Me pēhea te wehewehe i ngā tipu hiko nui, waenga, me te iti? E ai ki ngā paerewa o nāianei, ko ngā tipu hiko he iti iho i te 25000 kW te kaha kua tāutahia, ka whakarōpūtia hei iti; rahi waenga me te kaha kua tāutahia o te 25000 ki te 250000 kW; tauine nui me te kaha kua tāutahia neke atu i te 250000 kW.
He aha te kaupapa matua o te whakaputa hiko wai?
Ko te whakaputa hiko wai ko te whakamahinga o te hiko waipēhi (me te pane wai) hei akiaki i te hurihanga o ngā mīhini waipēhi (te tāpine wai), ka huri i te kaha wai hei kaha miihini. Mena ka honoa tētahi atu momo mīhini (te whakaputa hiko) ki te tāpine wai hei whakaputa hiko i a ia e huri ana, ka huri te kaha miihini hei kaha hiko. Ko te whakaputa hiko waipēhi, i roto i tētahi tikanga, ko te tukanga o te huri i te kaha pūmanawa o te wai hei kaha miihini, kātahi hei kaha hiko.
He aha ngā tikanga whakawhanake i ngā rauemi waipēhi me ngā momo matua o ngā teihana hiko waipēhi?
Ko ngā tikanga whakawhanake rauemi waipēhi ka tīpakohia i runga i te maturuturunga kukū, ā, e toru pea ngā tikanga matua: te momo tāpae, te momo hurihanga, me te momo whakauru. Engari me whai pānga anō hoki ēnei tikanga whakawhanake e toru ki ētahi āhuatanga taiao o te wāhanga awa. He rerekē rawa ngā whakatakotoranga pokapū me ngā hanganga whare o ngā teihana waipēhi i hangaia i runga i ngā tikanga whakawhanake rerekē, nō reira ka wehea hoki kia toru ngā momo matua: te momo tāpae, te momo hurihanga, me te momo whakauru.
He aha ngā paerewa e whakamahia ana hei whakarōpū i ngā kaupapa tiaki wai me ngā pokapū hiko wai me ngā whare ahuwhenua, ahumahi, me ngā whare noho e pā ana?
Me tino whai i ngā paerewa whakarōpūtanga me te hoahoa mō ngā kaupapa tiaki wai me ngā pokapū hiko wai i whakaputaina e te Manatū Rauemi Wai me te Hiko o mua, SDJ12-78, ā, me hangai te whakarōpūtanga ki te rahi o te kaupapa (te rahinga katoa o te puna wai, te kaha tāuta o te teihana hiko).
5. He aha te rere, te rerenga katoa, me te rere toharite ā-tau?
Ko te rere e pā ana ki te nui o te wai e rere ana i roto i te awa (i roto rānei i te hanganga waipēhi) i roto i te wā kotahi, e whakaaturia ana i roto i ngā mita pūtoru ia hekona; ko te rerenga katoa e pā ana ki te tapeke o te rere katoa o te wai i roto i te wāhanga awa i roto i te tau wai, e whakaaturia ana ko te 104m3, 108m3 rānei; ko te rere toharite ā-tau e pā ana ki te rere toharite ā-tau o te wāhanga whakawhiti awa i tatauhia i runga i ngā raupapa waipēhi o nāianei.
6. He aha ngā wāhanga matua o ngā kaupapa pokapū hiko wai iti?
E whā ngā wāhanga matua o tēnei: ngā hanganga pupuri wai (ngā tāhuna wai), ngā hanganga tukunga waipuke (te awaawa, ngā kēti rānei), ngā hanganga huri wai (ngā awaawa, ngā kauhanga rānei huri wai, tae atu ki ngā punga ngaru), me ngā whare tipu hiko (tae atu ki ngā awaawa me ngā teihana whakakaha).
7. He aha te teihana hiko wai e rere ana? He aha ōna āhuatanga?
Ko te teihana hiko kāore he puna whakahaere e kiia ana he teihana hiko wai rere. Ka tīpakohia tēnei momo teihana hiko wai mō te kaha kua tāutahia i runga i te tere rere ā-tau toharite o te awa me te pikinga wai ka taea te whiwhi. Kāore e taea te whakahaere i te kaha katoa puta noa i te tau me te reiti taurangi o te 80%., I te nuinga o te wā, ka eke noa ki te mahi noa mō te 180 rā pea; I te wā maroke, ka tino heke te whakaputa hiko ki raro iho i te 50%, i ētahi wā ka kore e taea te whakaputa hiko. Ka herea e te rere tūturu o te awa, ā, he nui te wai kua whakarērea i te wā waipuke.
8. He aha te putanga? Me pēhea te whakatau tata i te putanga o tētahi teihana hiko wai me te tatau i tōna whakaputanga hiko?
I roto i tētahi tipu hiko wai, ko te hiko e whakaputaina ana e tētahi huinga whakaputa hiko wai ka kiia ko te putanga, ko te putanga o tētahi wāhanga o te rere wai i roto i te awa e tohu ana i ngā rauemi hiko wai o taua wāhanga. Ko te putanga o te rere wai ko te pūngao wai mō ia wā.
N=9．81 QH
I roto i te tātai, ko Q te tere rere (m3/S); ko H te upoko wai (m); ko N te putanga o te teihana hiko wai (W); Ko te tauwehenga whai hua o te miihini hiko wai.
Ko te tātai tata mō te putanga o ngā teihana hiko wai iti ko
N=（6．0～8．0）QH
Ko te tātai mō te whakaputa hiko ā-tau ko
E=N· F
I roto i te tātai, ko N te putanga toharite; ko T ngā hāora whakamahinga ā-tau.
9. He aha te putanga kua whakamanahia? He aha tōna kaupapa?
Ko te putanga toharite ka taea e te teihana hiko wai te whakaputa i roto i te wā roa o te mahi, e rite ana ki te reiti taurangi hoahoa, ka kiia ko te putanga taurangi o te teihana hiko wai. He tohu nui te putanga taurangi o ngā teihana hiko wai, ā, he pūtake nui hoki mō te whakatau i te kaha tāuta o ngā teihana hiko wai i te wāhanga whakamahere me te hoahoa.
10. He aha ngā hāora whakamahinga ā-tau o te kaha kua tāutahia?
Ko te wā mahi taumaha-katoa toharite o tētahi mīhini whakaputa hiko wai i roto i te tau. He tohu nui tēnei mō te ine i ngā painga ōhanga o ngā teihana hiko wai, ā, me eke te roanga o ngā hāora whakamahinga ā-tau o ngā teihana hiko wai iti ki te neke atu i te 3000 hāora.
11. He aha ngā ture o ia rā, ngā ture o ia wiki, ngā ture o ia tau, me ngā ture maha-tau?
Ko te whakaritenga o ia rā e pā ana ki te tohatoha anō i te wai rere i roto i te ao me te pō, me te huringa whakaritenga o te 24 hāora. Whakaritenga ā-wiki: Ko te huringa whakaritenga he kotahi wiki (7 rā). Whakaritenga ā-tau: Ko te tohatoha anō i te wai rere i roto i te tau. Ina whakarērea te wai i te wā waipuke, ko te wāhanga anake o te wai taikaha i rongoatia i te wā waipuke ka taea te whakahaere, e kiia ana ko te whakaritenga ā-tau kāore i oti (te whakaritenga ā-wā rānei); Ko te whakaritenga rerenga e taea ai te tohatoha katoa i te wai e haere mai ana i roto i te tau e ai ki ngā whakaritenga whakamahinga wai me te kore e hiahiatia te whakarērea te wai ka kiia ko te whakaritenga ā-tau. Whakaritenga maha-tau: Ina nui te rahinga o te puna wai, ka taea te penapena i te wai taikaha ki roto i te puna wai mō ngā tau maha, kātahi ka taea te whakamahi i te wai taikaha hei whakakī i te hapa. Ko te whakaritenga ā-tau, e whakamahia ana i roto i ētahi tau maroke anake, ka kiia ko te whakaritenga maha-tau.
12. He aha te hekenga me te pikinga o te awa?
Ko te rerekētanga teitei i waenga i ngā mata wai o ngā wāhanga e rua o te awa e whakamahia ana ka kiia ko te maturuturunga iho; ko te rerekētanga teitei i waenga i ngā mata wai o ngā wāhanga e rua o te pūtake awa me te wahapū ka kiia ko te maturuturunga iho katoa. Ko te maturuturunga iho mō ia wae roa ka kiia ko te pari.
13. He aha te nui o te ua, te roa o te ua, te kaha o te ua, te rohe ua, me te pokapū ua?
Ko te ua ko te nui katoa o te wai e taka ana ki tētahi wāhi, ki tētahi wāhi rānei i roto i tētahi wā, e whakaaturia ana i roto i ngā mirimita. Ko te roa o te ua e pā ana ki te roa o te ua. Ko te kaha o te ua e pā ana ki te nui o te ua mō ia wāhanga, e whakaaturia ana i roto i ngā mirimita ia hāora. Ko te horahanga ua e pā ana ki te wāhi whakapae kua taupokina e te ua, e whakaaturia ana i roto i ngā km2. Ko te pokapū ua e pā ana ki tētahi wāhi iti kei reira te ua e kukū ana.
14. He aha te utu whakamana hoahoa mō ngā teihana hiko wai? He utu whakamana ā-tau?
Ko te reiti whakamana hoahoa o tētahi teihana hiko wai e pā ana ki te ōrau o te maha o ngā hāora mahi noa i roto i ngā tau maha o te mahi, ki te whakataurite ki te tapeke o ngā hāora mahi; ko te reiti whakamana ā-tau e pā ana ki te ōrau o ngā tau o te mahi whakaputa hiko noa i roto i te tapeke o ngā tau o te mahi.
He aha te kaupapa o te whakarite i tētahi pukapuka mahi hoahoa?
Ko te kaupapa o te whakarite i tētahi pukapuka mahi hoahoa mō ngā teihana hiko wai iti, he whakatau i te kaupapa hanga taketake, ā, hei pūtake hoki mō te whakarite i ngā tuhinga hoahoa tuatahi. Ko tētahi o ngā tikanga hanga taketake, ā, ko tētahi hoki o ngā huarahi mā ngā mana whai mana ki te whakahaere i ngā ture ōhanga whānui.
He aha te kaupapa matua o te pukapuka mahi hoahoa?
E waru ngā āhuatanga matua o te pukapuka mahi hoahoa:
Me whakauru ngā ihirangi katoa o te whakamahere rohe wai me te pūrongo rangahau whaihua. He rite tonu ki te hoahoa tuatahi, engari he rerekētanga noa iho i te hohonutanga o te raruraru rangahau.
Mā te tātari me te whakaahua i ngā āhuatanga hangarau whenua me te wai whenua o ngā wāhi hanga i roto i te rohe wai, ka taea te whakahaere i tētahi kohinga mapi o te 1/500000 (1/200000, 1/100000 rānei), me te iti noa o ngā mahi tūhura whenua. Whakamāramahia ngā āhuatanga whenua, te hohonutanga o te toka papa e wātea ana, te hohonutanga o te paparanga taupoki o te awa, me ngā take whenua nui i roto i te rohe hoahoa kua tohua.
Kohia ngā raraunga wai, tātarihia, tatauhia, kātahi ka tīpako i ngā tawhā wai matua.
Mahi ine. Kohia he mahere whenua 1/50000 me 1/10000 o te rohe hanga; he mahere whenua 1/1000 ki te 1/500 o te rohe wheketere i te papa hanga.
Whakahaerehia ngā tātaitanga whakahaere wai me te rerenga wai. Te whiriwhiri me te tātaitanga o ngā taumata me ngā pikinga wai rerekē; Ngā tātaitanga taurite hiko me te pūngao mō te wā poto me te wā roa; Te whiriwhiringa tuatahi o te kaha kua tāutahia, te tauira waeine, me ngā waea hiko matua.
Whakatauritehia me te tīpako i ngā momo hanganga waipēhi me ngā tahora pokapū, me te whakahaere i ngā tātaitanga waipēhi, hanganga me te pumau, tae atu ki ngā tātaitanga rahinga hangarau.
Te tātari aromatawai ōhanga, te whakaaturanga i te hiranga me te aromatawai i te whaitake ōhanga o te hanganga hangarau.
Aromatawai pānga taiao, whakatau tata haumitanga hangarau, me te mahere whakatinanatanga hangarau o te kaupapa.
17. He aha te whakatau tata haumi hangarau? Te whakatau tata haumi hangarau me te matapae hangarau?
He tuhinga hangarau, he tuhinga ōhanga hoki te whakatau tata hangarau e whakarite ana i ngā pūtea hanga katoa e hiahiatia ana mō tētahi kaupapa i roto i te āhua moni. He wāhanga nui te whakatau tata hoahoa tuatahi o te tuhinga hoahoa tuatahi, ā, koia te pūtake matua mō te aromatawai i te whai take ōhanga. E mōhiotia ana te tahua katoa kua whakaaetia e te kāwanatanga hei tohu nui mō te haumitanga hanga taketake, ā, koinei anō hoki te pūtake mō te whakarite i ngā mahere hanga taketake me ngā hoahoa tuku tono. Ko te whakatau tata haumi hangarau te moni haumi i mahia i te wā o te rangahau whaihua. Ko te tahua hangarau te nui o te haumi i mahia i te wā o te hanganga.
He aha i hiahia ai tātou ki te whakarite i tētahi hoahoa mō tētahi whakahaere hanga?
Ko te hoahoa whakahaere hangahanga tētahi o ngā pūtake matua mō te whakarite i ngā whakatau tata hangarau. Ko te mahi tino taketake ko te tatau i ngā utu waeine i runga i ngā āhuatanga rerekē pēnei i te tikanga hanga kua whakatauhia, te tawhiti kawe, me te mahere hanga, me te hanga i tētahi ripanga whakatau tata hangarau waeine.
19. He aha te kaupapa matua o te hoahoa o te whakahaere hanga?
Ko ngā kaupapa matua o te hoahoa o te whakahaere hanga ko te tahora hanga whānui, te ahunga whakamua o te hanga, te whakararu i te hanga, te mahere ārai, te kawe i waho, ngā puna rauemi hanga, te mahere hanga me ngā tikanga hanga, me ētahi atu.
E hia ngā wāhanga hoahoa kei roto i ngā kaupapa hanga taketake mō te tiaki wai me te hiko wai i tēnei wā?
E ai ki ngā whakaritenga a te Manatū Rauemi Wai, me whai mahere rohe wai; tono kaupapa; rangahau whaihua; hoahoa tuatahi; hoahoa tuku tono; e ono ngā wāhanga tae atu ki te hoahoa tuhi hanga.
21. He aha ngā tohu ōhanga matua o ngā teihana hiko wai?
Ko te haumitanga o te wae kirowati ko te haumitanga e hiahiatia ana mō ia kirowati o te kaha kua tāutahia.
Ko te haumitanga hiko kotahi e pā ana ki te haumitanga e hiahiatia ana mō ia kilowatt-haora o te hiko.
Ko te utu hiko ko te utu e utua ana mō ia kilowatt-haora o te hiko.
Ko ngā hāora whakamahinga ā-tau o te kaha kua tāutahia he mehua o te nui o te whakamahinga o ngā taputapu o ngā teihana hiko wai.
Ko te utu o te hiko ko te utu mō ia kilowatt-haora o te hiko e hokona ana ki te whatunga hiko.
Me pēhea te tatau i ngā tohu ōhanga matua o ngā teihana hiko wai?
Ko ngā tohu ōhanga matua o ngā teihana hiko wai ka tatauhia mā te whakamahi i te tātai e whai ake nei:
Te haumitanga o te wae kirowati = te haumitanga katoa ki te hanganga o te teihana hiko wai / te tapeke o te kaha tāuta o te teihana hiko wai
Te haumitanga hiko kotahi=te haumitanga katoa ki te hanganga o ngā teihana hiko wai/te whakaputanga hiko toharite ā-tau o ngā teihana hiko wai
Ngā hāora whakamahinga ā-tau o te kaha kua tāutahia=te toharite whakaputa hiko ā-tau/te katoa o te kaha kua tāutahia
Wā tuku: Pipiri-24-2024
