Kei waenganui o te tipu hiko wai, i waenganui i te kaha nekeneke nui o ngā tāpine me te whānuitanga o te whatunga tuku hiko, kei reira te pūnaha hangarau matua e whakahaere ana: te whakawhiti hiko. He maha ngā wā ka warewarehia, ko tēnei kaitiaki puku te hononga nui e taea ai te tuku hiko wai hou mai i tawhiti.
Mai i te Wai ki te Waea: Te Hiahia mō te Hurihanga
He tino ātaahua te tukanga taketake o te hiko wai i roto i tōna māmā noa iho. Ka hurihia te pūngao pūmanawa mai i te wai kua rongoatia hei pūngao miihini e te tāpine, ka hurihia he whakaputa hiko hei whakaputa hiko. Heoi, ko te hiko iahiko tauutuutu (AC) e whakaputaina ana e ēnei mīhini ka puta i te taumata ngaohiko reo, pērā i te 11 kV, 13.8 kV, 24 kV rānei. Ahakoa he pai mō ngā tawhiti poto, he tino koretake te tuku i te nui o te mana i tēnei ngaohiko i ngā roanga roa.
Koinei te wāhi e mahi ai te whakawhiti hiko i tana mahi nui. He taputapu hiko pūmau e whakamahi ana i te kaupapa o te whakaawe hikohiko hei whakanui, hei "whakapiki" rānei i te ngaohiko mō te tuku hiko. Mā te whakanui ake i te ngaohiko ki ngā taumata tino tiketike—ko te tikanga he 138 kV, 230 kV, 500 kV, neke atu rānei—ka tino whakaitihia e te whakawhiti hiko te iahiko hiko mō tētahi nui o te mana.
Ko tēnei huinga ngaohiko-tiketike, iti-aukati te mea nui ki te tuku hiko whai hua. E ai ki te ture a Joule, ko ngā ngaronga hiko i roto i te kaiārahi he rite ki te tapawhā o te aukati (P_loss = I²R). Nō reira, mā te whakaiti i te aukati, ka whakaitihia e te whakawhiti hiko ngā ngaronga ātete i roto i ngā raina tuku, kia mōhio ai ka haere te pūngao ma i hangaia e te wairere i ngā rau kiromita me te tino whai hua.
Te Anatomi o te Whakawhitinga Pūnaha Hiko Wai
Ehara ngā whakawhiti hiko i roto i ngā tipu hiko wai i te mea noa; he mīhini pakari, he mīhini kaha nui, i hangaia kia pono.
Te Matua me ngā Āwhiowhio: I tōna matua (arā, ko te tikanga), he matua rino whakakikoruatia me ngā huinga takai parahi, konumohe rānei e rua: ko te tuatahi (te taha ngaohiko iti e hono ana ki te whakaputa hiko) me te tuarua (te taha ngaohiko teitei e hono ana ki te whatunga hiko).
Pūnaha Whakamatao: Ko te whakahaere i te nui o te hiko ka whakaputa wera nui. Ka whakamahia e ngā tipu hiko wai ngā pūnaha whakamatao matatau, e whakamahi ana i te hinu ehara i te mea hei whakamahana anake engari hei whakamarara wera hoki. Ko ngā pūnaha noa ko:
ONAN (Hinuhinu Taiao, Hau Taiao): E whakawhirinaki ana ki te kawe taiao o te hinu me te hau.
ONAF (Hinuhinu Taiao Āwhina Hau): Ka whakamahia he pā hau hei pana i te hau ki runga i ngā pūwhakamatao.
OFAF (Hinuhinu Āwhina Hau Āwhina): E whakamahi ana i ngā papu hei huri i te hinu me ngā pā hau hei whakamatao, e whakamahia ana mō ngā whakatauranga mana teitei rawa.
Tāke Tiaki Hiko: Ko tētahi wāhanga matua ko te tāke tiaki hiko, e āhei ai te whakawhānui me te whakaiti i te hinu whakamahana i te mea ka wera, ka whakamatao hoki te whakawhiti hiko i te wā e mahi ana.
Ngā Pūnaha Tiaki: He huinga taputapu tiaki kei roto i ēnei whakawhiti hiko, tae atu ki ngā whakawhiti Buchholz e kitea ai ngā hapa o roto, ngā taputapu whakaiti pehanga, me ngā pūnaha aroturuki matatau mō te pāmahana, te tātari hau, me te tukunga wāhanga.
Ngā Wero Motuhake me ngā Whakaaro Hoahoa
He wero motuhake kei roto i te taiao o tētahi tipu hiko wai mō te hoahoa me te whakatakotoranga o ngā whakawhiti hiko.
Tauwāhi: Ka taea te whakanoho ki roto, ki waho, ki roto rānei i ngā ana i raro i te whenua. Me hanga ngā waeine o waho kia tū atu ki ngā āhuatanga kino o te rangi, engari me whai pūnaha tinei ahi me te hauhautanga matatau ngā waeine o roto.
Te kawe waka: I te mea he nui rawa te rahi me te taumaha, he mahi nui te kawe i ēnei taputapu whakawhiti hiko ki ngā wāhi maunga tawhiti, he maha ngā wā he mahi whakarite waka.
Te Tauwhāinga me te Pono: Hei wāhi kotahi o te rahunga, he mea tino nui te pono o te whakawhiti hiko whakanekehanga hiko (GSU). He maha ngā tipu he pūnaha taha uaua, he whakawhiti hiko tāpiri rānei kei te papaanga hei whakaiti i te wā kore mahi i te wā tiaki, i te rahunga rānei.
Kei tua atu i te Pūnaha Whakaputa: Ētahi atu Pūnaha Whakawhiti i roto i te Whare Hanga
Ahakoa ko te whakawhiti hiko matua te whetu o te whakaaturanga, ka whakawhirinaki te tipu hiko ki tētahi whānau katoa o ngā whakawhiti hiko:
Ngā Whakawhiti Ratonga Teihana: Ka whakahekehia e ēnei "whakawhiti āwhina" te ngaohiko teitei ki ngā taumata iti iho (hei tauira, 480V) hei whakakaha i ngā pūnaha matua o te tipu—te rama, ngā pūnaha whakahaere, ngā papu whakamatao, me ngā motuka keti.
Ngā Whakawhiti Āwhina Wāhanga: Ka hono tika ēnei ki te putanga o te whakaputa hiko, ā, ka whakarato hiko motuhake ki ngā pūnaha āwhina o taua wāhanga whakaputa hiko.
Whakamutunga
He mahi toi nui te whakawhiti hiko wai, he wāhanga nui, pakari hoki e mahi ana hei arai i waenga i te whakaputanga me te whakamahinga hiko. Ki te kore tōna kaha ki te whakanui ake i te hiko, e kore rawa te hiko ma, whakahou e whakamahia ana mai i ngā awa me ngā tāhuna e tae atu ki ngā tāone me ngā ahumahi e whakawhirinaki ana ki a ia. He tohu puku, kaha hoki tēnei mō te auahatanga e hiahiatia ana hei whakakaha i tō tātou ao hou me te pumau.
Wā tuku: Oketopa-17-2025
