1. Ngā rauemi pūngao wai
Nō ngā wā onamata te hītori o te whanaketanga tangata me te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi hiko wai. E ai ki te Whakamārama i te Ture Pūngao Whakahou o te Repupiripia o te Iwi o Haina (i whakatikahia e te Komiti Mahi Ture o te Komiti Tūmau o te Runanga Iwi o te Motu), ko te whakamāramatanga o te pūngao wai ko: ko te wera o te hau me te rā ka mimiti te wai, ka hanga te kohu wai i te ua me te hukarere, ko te ua me te hukarere ka hanga awa me ngā manga wai, ā, ko te rere o te wai ka whakaputa i te pūngao, e kiia nei ko te pūngao wai.
Ko te kaupapa matua o te whakawhanaketanga me te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi hiko wai o ēnei rā ko te whakawhanaketanga me te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi hiko wai, nō reira he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e te tangata ngā rauemi hiko wai, ngā rauemi hiko wai, me ngā rauemi hiko wai hei kupu taurite. Heoi, i roto i te ao tūturu, he whānuitia ngā ihirangi o ngā rauemi hiko wai pērā i ngā rauemi hiko wai wera, ngā rauemi hiko wai, ngā rauemi hiko wai, me ngā rauemi hiko wai moana.
（1） Ngā rauemi wai me te pūngao wera
Ko ngā rauemi wai me te pūngao wera e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko ngā puna wera taiao. I ngā wā onamata, ka tīmata te tangata ki te whakamahi tika i ngā rauemi wai me te wera o ngā puna wera taiao hei hanga kaukau, hei kaukau, hei rongoā i ngā mate, me te whakakorikori tinana. Ka whakamahia hoki e ngā tāngata o ēnei rā ngā rauemi wai me te pūngao wera mō te whakaputa hiko me te whakamahana. Hei tauira, he 7.08 piriona kilowatt hāora te whakaputa hiko wai o Iceland i te tau 2003, ā, 1.41 piriona kilowatt hāora o ēnei i whakaputaina mā te whakamahi i te pūngao wera whenua (arā, ngā rauemi pūngao wera wai). 86% o ngā tāngata whenua kua whakamahi i te pūngao wera whenua (ngā rauemi pūngao wera wai) mō te whakamahana. Kua hangaia te teihana hiko Yangbajing me te kaha tāuta o te 25000 kilowatt ki Xizang, e whakamahi ana hoki i te wera whenua (ngā rauemi pūngao wai me te wera) hei whakaputa hiko. E ai ki te matapae a ngā tohunga, ko te pūngao pāmahana iti (mā te whakamahi i te wai whenua hei reo) ka taea te kohi e te oneone i roto i te tata ki te 100 mita i Haina i ia tau ka eke ki te 150 piriona kilowatt. I tēnei wā, ko te kaha tāuta o te whakaputa hiko geothermal i Haina he 35300 kilowatts.
（2） Ngā rauemi pūngao waipēhi
Kei roto i te pūngao waipēhi te pūngao nekeneke me te pūngao pūmanawa o te wai. I Haina tawhito, i whakamahia whānuitia ngā rauemi pūngao waipēhi o ngā awa pōrearea, ngā rerenga wai, me ngā rerenga wai hei hanga mīhini pērā i ngā wira wai, ngā mira wai, me ngā mira wai mō te whakamakuku wai, te tukatuka witi, me te tango kiri raihi. I ngā tau 1830, i whakawhanakehia, i whakamahia hoki ngā teihana waipēhi i Ūropi hei whakarato hiko mō ngā ahumahi nui pērā i ngā mira paraoa, ngā mira miro, me te keri maina. Ko ngā tāwhana wai hou e taraiwa tika ana i ngā papu wai tohanga hei whakaputa i te kaha tohanga mō te hiki wai me te whakamakuku, me ngā teihana papu hama wai e whakamahi ana i te rere o te wai hei whakaputa i te pēhanga hama wai me te hanga i te pēhanga wai teitei mō te hiki wai me te whakamakuku, he whanaketanga tika katoa me te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi pūngao wai.
（3） Ngā rauemi pūngao wai
I te tekau tau atu i 1880, i te kitenga o te hiko, i hangaia ngā motuka hiko i runga i te ariā hikohiko, ā, i hangaia ngā tipu hiko wai hei huri i te kaha waipēhi o ngā teihana hiko wai hei kaha hiko, hei tuku atu ki ngā kaiwhakamahi, ā, koinei te wā i tino whanake ai, i tino whakamahia ai hoki ngā rauemi hiko wai.
Ko ngā rauemi hiko wai e kōrerohia nei e tātou i nāianei e kiia ana ko ngā rauemi hiko wai. Haunga ngā rauemi wai awa, kei roto hoki i te moana te kaha tai, ngaru, tote me te pāmahana nui. E kiia ana ko ngā rauemi hiko wai moana o te ao he 76 piriona kirowati, neke atu i te 15 ngā wā o ngā rahui ariā o te hiko wai awa e ahu mai ana i te whenua. I roto i ēnei, ko te kaha tai he 3 piriona kirowati, ko te kaha ngaru he 3 piriona kirowati, ko te kaha rerekētanga pāmahana he 40 piriona kirowati, ā, ko te kaha rerekētanga tote he 30 piriona kirowati. I nāianei, ko te hangarau whanaketanga me te whakamahinga o te kaha tai anake kua tae ki tētahi taumata mahi ka taea te whakawhanake i runga i te tauine nui i roto i te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi hiko wai moana e te tangata. Me rangahau tonu te whanaketanga me te whakamahinga o ētahi atu puna hiko kia tutuki ai ngā hua hou i roto i te whaihua hangarau me te ōhanga me te whakatutuki i te whanaketanga me te whakamahinga mahi. Ko te whanaketanga me te whakamahinga o te kaha moana e kōrerohia ana e tātou ko te whanaketanga me te whakamahinga o te kaha tai. Ko te kukume o te Marama me te Rā ki te mata o te moana o te Ao ka puta he huringa auau i roto i te taumata wai, e mōhiotia ana ko ngā tai moana. Ko te piki me te heke o te wai moana ka puta he pūngao tai. Ko te tikanga, ko te pūngao tai he pūngao miihini e puta mai ana i te piki me te heke o ngā taumata tai.
I puta mai ngā mira tai i te rautau 11, ā, i te tīmatanga o te rautau 20, ka tīmata a Tiamana me Wīwī ki te hanga i ngā teihana hiko tai iti.
E ai ki te whakatau tata, ko te kaha tai ka taea te whakamahi i te ao kei waenga i te 1 piriona me te 1.1 piriona kirowati, me te whakaputa hiko ā-tau tata ki te 1240 piriona kirowati hāora. Ko te kaha tāuta o ngā rauemi tai ka taea te whakamahi i Haina he 21.58 miriona kirowati, ā, ko te whakaputa hiko ā-tau he 30 piriona kirowati hāora.
Ko te teihana hiko tai nui rawa atu o te ao i tēnei wā ko te teihana hiko tai o Rennes i Parani, me te kaha tāuta o te 240000 kilowati. Ko te teihana hiko tai tuatahi i Haina, ko te Teihana Hiko Tai o Jizhou i Guangdong, i hangaia i te tau 1958 me te kaha tāuta o te 40 kilowati. Ko te Teihana Hiko Tai o Zhejiang Jiangxia, i hangaia i te tau 1985, ko te kaha tāuta katoa o te 3200 kilowati, ko te tuatoru o ngā tūranga o te ao.
Hei tāpiritanga, i roto i ngā moana o Haina, ko te rahui o te pūngao ngaru he tata ki te 12.85 miriona kirowati, ko te pūngao tai he tata ki te 13.94 miriona kirowati, ko te pūngao rerekētanga tote he tata ki te 125 miriona kirowati, ā, ko te pūngao rerekētanga pāmahana he tata ki te 1.321 piriona kirowati. Hei whakarāpopototanga, ko te katoa o te pūngao moana i Haina he tata ki te 1.5 piriona kirowati, he nui ake i te rua o te rahui matapae o te 694 miriona kirowati o te mana wai awa whenua, ā, he whānui ngā tirohanga mō te whanaketanga me te whakamahinga. I ēnei rā, kei te nui te haumi a ngā whenua o te ao ki te rangahau i ngā huarahi hangarau hei whakawhanake me te whakamahi i ngā rauemi pūngao nui e huna ana i roto i te moana.
2. Ngā rauemi pūngao wai
Ko ngā rauemi pūngao waiariki e pā ana ki te whakamahinga o te pūngao pūmanawa me te pūngao nekeneke o te rere o te wai awa hei tuku i te mahi me te akiaki i te hurihanga o ngā miihini hiko waiariki hei whakaputa hiko. Ko te waro, te hinu, te hau māori, me te whakaputa hiko karihi e hiahia ana ki te whakamahi i ngā rauemi wahie kore e taea te whakahou, engari ko te whakaputa hiko waiariki kāore e pau i ngā rauemi wai, engari e whakamahi ana i te pūngao o te rere o te awa.
（1） Ngā Rauemi Pūngao Hiko Wai o te Ao
Ko te tapeke o ngā rahui rauemi hiko wai i roto i ngā awa o te ao katoa he 5.05 piriona kirowati, me te whakaputanga hiko ā-tau tae atu ki te 44.28 tiriona kirowati hāora; Ko ngā rauemi hiko wai ka taea te whakamahi hangarau he 2.26 piriona kirowati, ā, ka taea e te whakaputanga hiko ā-tau te eke ki te 9.8 tiriona kirowati hāora.
I te tau 1878, i hangaia e Parani te teihana hiko wai tuatahi o te ao me te kaha tāuta o te 25 kirowati. Tae noa ki tēnei wā, kua neke atu i te 760 miriona kirowati te kaha tāuta o te hiko wai puta noa i te ao, me te whakaputa hiko ā-tau o te 3 tiriona kirowati hāora.
（2） Ngā rauemi hiko wai o Haina
Ko Haina tētahi o ngā whenua whai rawa rawa atu ngā rauemi hiko wai i te ao. E ai ki te rangahau hou mō ngā rauemi hiko wai, ko te nui o ngā rahui matapae o te pūngao wai awa i Haina he 694 miriona kirowati, ā, ko te nui o te whakaputanga hiko ā-tau he 6.08 tiriona kirowati hāora, koia te tuatahi o te ao mō ngā rahui matapae o te hiko wai; ko te kaha whakamahi hangarau o ngā rauemi hiko wai o Haina he 542 miriona kirowati, me te nui o te whakaputanga hiko ā-tau he 2.47 tiriona kirowati hāora, ā, ko te nui o te kaha whakamahi ōhanga he 402 miriona kirowati, me te nui o te whakaputanga hiko ā-tau he 1.75 tiriona kirowati hāora, koia te tuatahi o te ao.
I te marama o Hūrae 1905, i hangaia te teihana hiko wai tuatahi o Haina, te Teihana Hiko Wai o Guishan i te Porowini o Taiwan, me te kaha tāuta o te 500 kVA. I te tau 1912, i oti te teihana hiko wai tuatahi i te Whenua Nui o Haina, te Teihana Hiko Wai o Shilongba i Kunming, Porowini o Yunnan, mō te whakaputa hiko, me te kaha tāuta o te 480 kilowati. I te tau 1949, ko te kaha tāuta o te hiko wai i te whenua he 163000 kilowati; I te mutunga o te tau 1999, kua whanake ki te 72.97 miriona kilowati, tuarua ki te United States anake, ā, ko te tuarua o te ao; I te tau 2005, kua eke te kaha tāuta katoa o te hiko wai i Haina ki te 115 miriona kilowati, ko te tuatahi o te ao, e 14.4% o te kaha whakamahi hiko wai me te 20% o te kaha tāuta katoa o te umanga hiko ā-motu.
（3） Ngā Āhuatanga o te Pūngao Hiko Wai
Ka whakahoutia te pūngao wai hiko i roto i te huringa wai o te taiao, ā, ka taea tonu te whakamahi e te tangata. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e te tangata te kupu 'kore e pau' hei whakaahua i te kaha whakahou o te pūngao wai hiko.
Kāore te pūngao wai e kai wahie, kāore hoki e tuku matū kino i te wā whakaputa me te whakahaere. He iti ake ngā utu whakahaere me te whakahaere, ngā utu whakaputa hiko, me te pānga ki te taiao i ērā o te whakaputa hiko wera, ā, he iti te utu.
He pai te whakahaere a te pūngao wai, he tere te tīmatanga, ā, he tino whai hua ki te whakahaere i te whatunga hiko. He tere, he whai hua hoki, e whakaiti ana i te ngaronga o te hiko i roto i ngā āhuatanga ohorere me ngā aituā, ā, e whakarite ana i te haumaru o te hiko.
Ko te pūngao wai me te pūngao kohuke kei roto i te pūngao tuatahi e ahu mai ana i ngā rauemi, ka hurihia hei pūngao hiko, ka kiia ko te pūngao tuarua. Ko te whanaketanga pūngao wai he pūtake pūngao e whakaoti ana i te whanaketanga pūngao tuatahi me te whakaputa pūngao tuarua i te wā kotahi, me ngā mahi rua o te hanga pūngao tuatahi me te hanga pūngao tuarua; Kāore e hiahiatia he tukanga tango pūngao kotahi, te kawe, me te rokiroki, ka tino whakaiti i ngā utu wahie.
Mā te hanganga o ngā puna wai mō te whakawhanaketanga o te hiko wai ka huri te taiao taiao o ngā rohe. I tētahi taha, me rumaki ētahi whenua, ka nekehia ngā manene; i tētahi atu taha, ka taea te whakaora i te āhuarangi o te rohe, te hanga i tētahi taiao taiao wai hou, te whakatairanga i te oranga o ngā rauropi, me te whakahaere i te whakahaere waipuke tangata, te whakamakuku, te tūruhi, me te whakawhanaketanga kaipuke. Nō reira, i roto i te whakamahere i ngā kaupapa hiko wai, me whai whakaaro whānui ki te whakaiti i te pānga kino ki te taiao taiao, ā, he nui ake ngā painga o te whakawhanaketanga hiko wai i ngā ngoikoretanga.
Nā ngā painga o te pūngao hiko wai, kei te whakatinanahia e ngā whenua o te ao ngā kaupapa here e whakatairanga ana i te whanaketanga o te hiko wai. I ngā tau 1990, ko te hiko wai te 93.2% o te katoa o te kaha tāuta o Brazil, ko ngā whenua pērā i a Nōwei, Huiterangi, Aotearoa, me Kānata he neke atu i te 50% ngā ōwehenga hiko wai.
I te tau 1990, ko te ōwehenga o te whakaputa hiko wai ki te hiko ka taea te whakamahi i ētahi whenua o te ao he 74% i Parani, 72% i Huiterangi, 66% i Hapani, 61% i Parakuihi, 55% i Te Hononga o Amerika, 54% i Īhipa, 50% i Kānata, 17.3% i Parahi, 11% i Īnia, me te 6.6% i Haina i taua wā anō.
Wā tuku: Hepetema-24-2024
