Whakarāpopototanga
Ko te hiko wai he tikanga whakaputa hiko e whakamahi ana i te kaha pūmanawa o te wai hei huri hei kaha hiko. Ko tōna kaupapa matua he whakamahi i te hekenga o te taumata wai (kaha pūmanawa) hei rere i raro i te mahi a te kaha ā-papa (kaha nekeneke), pērā i te arahi i te wai mai i ngā puna wai teitei pērā i ngā awa, i ngā puna wai rānei ki ngā taumata iti. Mā te wai e rere ana ka huri te tāpine, ka akiaki i te miihini whakaputa hiko hei whakaputa hiko. Ko te wai taumata teitei e ahu mai ana i te wera o te rā, ā, ka mimiti i te wai taumata iti, nō reira ka taea te kī he whakamahi ā-kore i te kaha o te rā. Nā tōna hangarau pakari, koinei te kaha whakahou e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te hapori tangata i tēnei wā.
E ai ki te whakamāramatanga a te International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) mō te tāpua nui, ko te tāpua he tāpua he teitei neke atu i te 15 mita (mai i te pito raro rawa o te turanga ki te tihi o te tāpua) he tāpua rānei he teitei i waenga i te 10 me te 15 mita, e tutuki ana i te iti rawa tētahi o ngā whakaritenga e whai ake nei:
Kaua te roa o te tihi o te tāhuna e iti iho i te 500 mita;
Kaua te kaha o te puna wai i hangaia e te tāhuna e iti iho i te 1 miriona mita pūtoru;
⑶ Kaua te rerenga waipuke nui rawa e whakahaerea e te tāhuna e iti iho i te 2000 mita pūtoru ia hekona;
He tino uaua te raruraru o te turanga o te tāpae wai;
He tino mīharo te hoahoa o tēnei tāhuna.
E ai ki te pūrongo BP2021, ko te hiko wai o te ao i ahu mai i te 4296.8/26823.2=16.0% o te whakaputa hiko o te ao i te tau 2020, he iti iho i te whakaputa hiko waro (35.1%) me te whakaputa hiko hau (23.4%), ā, ko te tuatoru tēnei o te ao.
I te tau 2020, ko te whakaputanga hiko wai te mea nui rawa atu i Āhia ki te Rawhiti me te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa, e 1643/4370=37.6% o te tapeke o te ao.
Ko Haina te whenua kei a ia te mana whakaputa hiko wai teitei rawa atu o te ao, ā, whai muri ko Brazil, te Hononga o Amerika, me Rūhia. I te tau 2020, ko te mana whakaputa hiko wai o Haina te 1322.0/7779.1=17.0% o te katoa o te mana whakaputa hiko o Haina.
Ahakoa ko Haina te tuatahi o te ao mō te whakaputa hiko wai, kāore i te teitei i roto i te hanganga whakaputa hiko o te whenua. Ko ngā whenua i nui rawa te ōwehenga o te whakaputa hiko wai i roto i ā rātou whakaputa hiko katoa i te tau 2020 ko Brazil (396.8/620.1=64.0%) me Kanata (384.7/643.9=60.0%).
I te tau 2020, ko te nuinga o ngā whakaputanga hiko o Haina he waro (63.2%), ā, whai muri ko te hiko wai (17.0%), ko te 1322.0/4296.8=30.8% o te katoa o ngā whakaputanga hiko wai o te ao. Ahakoa ko Haina te tuatahi o te ao mō te whakaputanga hiko wai, kāore anō kia eke ki tōna taumata tiketike. E ai ki te pūrongo a te World Energy Resources 2016 i tukuna e te World Energy Council, 47% o ngā rauemi hiko wai o Haina kāore anō kia whakawhanakehia.
Te Whakataurite i te Hanganga Hiko i waenga i ngā Whenua Whakaputa Hiko Wai e 4 o Runga i te Tau 2020
Mai i te ripanga, ka kitea ko te hiko wai o Haina e 1322.0/4296.8=30.8% o te katoa o ngā whakaputa hiko wai o te ao, koia te tuatahi o te ao. Heoi, ko tōna ōwehenga ki te katoa o ngā whakaputa hiko o Haina (17%) he paku teitei ake i te toharite o te ao (16%).
E whā ngā momo whakaputa hiko wai: te whakaputa hiko wai momo tāpae, te whakaputa hiko wai rokiroki papu, te whakaputa hiko wai momo awa, me te whakaputa hiko tai.
Te whakaputa hiko wai momo tāpae
Te mana wai momo tāpae, e mōhiotia ana ko te mana wai momo puna wai. Ka hangaia he puna wai mā te penapena wai i roto i ngā pareparenga, ā, ko tōna mana whakaputa mōrahi ka whakatauhia e te rerekētanga i waenga i te rōrahi o te puna wai, te tūnga putanga, me te teitei o te mata o te wai. Ka kiia tēnei rerekētanga teitei ko te upoko, e mōhiotia ana ko te upoko, te upoko rānei, ā, he rite tonu te kaha pūmanawa o te wai ki te upoko.
I waenganui o te tekau tau atu i 1970, i whakaputa te miihini Wīwī a Bernard Forest de Bé Lidor i te pukapuka "Building Hydraulics", i whakaahua i ngā mīhini pēhi waipēhi poutū me te whakapae. I te tau 1771, i whakakotahi a Richard Arkwright i te waipēhi, te anga wai, me te whakaputa tonu hei mahi nui i roto i te hoahoanga. Whakawhanakehia he pūnaha wheketere me te whakamahi i ngā tikanga mahi hou. I te tekau tau atu i 1840, i whakawhanakehia he whatunga hiko wai hei whakaputa hiko me te tuku atu ki ngā kaiwhakamahi mutunga. I te mutunga o te rautau 19, kua whakawhanakehia ngā miihini whakaputa hiko, ā, ka taea te hono atu ki ngā pūnaha waipēhi.
Ko te kaupapa hiko wai tuatahi o te ao ko te Cragside Country Hotel i Northumberland, Ingarangi i te tau 1878, i whakamahia mō ngā kaupapa rama. E whā tau i muri mai, ka whakatuwheratia te teihana hiko tūmataiti tuatahi i Wisconsin, USA, ā, i muri mai ka whakahaerehia ngā rau o ngā teihana hiko wai hei whakarato rama ā-rohe.
Ko te Teihana Hiko Wai o Shilongba te teihana hiko wai tuatahi i Haina, kei te taha o te awa o Tanglang i waho o te Tāone o Kunming, Porowini o Yunnan. I tīmata te hanganga i te marama o Hūrae 1910 (tau o Gengxu) ā, i whakaputaina te hiko i te 28 o Mei, 1912. Ko te kaha tāuta tuatahi ko 480 kW. I te 25 o Mei, 2006, i whakaaetia te Teihana Hiko Wai o Shilongba e te Kaunihera ā-Motu kia whakaurua ki te ono o ngā wāhanga tiaki taonga ahurea matua o te motu.
E ai ki te pūrongo a REN21 i te tau 2021, ko te kaha tāuta o te hiko wai i te tau 2020 he 1170GW, ā, kua piki ake a Haina mā te 12.6GW, ko te 28% tēnei o te tapeke o te ao, he teitei ake i a Brazil (9%), te Hononga o Amerika (7%), me Kanata (9.0%).
E ai ki ngā tatauranga a BP mō te tau 2021, ko te nui o te whakaputanga hiko wai o te ao i te tau 2020 he 4296.8 TWh, ā, ko te nui o te whakaputanga hiko wai o Haina he 1322.0 TWh, e 30.1% o te tapeke o te ao.
Ko te whakaputa hiko wai tētahi o ngā pūtake matua o te whakaputa hiko o te ao, ā, koia hoki te pūtake pūngao matua mō te whakaputa hiko hou. E ai ki ngā tatauranga a BP mō te tau 2021, ko te whakaputa hiko o te ao i te tau 2020 he 26823.2 TWh, ā, ko te whakaputa hiko wai he 4222.2 TWh, arā, 4222.2/26823.2=15.7% o te whakaputa hiko katoa o te ao.
Nō te International Commission on Dams (ICOLD) ēnei raraunga. E ai ki te rēhitatanga i te marama o Āperira 2020, e 58713 ngā tāke puta noa i te ao i tēnei wā, ā, ko Haina te 23841/58713=40.6% o te tapeke o te ao.
E ai ki ngā tatauranga a BP mō te tau 2021, i te tau 2020, ko te hiko wai o Haina te 1322.0/2236.7=59% o te hiko pūngao whakahou o Haina, ā, koinei te tūranga matua i roto i te whakaputa hiko pūngao whakahou.
E ai ki te International Hydropower Association (iha) [2021 Hydropower Status Report], i te tau 2020, ka eke te katoa o ngā whakaputanga hiko wai o te ao ki te 4370TWh, ā, ko Haina (31% o te tapeke o te ao), ko Brazil (9.4%), ko Kanata (8.8%), ko te Hononga o Amerika (6.7%), ko Rūhia (4.5%), ko Īnia (3.5%), ko Nōwei (3.2%), ko Türkiye (1.8%), ko Hapani (2.0%), ko Wīwī (1.5%) me ērā atu anō hoki te hunga ka whakaputa hiko wai nui rawa atu.
I te tau 2020, ko Āhia ki te Rawhiti me te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa te rohe i nui rawa te whakaputa hiko wai i te ao, e 1643/4370=37.6% o te tapeke o te ao; i roto i a rātou, ko Haina te mea tino rongonui, e 31% o te tapeke o te ao, e 1355.20/1643=82.5% i tēnei rohe.
Ko te nui o te whakaputa hiko wai e rite ana ki te katoa o te kaha kua tāutahia me te kaha kua tāutahia o te rokiroki papu. Ko Haina te kaha whakaputa hiko wai nui rawa atu o te ao, ā, ko te tikanga, ko tōna kaha kua tāutahia me te kaha rokiroki papu hoki te tuatahi o te ao. E ai ki te Pūrongo Tūnga Hiko Wai o te International Hydroelectric Association (iha) 2021, ko te kaha kua tāutahia o Haina mō te hiko wai (tae atu ki te rokiroki papu) i eke ki te 370160MW i te tau 2020, ko te 370160/1330106=27.8% o te tapeke o te ao, ko te tuatahi o te ao.
Ko te Teihana Hiko Wai o Three Gorges, te teihana hiko wai nui rawa atu o te ao, kei a ia te kaha whakaputa hiko wai nui rawa atu i Haina. E whakamahi ana te Teihana Hiko Wai o Three Gorges i ngā tāpine Francis e 32, ia tāpine he 700MW, me ngā tāpine e rua he 50MW, me te kaha tāuta o te 22500MW me te teitei o te tāpua he 181m. Ko te kaha whakaputa hiko i te tau 2020 ka 111.8 TWh, ā, ko te utu hanga he ¥ 203 piriona. Ka oti i te tau 2008.
E whā ngā teihana hiko wai o te ao kua hangaia ki te wāhanga o te awa o Jinsha o te awa o Yangtze i Sichuan: Xiangjiaba, Xiluodu, Baihetan, me Wudongde. Ko te kaha katoa o ēnei teihana hiko wai e whā ko 46508MW, arā, 46508/22500=2.07 ngā wā o te kaha o te Teihana Hiko Wai o Three Gorges o 22500MW. Ko tana whakaputa hiko ā-tau ko 185.05/101.6=1.82 ngā wā. Ko Baihetan te tuarua o ngā teihana hiko wai nui rawa atu i Haina i muri i te teihana hiko wai o Three Gorges.
I tēnei wā, ko te Teihana Hiko Wai o Three Gorges i Haina te tipu hiko nui rawa atu o te ao. I roto i ngā teihana hiko wai nui rawa atu e 12 o te ao, e ono ngā tūru o Haina. Ko te Pā o Itaipu, kua roa nei e tuarua ana i te ao, kua panaia ki te tuatoru e te Pā o Baihetan i Haina.
Ko te teihana hiko wai nui rawa atu o te ao i te tau 2021
E 198 ngā teihana hiko wai o te ao, neke atu i te 1000MW te kaha kua tāutahia, ā, e 60 o ēnei kei Haina, arā, 60/198=30% o te katoa o te ao. Ko Brazil, ko Kanata, me Rūhia te whenua e whai ake nei.
E 198 ngā teihana hiko wai o te ao, neke atu i te 1000MW te kaha kua tāutahia, ā, e 60 o ēnei kei Haina, arā, 60/198=30% o te katoa o te ao. Ko Brazil, ko Kanata, me Rūhia te whenua e whai ake nei.
E 60 ngā teihana hiko wai o Haina, neke atu i te 1000MW te kaha kua tāutahia, ā, ko te nuinga he 30 kei te awa o Yangtze, ko te haurua tēnei o ngā teihana hiko wai o Haina neke atu i te 1000MW te kaha kua tāutahia.
Kua whakatūria ngā tipu hiko wai me te kaha tāuta neke atu i te 1000MW ki Haina
E anga atu ana ki runga i te Pā o Gezhouba, e whiti ana i ngā manga o te awa o Yangtze mā te Pā o Three Gorges, koinei te kaha matua o te tuku hiko a Haina mai i te hauauru ki te rawhiti, ā, koinei hoki te teihana hiko rerenga nui rawa atu o te ao: e 90 pea ngā teihana hiko wai i te awa matua o Yangtze, tae atu ki te Pā o Gezhouba me ngā Three Gorges, 10 i te awa o Wujiang, 16 i te awa o Jialing, 17 i te awa o Minjiang, 25 i te awa o Dadu, 21 i te awa o Yalong, 27 i te awa o Jinsha, me te 5 i te awa o Muli.
Kei Tajikistan te tāwharau taiao teitei rawa atu o te ao, ko te Tāwharau Usoi, he 567m te teitei, he 262m te teitei ake i te tāwharau horihori teitei rawa atu o nāianei, ko te Tāwharau Taumata 1 o Jinping. I hangaia te Tāwharau Usoi i te 18 o Pēpuere, 1911, i te wā i puta ai he rū whenua 7.4 te kaha ki Sarez, ā, i aukatihia te rere o te awa e te tāwharau whenua taiao i te taha o te awa o Murgab. Nāna i whakaoho ngā whenua whenua nui, i aukati i te awa o Murgab, ā, i hanga te tāwharau whenua teitei rawa atu o te ao, ko te Tāwharau Usoi, i hanga ai te roto o Sares. Engari, kāore he pūrongo mō te whakaputa hiko wai.
I te tau 2020, e 251 ngā tāke wai, ko te teitei rawa atu i neke atu i te 135m i te ao. Ko te tāke wai teitei rawa atu i tēnei wā ko te Tāke Wai Jinping-I, he tāke wai kōpiko e 305 mita te teitei. Ko te Tāke Wai Nurek kei te awa o Vakhsh i Tajikistan e whai ake nei, e 300m te roa.
Ko te tāhuna wai teitei rawa atu o te ao i te tau 2021
I tēnei wā, ko te tāhuna roa rawa atu o te ao, ko te Tāhuna Jinping-I i Haina, he 305 mita te teitei, engari e toru ngā tāhuna kei te hangaia kei te whakarite kia eke ki runga ake i tēnā. Ko te Tāhuna Rogun e haere tonu ana ka noho hei tāhuna roa rawa atu o te ao, kei te awa o Vakhsh i te tonga o Tajikistan. He 335m te teitei o te tāhuna, ā, i tīmata te hanganga i te tau 1976. E kiia ana ka whakamahia mai i te tau 2019 ki te tau 2029, me te utu hanganga o te 2-5 piriona tāra US, he kaha tāuta o te 600-3600MW, me te whakaputa hiko ā-tau o te 17TWh.
Ko te tuarua ko te Pā o Bakhtiari kei te hangaia i te awa o Bakhtiari i Īrāna, he 325m te teitei me te 1500MW. Ko te utu mō te kaupapa he 2 piriona tāra US, ā, ko te whakaputa hiko ia tau he 3TWh. Ko te tuatoru o ngā pā nui rawa atu i te awa o Dadu i Haina ko te Pā o Shuangjiangkou, he 312m te teitei.
Kei te hangaia he tāhuna e neke atu ana i te 305 mita te roa
Ko te pā wai o Grande Dixence i Switzerland te pā wai teitei rawa atu o te ao i te tau 2020, ko te teitei he 285 mita.
Ko te pā wai nui rawa atu o te ao me te kaha rokiroki wai teitei rawa atu ko te Pā Wai Kariba i te awa o Zambezi i Zimbabwe me Zambezi. I hangaia i te tau 1959, ā, ko te kaha rokiroki wai he 180.6 km3, ā, ko te whai muri ko te Pā Wai Bratsk i te awa o Angara i Rūhia me te Pā Wai Akosombo i te roto o Kanawalt, me te kaha rokiroki wai he 169 km3.
Te puna wai nui rawa atu o te ao
Kei te awa matua o te awa o Yangtze te pā o Three Gorges, ā, koinei te pā wai nui rawa atu i Haina. I oti i te tau 2008, ā, ko te nui o te wai e taea te pupuri ko te 39.3km3, koia te tuarua o ngā pā wai o te ao.
Ko te puna wai nui rawa atu i Haina
Ko te Tāwharau o Tarbela i Pakitāne te tāwharau nui rawa atu o te ao. I hangaia i te tau 1976, ā, he 143 mita te teitei o tōna hanganga. Ko te rahinga o te tāwharau he 153 miriona mita pūtoru, ā, ko te kaha tāuta he 3478MW.
Ko te whare tāpua nui rawa atu i Haina ko te Tāpua o Three Gorges, i oti i te tau 2008. E 181 mita te teitei o te hanganga, e 27.4 miriona mita pūtoru te rahinga o te tāpua, ā, ko te kaha tāuta he 22500 MW. Kei te tūnga tuarua o te ao.
Ko te tinana tāpae nui rawa atu o te ao
Ko te nuinga o te rohe o te awa o Congo ko te Democratic Republic of Congo. Ka taea e te Democratic Republic of Congo te whakawhanake i tētahi kaha ā-motu kua tāutahia ki te 120 miriona kilowatts (120000 MW) me tētahi whakaputa hiko ā-tau ki te 774 piriona kilowatt hāora (774 TWh). Mai i Kinshasa i te teitei o te 270 mita ka tae ki te wāhanga o Matadi, he whaiti te awaawa, he pari pari me te rere o te wai pōrearea. Ko te hohonutanga mōrahi ko te 150 mita, me te hekenga tata ki te 280 mita. Ka rerekē tonu te rere o te wai, he tino painga mō te whanaketanga o te hiko wai. E toru ngā taumata o ngā teihana hiko wai nui kua whakaritea, ko te taumata tuatahi ko te tāhuna Pioka, kei te rohe i waenganui i te Democratic Republic of Congo me te Republic of Congo; Kei roto i te Democratic Republic of Congo te taumata tuarua o te Grand Inga Dam me te taumata tuatoru o te tāhuna Matadi. E 80 mita te roa o te puna wai o te Teihana Hiko Wai o Pioka, ā, e whakamahere ana kia tāutahia he 30 waeine, me te kaha katoa o te 22 miriona kirowati me te whakaputa hiko ā-tau o te 177 piriona kirowati hāora, ā, ka whiwhi te Repupiripia Manapori o Kongo me te Repupiripia o Kongo i te haurua o ia waeine. E 50 mita te roa o te puna wai o te Teihana Hiko Wai o Matadi, ā, e whakamahere ana kia tāutahia he 36 waeine, me te kaha katoa o te 12 miriona kirowati me te whakaputa hiko ā-tau o te 87 piriona kirowati hāora. Ko te wāhanga tere o Yingjia, me te hekenga o te 100 mita i roto i te 25 kiromita, te wāhanga awa me ngā rauemi hiko wai tino kukū o te ao.
He nui ake ngā teihana hiko wai o te ao i ngā mea kāore anō kia oti te hanga o te Pā o Three Gorges.
Ko te awa o Yarlung Zangbo te awa papatairite roa rawa atu i Haina, kei roto i te Rohe Mana Motuhake o Tibet, ā, ko tētahi o ngā awa teitei rawa atu o te ao. E ai ki te ariā, i muri i te otinga o te Teihana Hiko Wai o te Awa o Yarlung Zangbo, ka eke te kaha tāuta ki te 50000 MW, ā, ka toru ngā wā ka nui ake te kaha whakaputa hiko i tō te Pā o Three Gorges (98.8 TWh), ka eke ki te 300 TWh, koinei te teihana hiko nui rawa atu o te ao.
Ko te awa o Yarlung Zangbo te awa papatairite roa rawa atu i Haina, kei roto i te Rohe Mana Motuhake o Tibet, ā, ko tētahi o ngā awa teitei rawa atu o te ao. E ai ki te ariā, i muri i te otinga o te Teihana Hiko Wai o te Awa o Yarlung Zangbo, ka eke te kaha tāuta ki te 50000 MW, ā, ka toru ngā wā ka nui ake te kaha whakaputa hiko i tō te Pā o Three Gorges (98.8 TWh), ka eke ki te 300 TWh, koinei te teihana hiko nui rawa atu o te ao.
I muri i te rere atu i te rohe o Luoyu ki Īnia, ka tapaina anō te awa o Yarlung Zangbo ko "Awa o Brahmaputra". I muri i te rere mā roto i a Bangladesh, ka tapaina anō ko "Awa o Jamuna". I muri i te huihuinga ki te awa o Ganges i tōna rohe, ka rere ki te Moana-a-Kiwa o Bengal i te Moana Iniana. Ko te roa katoa he 2104 kiromita, ko te roa o te awa he 2057 kiromita i Tibet, ko te hekenga katoa he 5435 mita, ā, ko te pari toharite kei te tuatahi i roto i ngā awa nui o Haina. He roa te takotoranga mai i te rawhiti ki te hauauru, ko te roa mōrahi neke atu i te 1450 kiromita mai i te rawhiti ki te hauauru, ā, ko te whānui mōrahi he 290 kiromita mai i te raki ki te tonga. Ko te teitei toharite he 4500 mita. He teitei te whenua ki te hauauru, he iti ki te rawhiti, ko te iti rawa ki te tonga. Ko te whānuitanga katoa o te awa he 240480 kiromita tapawha, e 20% o te whānuitanga katoa o ngā awa katoa i Tibet, ā, tata ki te 40.8% o te whānuitanga katoa o te pūnaha awa e rere ana i Tibet, koia te tuarima o ngā awa katoa i Haina.
E ai ki ngā raraunga o te tau 2019, ko ngā whenua e whakamahi ana i te hiko mō ia tangata ko Iceland (51699 kWh/tangata) me Norway (23210 kWh/tangata). E whakawhirinaki ana a Iceland ki te whakaputa hiko waiariki me te waiariki; e whakawhirinaki ana a Norway ki te waiariki, e 97% o te hanganga whakaputa hiko o Norway.
Ko te hanganga pūngao o ngā whenua here whenua, arā, a Nepal me Bhutan, e tata ana ki Tibet i Haina, kāore e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā wahie pūmua, engari ki ō rātou rauemi waipēhi whai rawa. Kāore te mana waipēhi e whakamahia ana i roto i te motu anake, engari ka kaweakehia hoki.
Te whakaputa hiko wai rokiroki papu
He tikanga penapena pūngao te hiko wai e papua ana, ehara i te tikanga whakaputa hiko. Ina iti te hiahia mō te hiko, ka haere tonu te kaha whakaputa hiko nui ki te whakaputa hiko, ka panaia te papu hiko ki te papu wai ki te taumata tiketike mō te rokiroki. Ina nui te hiahia mō te hiko, ka whakamahia te wai taumata tiketike mō te whakaputa hiko. Ka taea e tēnei tikanga te whakapai ake i te tere whakamahinga o ngā huinga whakaputa hiko, ā, he mea tino nui i roto i ngā mahi pakihi.
He wāhanga nui te rokiroki papu o ngā pūnaha pūngao ma o ēnei rā me ngā pūnaha o muri mai. Ko te pikinga nui o ngā pūtake pūngao hou pēnei i te hau me te pūngao rā, me te whakakapinga o ngā miihini whakaputa hiko tuku iho, kua piki ake te pēhanga ki te whatunga hiko, ā, kua whakanuia te hiranga o ngā "pākahiko wai" rokiroki papu.
He rite tonu te nui o te whakaputanga hiko wai ki te kaha tāuta o te rokiroki papu, ā, e pā ana ki te nui o te rokiroki papu. I te tau 2020, e 68 ngā mea e whakahaerehia ana, e 42 kei te hangaia puta noa i te ao.
Ko te whakaputa hiko wai o Haina te tuatahi o te ao, nō reira ko te maha o ngā teihana hiko papu e whakahaerehia ana, e hangaia ana hoki, ko rātou te tuatahi o te ao. Ko Hapani me te Hononga o Amerika te tuarua.
Ko te Teihana Rokiroki Pamu o Bath County i te Hononga o Amerika te teihana hiko papu nui rawa atu o te ao, ā, ko tōna kaha tāuta he 3003MW.
Ko te teihana hiko rokiroki papu nui rawa atu i Haina ko te Huishou Pumped Storage Power Station, me te kaha tāuta o te 2448MW.
Ko te tuarua o ngā teihana hiko rokiroki papu nui rawa atu i Haina ko te Teihana Hiko Rokiroki Papu o Guangdong, me te kaha tāuta o te 2400MW.
Ko ngā tipu hiko rokiroki papu o Haina kei te hangaia kei te tū hei tuatahi i te ao. E toru ngā teihana me te kaha tāuta neke atu i te 1000MW: Teihana Hiko Rokiroki Papu Fengning (3600MW, i oti mai i te tau 2019 ki te 2021), Teihana Hiko Rokiroki Papu Jixi (1800MW, i oti i te tau 2018), me te Teihana Hiko Rokiroki Papu Huanggou (1200MW, i oti i te tau 2019).
Ko te Teihana Hiko Wai o Yamdrok te tipu hiko rokiroki teitei rawa atu o te ao, kei Tibet, Haina, i te teitei o te 4441 mita.
Te whakaputa hiko wai awa
Ko te hiko wai rere o te awa (ROR), e mōhiotia ana ko te hiko wai rere, he momo hiko wai e whakawhirinaki ana ki te hiko wai engari he iti noa te wai e hiahiatia ana, kāore rānei e hiahiatia te penapena nui o te wai mō te whakaputa hiko. Ko te whakaputa hiko wai rere o te awa kāore e hiahiatia te penapena wai, me te hanga noa rānei i ngā whare penapena wai iti rawa. I te hanganga o ngā whare penapena wai iti, ka kiia ēnei whare penapena wai he puna whakatikatika, he puna mua rānei. Nā te kore o ngā whare penapena wai nui, he tino tairongo te whakaputa hiko awa ki ngā huringa o te nui o te wai o ia wā i roto i te puna wai. Nō reira, ko ngā tipu hiko awa ka tautuhia ko ngā puna hiko wā-poto. Mena ka hangaia he puna whakahaere i roto i te tipu hiko awa ka taea te whakahaere i te rere o te wai i ngā wā katoa, ka taea te whakamahi hei tipu hiko wera tihi, hei tipu hiko utaina turanga rānei.
Ko te pā wai nui rawa atu o Sichuan i te ao ko te Pā o Jirau i te awa o Madeira i Brazil. E 63 mita te teitei o te pā, 1500 mita te roa, ā, e 3075MW te kaha tāuta. I oti i te tau 2016.
Ko te tuatoru o ngā tipu hiko wai awa nui rawa atu o te ao ko te Pā o Chief Joseph i te awa o Columbia i te Hononga o Amerika, e 72 mita te teitei, e 1817 mita te roa, e 2620 MW te kaha tāuta, ā, e 9780 GWh te whakaputa hiko ā-tau. I oti i te tau 1979.
Ko te teihana hiko wai nui rawa atu o Sichuan i Haina ko te Tianshengqiao II Dam, kei te awa o Nanpan. Ko te teitei o te dam he 58.7m, ko te roa he 471m, ko te rahinga he 4800000m3, ā, ko te kaha tāuta he 1320MW. I oti i te tau 1997.
Te whakaputa hiko tai
Ka puta te mana o te tai i te pikinga me te hekenga o ngā taumata wai moana i puta mai i ngā tai. I te nuinga o te wā, ka hangaia ngā puna wai hei whakaputa hiko, engari he whakamahinga tika anō hoki o te rere o te wai tai hei whakaputa hiko. Kāore i te maha ngā wāhi e tika ana mō te whakaputa hiko tai i te ao katoa, ā, e waru ngā wāhi i te UK e kiia ana he kaha ki te whakatutuki i te 20% o te hiahia hiko o te whenua.
Ko te tipu hiko tai tuatahi o te ao ko te tipu hiko tai o Lance, kei Lance, Wīwī. I hangaia mai i te tau 1960 ki te 1966 mō ngā tau e 6. Ko te kaha tāuta he 240MW.
Ko te teihana hiko tai nui rawa atu o te ao ko te Teihana Hiko Tai o te Roto o Sihwa i Korea ki te Tonga, me te kaha tāuta o te 254MW, ā, i oti i te tau 2011.
Ko te teihana hiko tai tuatahi i Amerika Te Raki ko Annapolis Royal Generating Station, kei Royal, Annapolis, Nova Scotia, Kanata, i te tomokanga ki te Bay of Fundy. Ko te kaha tāuta he 20MW, ā, i oti i te tau 1984.
Ko te teihana hiko tai nui rawa atu o Haina ko te Teihana Hiko Tai o Jiangxia, kei te tonga o Hangzhou, me te kaha tāuta o te 4.1MW anake me te 6 ngā huinga hiko. I tīmata te mahi i te tau 1985.
I tāutahia te pūwhakaputa au tai tuatahi o te Kaupapa Whakaaturanga Mana Tai Papa o Amerika Te Raki ki te Moutere o Vancouver, Kanata, i te marama o Hepetema 2006.
I tēnei wā, kei te hangaia te kaupapa hiko tai nui rawa atu o te ao, arā, ko MeyGen (kaupapa hiko tai MeyGen), i Pentland Firth, ki te raki o Kōtirana, me te kaha tāuta o te 398MW, ā, e matapaetia ana ka oti i te tau 2021.
Kei te whakamahere a Gujarat, Īnia ki te hanga i te teihana hiko tai arumoni tuatahi i Āhia ki te Tonga. I tāutahia he tipu hiko me te kaha tāuta o te 50MW ki te Moana-a-Kiwa o Kutch i te takutai uru o Īnia, ā, i tīmata te hanganga i te tīmatanga o te tau 2012.
Ko te Kaupapa Teihana Hiko Tai o Penzhin kua whakaritea i te Rawhiti o Kamchatka i Rūhia he 87100MW te kaha kua tāutahia, ā, ko te kaha whakaputa hiko ā-tau he 200TWh, koia te tipu hiko tai nui rawa atu o te ao. Kia oti, ka whā ngā wā ka nui ake te kaha kua tāutahia o te Teihana Hiko Tai o Pinrenna Bay i te Teihana Hiko o Three Gorges o nāianei.
Wā tuku: Mei-25-2023
