Ko te wai te tūāpapa o te oranga, te mauri o te whanaketanga, me te pūtake o te ao whānui. He nui ngā rauemi hiko wai o Haina, ko ia te tuatahi o te ao i runga i ngā rauemi katoa. I te mutunga o Hune 2022, kua eke te kaha tāuta o te hiko wai tikanga i Haina ki te 358 miriona kirowati. I roto i te pūrongo a te 20 o ngā Huihuinga ā-Motu o te Rōpū Kōmiuniti o Haina, i tohua ngā whakaritenga o te "whakarite i te whanaketanga hiko wai me te tiaki taiao" me te "whakapakari i te tiaki taiao taiao i ngā āhuatanga katoa, ngā rohe, me ngā tukanga", i tohua ai te huarahi mō te whanaketanga me te whanaketanga o te hiko wai. E matapakihia ana e te kaituhi te tauira hou o te whanaketanga hiko wai mai i te tirohanga a te hanganga o te ao whānui.
Te hiahiatanga o te whakawhanaketanga hiko wai
He nui ngā rauemi hiko wai o Haina, me te kaha whakawhanake hangarau o te 687 miriona kirowati me te toharite o te whakaputa hiko ā-tau o te 3 trillion kirowati hāora, koia te tuatahi o te ao. Ko ngā āhuatanga matua o te hiko wai ko te whakahou me te horoi. I kī te tohunga hiko wai rongonui a Pan Jiazheng, "I te mea kāore te rā e tineia, ka taea te whānau anō i ia tau." Ko te horoi o te hiko wai e whakaatuhia ana i roto i te meka kāore e whakaputa hau putanga, para, wai para rānei, ā, tata kore e tukuna he hauhā waro, he whakaae whānui tēnei i roto i te ao whānui. Ko te Agenda 21 i whakaaetia i te hui nui o Rio de Janeiro i te tau 1992 me te tuhinga mō te whanaketanga tauwhiro i whakaaetia i te hui nui o Johannesburg i te tau 2002 e whakauru ana i te hiko wai hei puna hiko whakahou. I te tau 2018, i rangahau te International Hydroelectric Association (IHA) i te tapuwae hau kati kōtuhi o tata ki te 500 ngā puna wai puta noa i te ao, ā, i kitea ko te tukunga hauhā waro ia kirowati hāora o te hiko mai i te hiko wai puta noa i tōna huringa ora he 18 karamu noa iho, he iti iho i ērā mai i te hau me te whakaputa hiko photovoltaic. Hei tāpiritanga, ko te hiko wai te pūtake pūngao whakahou roa rawa atu, ā, ko te hokinga mai nui rawa atu i runga i te haumitanga. Neke atu i te 150 tau te teihana hiko wai tuatahi o te ao e mahi ana, ā, ko te teihana hiko wai tuatahi i hangaia i Shilongba i Haina kua mahi mō te 110 tau hoki. Mai i te tirohanga o te hokinga mai o te haumitanga, ko te reiti hokinga mai o te haumitanga o te hiko wai i roto i tōna roanga mahi hangarau he teitei ki te 168%. Nā tēnei, ko ngā whenua whakawhanake o te ao e whakatairanga ana i te whanaketanga o te hiko wai. Ko te whanaketanga o te ōhanga, ko te teitei ake o te taumata whanaketanga rauemi hiko wai, ā, ko te pai ake o te taiao taiao i roto i te whenua.
Hei aro atu ki te huringa āhuarangi o te ao, kua whakaarohia e ngā whenua nui o te ao he mahere mahi mō te kore waro. Ko te huarahi whakatinanatanga whānui ko te whakawhanake kaha i ngā puna hiko hou pēnei i te hau me te hiko o te rā, engari ko te whakaurunga o ngā puna hiko hou, ko te hau me te hiko o te rā te nuinga, ki roto i te whatunga hiko ka pā ki te mahi pumau o te pūnaha hiko nā te mea he pōturi, he wā poto, me te koretake. Hei pūtake hiko matua, he painga ngā painga o te hiko wai mā te whakahaere ngāwari i ngā "kaiwhakahaere hiko". Kua nekehia e ētahi whenua te mahi a te hiko wai. Ka tautuhia e Ahitereiria te hiko wai hei pou mō ngā pūnaha hiko pono ā muri ake nei; Ka whakaarohia e te United States he mahere whakatenatena whanaketanga hiko wai; Ko Switzerland, ko Norway, me ētahi atu whenua he tino tiketike ngā taumata whanaketanga hiko wai, nā te kore o ngā rauemi hou hei whakawhanake, ko te mahi noa ko te whakaara i ngā tāke tawhito, te whakanui ake i te kaha, me te whakawhānui i te kaha kua tāutahia. Ka tāutahia hoki e ētahi teihana hiko wai ngā waeine hurihuri, ka hurihia rānei hei waeine hurihuri tere rerekē, me te whakapau kaha ki te whakamahi i te hiko wai hei whakatairanga i te whakaurunga me te whakamahinga o te kaha hou ki roto i te whatunga.
Ko te ao tūroa te kaiārahi i te whanaketanga kounga teitei o te hiko wai
Kāore he ruarua mō te whanaketanga pūtaiao o te hiko wai, ā, ko te take matua ko te pēhea te whakapai ake i te whanaketanga o te hiko wai e toe ana.
Ahakoa te whanaketanga me te whakamahinga o tētahi rauemi, ka puta pea ngā raruraru taiao, engari he rerekē ngā āhuatanga me ngā taumata pānga. Hei tauira, me aro atu te mana karihi ki te take o ngā para karihi; he iti noa te pānga o te whanaketanga o te mana hau ki te taiao taiao, engari ki te whakawhanakehia i runga i te tauine nui, ka rerekē te āhuarangi o ngā rohe, ka pā ki te taiao āhuarangi me te hekenga o ngā manu heke.
Kei te kitea ngā pānga ā-taiao me te taiao o te whanaketanga hiko wai, ā, he pānga pai, he pānga kino hoki; ko ētahi pānga he mārama, ko ētahi he huna, ko ētahi he wā poto, ko ētahi he wā roa. Kāore e taea e tātou te whakanui rawa i ngā pānga kino o te whanaketanga hiko wai, kāore hoki e taea e tātou te wareware i ngā hua ka puta mai. Me whakahaere e tātou te aroturukitanga taiao taiao, te tātari whakatairite, te rangahau pūtaiao, te tautohetohe whānui, me te mahi i ngā mahi hei whakautu tika me te whakaiti i ngā pānga kino ki tētahi taumata e whakaaetia ana. He aha te momo tauine ā-wāhi me te wā me whakamahi hei aromatawai i te pānga o te whanaketanga hiko wai ki te taiao taiao i tēnei wā hou, ā, me pēhea te whakawhanaketanga pūtaiao me te whai tikanga o ngā rauemi hiko wai? Koinei te pātai matua me whakautu.
Kua whakamāramahia e te hītori o te whanaketanga hiko wai o te ao, kua puta mai ngā painga whānui o te whanaketanga awa i ngā whenua whakawhanake i roto i ngā whenua whakawhanake, arā, ngā painga ōhanga, pāpori, me te taiao. Ko ngā pūtake hiko wai ma o Haina – te Awa o Lancang, te Awa o Hongshui, te Awa o Jinsha, te Awa o Yalong, te Awa o Dadu, te Awa o Wujiang, te Awa o Qingjiang, te Awa o Kōwhai, me ētahi atu – kua whakatinanahia e rātou ngā mahi tiaki me te whakaora taiao, ā, kua whakaitihia te pānga o ngā kaupapa hiko wai ki te taiao taiao. Mā te hohonu haere o ngā ariā taiao, ka kaha ake te pakari o ngā ture me ngā ture e tika ana i Haina, ka nui ake te pūtaiao me te whānui o ngā mahi whakahaere, ā, ka haere tonu te ahunga whakamua o te hangarau tiaki taiao.
Mai i te rautau 21, kua whakatinanahia katoatia e te whanaketanga hiko wai ngā ariā hou, kua whai i ngā whakaritenga hou o te "rārangi whero tiaki taiao, te hua o te kounga taiao, te whakamahinga rauemi ipurangi, me te rārangi urunga taiao kino", ā, kua tutuki hoki ngā whakaritenga o te tiakitanga i roto i te whanaketanga me te whanaketanga i roto i te tiakitanga. He pono te whakatinanatanga o te ariā o te ao taiao me te ārahi i te whanaketanga me te whakamahinga kounga teitei o te hiko wai.
He Āwhina te Whakawhanaketanga Pūngao Wai i te Hanganga o te Ao Taiao
Ko ngā pānga kino o te whakawhanaketanga o te hiko wai ki te rauropi o ngā awa e whakaatahia ana i roto i ngā āhuatanga e rua: ko te paru tētahi, arā, ko te kohikohinga o ngā puna wai; ko tētahi atu ko ngā momo ika wai, inā koa ko ngā momo ika onge.
Mō ngā take paru, me tino tupato i te hanganga o ngā tāke me ngā puna wai i roto i ngā awa he nui te paru. Me mahi ngā mahi maha hei whakaiti i te paru e tomo ana ki te puna wai, hei whakaroa hoki i tōna roanga o te ora. Hei tauira, mā te mahi pai ki te tiaki i te oneone me te wai i te taha whakarunga, ka taea e ngā puna wai te whakaiti i te paru me te horo o te awa i raro i te wai mā te whakarite pūtaiao, te whakahaere i te wai me te paru, te rokiroki me te tukunga paru, me ngā mahi maha. Mena kāore e taea te whakatau i te raruraru paru, kaua e hangaia he puna wai. Mai i ngā teihana hiko e hangaia ana i tēnei wā, ka kitea ko te raruraru paru whānui i roto i te puna wai ka taea te whakatau mā roto i ngā mahi hangarau me ngā mahi kore-hangarau.
Mō ngā take tiaki momo, inā koa ngā momo onge, ko te whanaketanga o te hiko wai te mea tino pāngia e te whanaketanga o te hiko wai. Ka taea te heke me te tiaki i ngā momo whenua pēnei i ngā tipu onge; ko ētahi he whanonga heke o ngā momo wai, pēnei i ngā ika. Ko te hanganga o ngā tāhuna me ngā puna wai ka aukati i ō rātou awa heke, ka ngaro pea ngā momo, ka pā rānei ki te kanorau koiora. Me rerekē te whakahaere i tēnei i runga i te āhuatanga motuhake. Ko ētahi momo noa, pēnei i ngā ika noa, ka taea te utu mā te whakatipu. Me tiaki ngā momo tino onge mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga motuhake. I te tirohanga whānui, kei te tūpono ētahi momo wai onge ki ngā āhuatanga mōrearea, ā, ehara te hiko wai i te take matua, engari ko te hua o te hī ika roa, te hekenga o te kounga o te wai, me te hekenga o te taiao wai i roto i te hītori. Mena ka heke te maha o ngā momo ki tētahi taumata, ā, kāore e taea te whakaputa uri, ka ngaro haere tonu. Me whakahaere rangahau me te whakamahi i ngā tikanga rerekē pēnei i te whakaputa uri horihori me te tuku hei whakaora i ngā momo onge.
Me whakanui rawa te pānga o te hiko wai ki te taiao, ā, me mahi i ngā mahi kia taea ai te whakakore i ngā pānga kino. Me aro atu tātou ki tēnei take me te mārama hoki ki te pūnaha, ki te hītori, ki te tika, me te whai whakaaro. Ko te whanaketanga pūtaiao o te hiko wai ehara i te mea ka tiaki noa i te haumaru o ngā awa, engari ka whai wāhi hoki ki te hanganga o te ao taiao.
Te Kaupapa Matua Taiao e Whakatutuki ana i tētahi Tauira Hou mō te Whakawhanaketanga Hiko Wai
Mai i te 18 o ngā Huihuinga ā-Motu o te Rōpū Kōmiuniti o Haina, kua piri te umanga hiko wai ki te ariā o te "aroaro ki te tangata, te kaupapa matua mō te taiao, me te whanaketanga matomato", ā, kua āta hanga he tauira hou mō te whanaketanga taiao o te hiko wai. E ai ki te kōrero i mua ake nei, i roto i te tukanga o te whakamahere hangarau, te hoahoa, te hanga, me te whakahaere, ko te whakahaere rangahau, te hoahoa kaupapa, me te whakatinanatanga o te mahere mō te tukunga rere taiao, te whakaritenga taiao, te tiaki i ngā nohoanga ika, te whakaora hononga awa, me te tipu me te tukunga ika ka taea te whakaiti i te pānga o te whanaketanga, te hanga, me te whakahaere hiko wai ki ngā nohoanga wai o ngā awa. Mō ngā tāke teitei me ngā puna wai nui, ki te mea he raruraru o te tukunga wai pāmahana iti, ka whakamahia ngā tikanga hangarau hanganga whakauru wai paparanga hei whakaoti. Hei tauira, ko ngā tāke teitei me ngā puna wai nui pēnei i a Jinping Taumata 1, Nuozhadu, me Huangdeng kua whiriwhiri katoa ki te tango i ngā tikanga pēnei i ngā tatau kurupae whakarārangi, ngā pakitara pupuri o mua, me ngā pakitara ārai ārai wai hei whakaiti i te wai pāmahana iti. Kua noho ēnei tikanga hei mahi ahumahi, hei hanga paerewa ahumahi me ngā whakaritenga hangarau.
He momo ika heke i roto i ngā awa, ā, ko ngā tikanga pēnei i ngā pūnaha kawe ika, ngā ara hī ika, me ngā "ara hī ika+ara hī ika" he mahi noa anō hoki mō ngā ika e haere ana. Kua tino pai te whakatinanatanga o te ara hī ika o te teihana hiko wai o Zangmu i roto i ngā tau maha o te aroturuki me te aromatawai. Ehara i te mea ko ngā kaupapa hanga hou anake, engari ko te whakahoutanga o ētahi kaupapa tawhito, me te tāpiri i ngā wāhi haere ika. Nā te kaupapa hanga anō o te Teihana Hiko Wai o Fengman kua tāpirihia ngā mahanga ika, ngā wāhi kohikohi ika, me ngā ara hī ika, ka huaki te awa o Songhua e aukati ana i te hekenga ika.
Mō te hangarau whakatipu me te tuku ika, kua whakatūria he pūnaha hangarau mō te whakamahere, te hoahoa, te hanga, te whakaputa me te whakahaere i ngā taputapu me ngā whare, tae atu ki te aroturuki me te aromatawai i te pānga tukunga o ngā teihana whakatipu me te tuku ika. Kua tino ahu whakamua hoki ngā hangarau tiaki me te whakaora i ngā nohoanga ika. I tēnei wā, kua mahia ngā mahi tiaki me te whakaora taiao whai hua i roto i ngā pūtake hiko wai nui o te awa. Hei tāpiri, kua tutuki te aromatawai tauanga o te tiaki me te whakaora taiao taiao mā te whakatauira i ngā tauira pai mō te taiao taiao i mua atu me muri i te kino o te nohoanga. Mai i te tau 2012 ki te 2016, i haere tonu te Teihana Hiko Wai o Three Gorges ki te whakahaere i ngā whakamātautau whakaritenga taiao hei whakatairanga i te whakatipu i "ngā ika rongonui e whā o te kāinga". Mai i taua wā, kua whakatinanahia te tuku taiao tahi o Xiluodu, Xiangjiaba, me te Teihana Hiko Wai o Three Gorges i te wā kotahi i ia tau. I roto i ngā tau o te whakahaere tonu i te taiao me te tiaki i ngā rauemi hī ika, kua piki haere te nui o ngā hua o "ngā ika rongonui e whā o te kāinga" i ia tau, ā, kua piki ake te nui o ngā hua o "ngā ika rongonui e whā o te kāinga" i te wāhanga o te awa o Yidu i te awaawa o Gezhouba mai i te 25 miriona i te tau 2012 ki te 3 piriona i te tau 2019.
Kua whakamātauhia e ngā mahi kua hangaia e ngā tikanga me ngā mahi pūnaha o runga ake nei tētahi tauira hou mō te whanaketanga ā-taiao o te hiko wai i roto i te ao hou. E kore e taea e te whanaketanga ā-taiao o te hiko wai te whakaiti, te whakakore rānei i ngā pānga kino ki te taiao ā-taiao o ngā awa, engari ka pai ake hoki te whakatairanga i te tiaki taiao mā te whanaketanga ā-taiao pai o te hiko wai. He pai ake te taiao whenua o te rohe puna wai o nāianei i ērā atu rohe o te rohe. Ehara i te mea he wāhi rongonui ngā teihana hiko pēnei i a Ertan me Longyangxia, engari he mea tiaki me te whakaora anō hoki nā te whakapainga o te āhuarangi o te rohe, te tipu o ngā tipu, te roa ake o ngā mekameka koiora, me te kanorau koiora.
He whāinga hou te ao tūroa mō te whanaketanga o te hapori tangata i muri i te ao ahumahi. Ko te hanganga o te ao tūroa e pā ana ki te oranga o te tangata me te heke mai o te motu. I te aroaro o te āhuatanga kino o te whakawhāiti i ngā here rauemi, te parahanga nui o te taiao, me te hekenga o te rauropi, me whakatū e tātou te ariā o te ao tūroa e whakaute ana, e whai ana, e tiaki ana hoki i te taiao.
I tēnei wā, kei te whakawhānui ake te whenua i ngā haumitanga whai hua, me te whakateretere i te hanganga o ngā kaupapa nui. Ka whakanui ake te maha o ngā kaupapa hiko wai i te kaha o ā rātou mahi, ka whakateretere i te ahunga whakamua o te mahi, ā, ka whai kia tutuki ngā whakaritenga mō te whakaaetanga me te tīmatanga i te wā o te Mahere Tau Rima 14. Ko te Mahere Tau Rima 14 mō te Whakawhanaketanga Ōhanga me te Hapori ā-Motu o te Repupiripia o te Iwi o Haina me te Whakatakotoranga o ngā Whāinga Matakite mō te tau 2035 e whakaatu mārama ana kia whakatinanahia ngā kaupapa nui pēnei i te Rerewē Tibet o Sichuan, te awa moana whenua hou i te hauauru, te whatunga wai ā-motu, me te whanaketanga hiko wai i ngā pito whakararo o te awa o Yarlung Zangbo, e whakatairanga ana i ngā whare rangahau pūtaiao nui, te tiaki me te whakaora rauropi nui, te tautoko hauora tūmatanui, te hurihanga wai nui, te whakahaere waipuke me te whakaiti i ngā āhuatanga kino, te tuku hiko me te hau. He maha ngā kaupapa nui he turanga pakari, he mahi tāpiri, me ngā painga roa, pēnei i te kawe waka i te rohe, i te awa, me te takutai moana. E mōhio ana mātou me hiahia te whakawhiti hiko wai ki te whakawhiti pūngao, ā, me whakarite hoki te whanaketanga hiko wai i te haumaru taiao. Mā te aro nui ki te tiaki i te taiao ka taea ai te whakatutuki i te whanaketanga kounga teitei o te hiko wai, ā, mā te whanaketanga me te whakamahinga o te hiko wai ka taea te whai wāhi ki te hanganga o te ao taiao.
Mā te tauira hou o te whanaketanga hiko wai ka whakatairanga ake i te whanaketanga kounga teitei o te hiko wai i roto i te ao hou. Mā te whanaketanga hiko wai, ka akiakihia e mātou te whanaketanga nui o te hiko hou, ka tere ake te tere o te whakawhiti hiko o Haina, ka hanga he pūnaha hiko hou ma, iti-waro, haumaru me te whai hua, ka piki haere te ōwehenga o te hiko hou i roto i te pūnaha hiko hou, ka hanga he Haina ataahua, ā, ka takoha i te kaha o ngā kaimahi hiko wai.
Wā tuku: Hakihea-15-2023
