai?
He uaua ngā take o te cavitation i roto i ngā tāpine wai. E whakaponohia whānuitia ana he koretake te tohatoha o te pēhanga i roto i te tāpine. Hei tauira, ki te teitei rawa te tāutanga o te tāpine ki te taumata wai o raro, ka tere te rere o te wai tere-tere e tika ana mā te rohe pēhanga iti ki te eke ki te pēhanga mimiti ka puta he mirumiru. Ina rere te wai ki te rohe pēhanga teitei, nā te pikinga o te pēhanga, ka whakapūpū ngā mirumiru, ā, ka tukinga ngā matūriki rere wai i te tere tere ki waenganui o ngā mirumiru hei whakakī i ngā āputa i puta mai i te whakapūpū, ā, ka puta he pānga waipēhi nui me ngā pānga hikohiko, ka pakaru ngā mata, ka puta he poka me he honikoma, ā, ka uru ki roto hei hanga kōhao.
He aha ngā mahi matua hei ārai i te pirau o ngā tāhū wai?
Ko te hua o te cavitation i roto i ngā tāpine wai ko te whakaputanga o te haruru, te wiri, me te hekenga ohorere o te pai o te mahi, ka arahi ki te pirau o te mata, te hanganga o ngā poka me ngā pūwero rite ki te honikoma, tae atu ki te hanganga o ngā kōhao i te urunga, ka hua ake he kino ki te waeine me te kore e taea te whakahaere. Nō reira, me whakapau kaha kia kore ai e cavitation i te wā e whakahaerehia ana. I tēnei wā, ko ngā mahi matua hei ārai me te whakaiti i te kino o te cavitation ko:
(l) Hoahoa tika te oma o te tāpine hei whakaiti i te tauwehenga cavitation o te tāpine.
(2) Whakapai ake i te kounga o te hanga, kia tika te āhua ā-ira me te tūnga o ngā mata, ā, kia aro ki ngā mata maeneene, kanapa hoki.
(3) Te whakamahi i ngā rauemi ārai-pupuhi hei whakaiti i te kino o te pupuhihi, pērā i ngā wira kowiri tira.
(4) Whakatauhia tika te teitei o te tāutanga o te tāpine wai.
(5) Whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga whakahaere kia kore ai te tāpine e mahi i te iti o te pane me te iti o te kawenga mō te wā roa. Kāore e whakaaetia kia mahi ngā tāpine wai i te iti o te putanga (pērā i raro i te 50% o te putanga kua whakatauria). Mō ngā teihana hiko wai maha-wae, me karo te mahi iti me te nui o te kawenga mō te wā roa o te kotahi wae.
(6) Me aro nui ki te kounga oro o te whakatikatika whakarewa me te tiaki i te wā tika kia kore ai e puta he kino kino nā te pirau.
(7) Mā te whakamahi i tētahi taputapu tuku hau, ka whakaurua te hau ki roto i te paipa wai o muri hei whakakore i te nui o te korehau ka puta ai te pirau.
Me pēhea te whakarōpūtanga o ngā teihana hiko nui, waenga, me te iti?
E ai ki ngā paerewa tari o nāianei, ko ngā taputapu he iti iho i te 50000 kW te kaha kua tāutahia e kiia ana he iti; ko ngā taputapu rahi-waenga he 50000 ki te 250000 kW te kaha kua tāutahia; ko te kaha kua tāutahia he nui ake i te 250000 kW te kaha kua tāutahia e kiia ana he nui.
He aha te kaupapa matua o te whakaputa hiko wai?
Ko te whakaputa hiko wai ko te whakamahinga o te hiko waipēhi (me te pane wai) hei akiaki i ngā mīhini waipēhi (tāpine) kia huri, kia huri ai te kaha wai hei kaha miihini. Mēnā ka honoa tētahi atu momo mīhini (kaiwhakaputa hiko) ki te tāpine hei whakaputa hiko i a ia e huri ana, ka hurihia te kaha miihini hei kaha hiko. Ko te whakaputa hiko waipēhi, i tētahi tikanga, ko te tukanga o te huri i te kaha pūmanawa o te wai hei kaha miihini, kātahi hei kaha hiko.
He aha ngā tikanga whakawhanake i ngā rauemi waipēhi me ngā momo matua o ngā teihana hiko waipēhi?
Ka tīpakohia ngā tikanga whakawhanake rauemi waipēhi i runga i te maturuturunga kukū, ā, e toru ngā tikanga matua: te momo tāpae, te momo hurihanga, me te momo whakauru.
(1) Ko te teihana hiko wai momo tāpae he teihana hiko wai i hangaia i roto i te awaawa, he iti te hekenga me te kaha o te puna wai, ā, kei te taha tonu o te tāpae.
(2) Ko te teihana hiko wai e huri ana i te wai e pā ana ki tētahi teihana hiko wai e whakamahi katoa ana i te maturuturunga iho o te awa hei huri i te wai me te whakaputa hiko, kāore he puna wai, he kaha whakahaere rānei, ā, kei runga i tētahi awa tawhiti e heke ana i te awa.
(3) Ko te teihana hiko wai ranu e pā ana ki tētahi teihana hiko wai e whakamahi ana i tētahi pata wai, i hangaia tētahi wāhanga e te hanganga tāpae, ā, i whakamahia tētahi wāhanga o te pata wai tūturu o tētahi awaawa, me tētahi kaha rokiroki. Kei runga i tētahi awaawa awa e heke ana te teihana hiko.
He aha te rere, te rerenga katoa, me te rere toharite ā-tau?
Ko te tere rere e pā ana ki te nui o te wai e rere ana i roto i te whakawhiti-wāhanga o te awa (te hanganga waipēhi rānei) mō ia wā, e whakaaturia ana i roto i ngā mita pūtoru ia hekona;
Ko te tapeke o te rerenga wai e pā ana ki te tapeke o te rere katoa o te wai mā roto i te wāhanga o te awa i roto i te tau wai, e whakaatuhia ana i roto i te 104m3, 108m3 rānei;
Ko te tere rere ā-tau toharite e pā ana ki te tere rere ā-tau toharite Q3/S o tētahi wāhanga awa i tatauhia i runga i ngā raupapa wai o nāianei.
He aha ngā wāhanga matua o tētahi kaupapa pokapū teihana hiko wai iti?
E whā ngā wāhanga matua o tēnei: ngā hanganga pupuri wai (ngā tāhuna wai), ngā hanganga tukunga waipuke (ngā awaawa, ngā kēti rānei), ngā hanganga huri wai (ngā awaawa, ngā kauhanga rānei, tae atu ki ngā rua whakahaere pēhanga), me ngā whare tipu hiko (tae atu ki ngā awaawa me ngā teihana whakakaha).
18. He aha te teihana hiko wai e rere ana? He aha ōna āhuatanga?
Ko te teihana hiko kāore he puna wai whakahaere e kiia ana he teihana hiko wai rere. Ka tīpakohia e tēnei momo teihana hiko wai tōna kaha tāuta i runga i te tere rere ā-tau toharite o te awaawa me te puna wai ka taea e ia te whiwhi. Ka tino heke te whakaputa hiko i te wā maroke, iti iho i te 50%, ā, i ētahi wā kāore e taea te whakaputa hiko, he mea herea e te rere tūturu o te awa, i te mea he nui te wai kua mahue i te wā ua.
19. He aha te putanga? Me pēhea te whakatau tata i te putanga me te tatau i te whakaputanga hiko o tētahi teihana hiko wai?
I roto i tētahi teihana hiko wai (tipu), ko te hiko e whakaputaina ana e te waeine whakaputa hiko wai ka kiia ko te putanga, ā, ko te putanga o tētahi wāhanga o te rere wai i roto i te awa e tohu ana i ngā rauemi hiko wai o taua wāhanga. Ko te putanga o te rere wai e pā ana ki te nui o te hiko wai i ia wā. I roto i te whārite N=9.81 η QH, ko Q te tere rere (m3/S); ko H te upoko wai (m); ko N te putanga o te teihana hiko wai (W); ko η te tauwehenga whai hua o te whakaputa hiko wai. Ko te tātai tata mō te putanga o ngā teihana hiko wai iti ko N=(6.0-8.0) QH. Ko te tātai mō te whakaputa hiko ā-tau ko E=NT, ko N te putanga toharite; ko T ngā hāora whakamahinga ā-tau.
He aha ngā hāora whakamahinga ā-tau o te kaha kua tāutahia?
E pā ana ki te wā mahi taumaha katoa toharite o tētahi waeine whakaputa hiko wai i roto i te tau. He tohu nui tēnei mō te ine i ngā painga ōhanga o ngā teihana hiko wai, ā, me neke atu i te 3000 hāora te haora whakamahinga ā-tau o ngā teihana hiko wai iti.
21. He aha ngā whakarerekētanga o ia rā, te whakarerekētanga o ia wiki, te whakarerekētanga o ia tau, me te whakarerekētanga o ia tau?
(1) Te whakahaere i ia rā: e pā ana ki te tohatoha anō i te wai rere i roto i te ao me te pō, me te wā whakahaere o te 24 hāora.
(2) Te whakatikatika ā-wiki: Ko te wā whakatikatika he kotahi wiki (7 rā).
(3) Te ture ā-tau: Ko te tohatoha anō i te wai e rere ana i roto i te tau kotahi, ina ko te wāhanga anake o te wai taikaha ka taea te penapena i te wā waipuke, ka kiia ko te ture ā-tau kāore i oti (te ture ā-wā rānei); Ko te kaha ki te tohatoha anō i te wai e haere mai ana i roto i te tau e ai ki ngā whakaritenga whakamahinga wai me te kore e hiahiatia te whakarērea o te wai ka kiia ko te ture ā-tau.
(4) Te whakahaere i ngā tau maha: Ina nui te rahinga o te puna wai hei pupuri i te wai nui mō ngā tau maha i roto i te puna wai, kātahi ka tohaina ki ētahi tau maroke hei whakahaere i ngā tau maha, ka kiia tēnei he whakahaere i ngā tau maha.
22. He aha te maturuturunga iho o te awa?
Ko te rerekētanga teitei i waenganui i ngā wāhanga e rua o te awa e whakamahia ana ka kiia ko te maturuturunga iho; ko te rerekētanga teitei i waenganui i ngā mata wai i te pūtake me te wahapū o te awa ka kiia ko te maturuturunga katoa.
23. He aha te nui o te ua, te roa o te ua, te kaha o te ua, te rohe ua, te pokapū ua?
Ko te ua te rahinga katoa o te wai e hinga ana ki tētahi wāhi, ki tētahi wāhi rānei i roto i tētahi wā, e whakaatuhia ana i roto i ngā mirimita.
Ko te roa o te ua e pā ana ki te roa o te ua.
Ko te kaha o te ua e pā ana ki te nui o te ua i ia wā, e whakaaturia ana i roto i te mm/h.
Ko te horahanga ua e pā ana ki te horahanga whakapae kua taupokina e te ua, e whakaaturia ana i roto i te km2.
Ko te pokapū ua e pā ana ki tētahi wāhi iti e nui haere ana te ua.
24. He aha te whakatau tata haumitanga hangarau? Te whakatau tata haumitanga hangarau me te tahua hangarau?
He tuhinga hangarau, he tuhinga ōhanga hoki te tahua hangarau e kohikohi ana i ngā pūtea hanga katoa e tika ana mō tētahi kaupapa i roto i te āhua moni. He wāhanga nui te tahua hoahoa tuatahi o ngā tuhinga hoahoa tuatahi, ā, koia te pūtake matua mō te aromatawai i te whai take ōhanga. He tohu nui te tahua whānui kua whakaaetia e te kāwanatanga mō ngā haumitanga hanga taketake, ā, koinei anō hoki te pūtake mō te whakarite i ngā mahere hanga taketake me ngā hoahoa tuku tono. Ko te whakatau tata i te haumitanga hangarau ko te moni haumi i mahia i te wā o te rangahau whaihua. Ko te tahua hangarau ko te moni haumi i mahia i te wā o te hanganga.
He aha ngā tohu ōhanga matua o ngā teihana hiko wai?
(1) Ko te haumitanga kirowati kotahi e pā ana ki te haumitanga e hiahiatia ana mō ia kirowati o te kaha kua tāutahia.
(2) Ko te haumitanga pūngao kotahi e pā ana ki te haumitanga e hiahiatia ana mō ia kilowatt-haora o te hiko.
(3) Ko te utu hiko ko te utu e utua ana mō ia kilowatt hāora o te hiko.
(4) Ko ngā hāora whakamahinga ā-tau o te kaha kua tāutahia he ine i te taumata whakamahinga o ngā taputapu teihana hiko wai.
(5) Ko te utu hoko o te hiko ko te utu mō ia kilowatt hāora o te hiko e hokona ana ki te whatunga hiko.
Me pēhea te tatau i ngā tohu ōhanga matua o ngā teihana hiko wai?
Ko ngā tohu ōhanga matua o ngā teihana hiko wai ka tatauhia e ai ki te tauira e whai ake nei:
(1) Te haumitanga o te waeine kirowati = te haumitanga katoa ki te hanganga o te teihana hiko wai / te tapeke o te kaha kua tāutahia o te teihana hiko wai
(2) Te haumitanga pūngao kotahi = te haumitanga katoa ki te hanganga teihana hiko wai / te toharite whakaputa hiko ā-tau o te teihana hiko wai
(3) Ngā hāora whakamahinga ā-tau o te kaha kua tāutahia = te toharite whakaputa hiko ā-tau/te katoa o te kaha kua tāutahia
Wā tuku: Oketopa-28-2024
