He roa te hītori whanaketanga o te hiko wai, ā, he mekameka ahumahi katoa anō hoki.
Ko te hiko wai he hangarau pūngao whakahou e whakamahi ana i te pūngao nekeneke o te wai hei whakaputa hiko. He pūngao ma e whakamahia whānuitia ana, he maha ngā painga, pērā i te whakahounga, te iti o ngā tukunga, te pumau me te kaha ki te whakahaere. Ko te kaupapa mahi o te hiko wai e ahu mai ana i tētahi ariā māmā: te whakamahi i te pūngao nekeneke o te rere o te wai hei taraiwa i te tāpine, ka huri i te miihini whakaputa hiko hei whakaputa hiko. Ko ngā mahi o te whakaputa hiko wai ko: te huri wai mai i tētahi puna wai, i tētahi awa rānei, e hiahia ana ki tētahi puna wai, he puna wai (puna wai hanga) he awa tūturu rānei, e whakarato ana i te hiko; te ārahi i te rere o te wai, ka arahina te rere o te wai ki ngā mata o te tāpine mā te hongere huri. Ka taea e te hongere huri te whakahaere i te rere o te rere o te wai hei whakarite i te kaha whakaputa hiko; ka rere te tāpine, ā, ka pā te rere o te wai ki ngā mata o te tāpine kia huri ai. He rite te tāpine ki te wira hau i roto i te whakaputa hiko hau; ka whakaputa te miihini whakaputa hiko, ā, mā te mahi a te tāpine ka huri te miihini whakaputa hiko, e whakaputa hiko ana mā te kaupapa o te whakaawe hikohiko; te tuku hiko, ka tukuna te hiko kua whakaputahia ki te whatunga hiko ka tukuna ki ngā tāone, ki ngā ahumahi me ngā whare. He maha ngā momo hiko wai. E ai ki ngā mātāpono mahi me ngā āhuatanga tono rerekē, ka taea te wehewehe ki te whakaputa hiko awa, te whakaputa hiko puna wai, te whakaputa hiko tai me te moana, me te hiko wai iti. He maha ngā painga o te hiko wai, engari he ngoikoretanga anō hoki. Ko ngā painga matua: he puna hiko whakahou te hiko wai. Ka whakawhirinaki te hiko wai ki te rere o te wai, nō reira ka taea te whakahou, ā, e kore e pau; he puna hiko ma. Kāore te hiko wai e whakaputa hau kati kōtuhi me ngā poke hau, ā, he iti noa te pānga ki te taiao; ka taea te whakahaere. Ka taea te whakarerekē i ngā teihana hiko wai kia rite ki te tono kia whakaratohia he hiko kawenga taketake pono. Ko ngā ngoikoretanga matua: ka pā kino pea ngā kaupapa hiko wai nui ki te pūnaha rauropi, me ngā raruraru pāpori pēnei i te hekenga mai o ngā kainoho me te tango whenua; ka herea te hiko wai e te wātea o ngā rauemi wai, ā, ka pā pea te tauraki, te hekenga rānei o te rere o te wai ki te kaha whakaputa hiko.
He roa te hītori o te hiko wai, hei momo pūngao hou. Ngā tāwhana wai me ngā wira wai o mua: I te rautau 2 BC, ka tīmata te tangata ki te whakamahi i ngā tāwhana wai me ngā wira wai hei taraiwa i ngā mīhini pēnei i ngā mira me ngā mira kani. Ka whakamahia e ēnei mīhini te pūngao nekeneke o te rere o te wai hei mahi. Te taenga mai o te whakaputa hiko: I te mutunga o te rautau 19, ka tīmata te tangata ki te whakamahi i ngā tipu hiko wai hei huri i te pūngao wai hei hiko. I hangaia te tipu hiko wai arumoni tuatahi o te ao i Wisconsin, USA i te tau 1882. Te hanga i ngā tāwhana me ngā puna wai: I te tīmatanga o te rautau 20, i tino whānui te whānuitanga o te hiko wai me te hanganga o ngā tāwhana me ngā puna wai. Ko ētahi o ngā kaupapa tāwhana rongonui ko te Tāwhana Hoover i te United States me te Tāwhana Three Gorges i Haina. Te ahunga whakamua hangarau: I roto i te wā, kua whakapaitia tonutia te hangarau hiko wai, tae atu ki te whakaurunga o ngā tāwhana, ngā kaihanga tāwhana me ngā pūnaha whakahaere atamai, kua whakapai ake i te whai huatanga me te pono o te hiko wai.
He pūtake pūngao ma, he pūtake pūngao hou hoki te hiko wai, ā, e kapi ana tana mekameka ahumahi i ētahi hononga matua, tae atu ki te whakahaere rauemi wai ki te tuku hiko. Ko te hononga tuatahi i roto i te mekameka ahumahi hiko wai ko te whakahaere rauemi wai. Kei roto i tēnei ko te whakarite, te penapena me te tohatoha i ngā rerenga wai kia taea ai te tuku pumau i te wai ki ngā tāpine hei whakaputa hiko. Ko te whakahaere rauemi wai me aroturuki i ngā tawhā pēnei i te ua, te tere rere o te wai me te taumata wai kia taea ai te whakatau tika. Ko te whakahaere rauemi wai hou e aro ana ki te pumau kia taea ai te pupuri i te kaha whakaputa hiko ahakoa i roto i ngā āhuatanga tino kino pēnei i te tauraki. Ko ngā tāhuna me ngā puna wai he whakaurunga matua i roto i te mekameka ahumahi hiko wai. Ko ngā tāhuna te tikanga e whakamahia ana hei whakapiki i ngā taumata wai, hei hanga i te pēhanga wai, ā, nō reira ka whakanui ake i te kaha nekeneke o te rere o te wai. Ka whakamahia ngā puna wai hei penapena wai kia taea ai te whakarato i te rere wai e ranea ana i te wā e hiahiatia ana. Me whai whakaaro te hoahoa me te hanganga o ngā tāhuna ki ngā āhuatanga whenua, ngā āhuatanga rere wai, me ngā pānga taiao kia pai ai te haumaru me te pumau. Ko ngā tāhuna ngā wāhanga matua o te mekameka ahumahi hiko wai. Ina rere te wai i roto i ngā mata o te tāhuna, ka hurihia tōna pūngao nekeneke hei pūngao miihini, ka huri te tāhuna. Ka taea te whiriwhiri i te hoahoa me te momo tāpine i runga i te tere, te tere rere, me te teitei o te rere o te wai kia eke ki te pai o te pūngao. I muri i te hurihanga o te tāpine, ka peia e ia te pūkaha hiko kua honoa hei whakaputa hiko. Ko te pūkaha hiko he taputapu matua e huri ana i te pūngao miihini ki te pūngao hiko. Ko te tikanga, ko te kaupapa whakahaere o te pūkaha hiko he whakaputa i te iahiko mā roto i te papa aukume hurihuri hei whakaputa iahiko hurihuri. Me whakatau te hoahoa me te kaha o te pūkaha hiko i runga i te tono hiko me ngā āhuatanga rere wai. Ko te hiko e whakaputaina ana e te pūkaha hiko he iahiko hurihuri, e tika ana kia tukatukahia mā roto i te teihana hiko. Ko ngā mahi matua o ngā teihana hiko ko te pikinga (te whakanui i te ngaohiko hei whakaiti i te ngaronga o te pūngao i te wā e tukuna ana te hiko) me te huri i ngā momo iahiko (te huri i te AC ki te DC, te huri rānei) hei whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga o te pūnaha tuku hiko. Ko te hononga whakamutunga ko te tuku hiko. Ka tukuna te mana e whakaputaina ana e te teihana hiko ki ngā kaiwhakamahi hiko i ngā tāone nui, i ngā rohe ahumahi, i ngā rohe taiwhenua rānei mā roto i ngā raina tuku hiko. Me whakamahere, me hoahoa, me tiaki hoki ngā raina tuku hiko kia pai ai te tuku hiko ki te wāhi e hiahiatia ana. I ētahi wāhi, me tukatuka anō te hiko mā roto i ngā teihana hiko hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o ngā ngaohiko me ngā auau rerekē.
He nui ngā rauemi hiko wai, ā, he rawaka te whakaputa hiko wai
Ko Haina te whenua whakaputa hiko wai nui rawa atu o te ao, he nui ngā rauemi wai me ngā kaupapa hiko wai nui. He mahi nui tā te umanga hiko wai o Haina ki te whakatutuki i te hiahia hiko ā-rohe, te whakaiti i ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi, me te whakapai ake i te hanganga pūngao. Ko te whakamahinga hiko pāpori he tohu ōhanga matua e whakaata ana i te taumata o te whakamahinga hiko i roto i tētahi whenua, i tētahi rohe rānei, ā, he mea nui hoki mō te ine i ngā mahi ōhanga, te tuku hiko me te pānga ki te taiao. E ai ki ngā raraunga i tukuna e te National Energy Administration, kua whakaatuhia e te katoa o te whakamahinga hiko o tōku whenua he ia tipu pumau. I te mutunga o te tau 2022, ko te katoa o te whakamahinga hiko o tōku whenua he 863.72 piriona kWh, he pikinga o te 324.4 piriona kWh mai i te tau 2021, he pikinga tau-ki-te-tau o te 3.9%.
E ai ki ngā raraunga i tukuna e te Kaunihera Hiko o Haina, ko te ahumahi tuarua te ahumahi matua e whakamahi ana i te hiko, ā, whai muri ko te ahumahi tuatoru. I pau i te ahumahi tuatahi te 114.6 piriona kWh o te hiko, he pikinga 10.4% i tērā tau. I roto i ēnei, ko te whakamahinga hiko o te ahuwhenua, te hī ika, me te whakatipu kararehe i piki ake mā te 6.3%, 12.6%, me te 16.3%. Ko te whakatairanga whānui i te rautaki whakaora whenua me te whakapainga nui o ngā āhuatanga hiko o te whenua me te whakapainga tonu o ngā taumata hiko i ngā tau tata nei kua akiaki i te tipu tere o te whakamahinga hiko i roto i te ahumahi tuatahi. I pau i te ahumahi tuarua te 5.70 trillion kWh o te hiko, he pikinga 1.2% i tērā tau. I roto i ēnei, ko te whakamahinga hiko ā-tau o ngā ahumahi hanga hangarau teitei me ngā taputapu i piki ake mā te 2.8%, ā, ko te whakamahinga hiko ā-tau o te hanga mīhini hiko me ngā taputapu, te hanga rongoā, ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero rorohiko me ētahi atu ahumahi hanga taputapu hiko i piki ake mā te neke atu i te 5%; ko te whakamahinga hiko o te hanga waka hiko hou i piki ake mā te 71.1%. Ko te whakamahinga hiko o te umanga tuatoru he 1.49 trillion kWh, he pikinga 4.4% i tērā tau. Tuawhā, ko te whakamahinga hiko a ngā kainoho tāone me ngā kainoho taiwhenua he 1.34 trillion kWh, he pikinga 13.8% i tērā tau.
Kua horapa ngā kaupapa hiko wai o Haina puta noa i te motu, tae atu ki ngā teihana hiko wai nui, ngā teihana hiko wai iti me ngā kaupapa hiko wai tohatoha. Ko ētahi o ngā kaupapa hiko wai rongonui ko te Teihana Hiko o Three Gorges, tētahi o ngā teihana hiko wai nui rawa atu i Haina me te ao, kei te rohe o Three Gorges i ngā pito whakarunga o te awa o Yangtze. He nui te kaha whakaputa hiko, ā, e tuku hiko ana ki ngā ahumahi me ngā tāone nui; Kei te Porowini o Sichuan te Teihana Hiko o Xiangjiaba, Xiangjiaba, ā, ko tētahi o ngā teihana hiko wai nui rawa atu i te tonga-uru o Haina. Kei te awa o Jinsha, ā, e tuku hiko ana ki te rohe; Kei te Rohe Mana Motuhake o Xinjiang Uygur te Teihana Hiko o Sailimu Lake, Sailimu Lake, ā, ko tētahi o ngā kaupapa hiko wai nui i te taha hauauru o Haina. Kei te roto o Sailimu, ā, he mahi tuku hiko nui tāna. E ai ki ngā raraunga i tukuna e te Tari Tatauranga ā-Motu, kua piki haere tonu te whakaputa hiko wai o tōku whenua i ia tau, i ia tau. I te mutunga o te tau 2022, ko te whakaputanga hiko wai o tōku whenua he 1,352.195 piriona kWh, he pikinga 0.99% ia tau. I te marama o Ākuhata 2023, ko te whakaputanga hiko wai o tōku whenua he 718.74 piriona kWh, he hekenga iti mai i te wā kotahi o te tau kua hipa, he hekenga 0.16% ia tau. Ko te take matua, nā te awe o te āhuarangi, i tino heke te ua i te tau 2023.
Wā tuku: Hakihea-19-2024
