Mai anō i te tīmatanga o te rautau 21, he take nui te whanaketanga tauwhiro mō ngā whenua o te ao. Kei te kaha hoki te mahi a ngā kaipūtaiao ki te ako me pēhea te whakamahi tika me te whai hua i ngā rauemi taiao hei painga mō te tangata.
Hei tauira, kua whakakapia haeretia e te whakaputa hiko hau me ētahi atu hangarau te whakaputa hiko wera tuku iho.
Nā, kua tae ki tēhea taumata te whanaketanga o te hangarau hiko wai o Haina i tēnei wā? Kei hea te taumata o te ao? He aha te hiranga o te whakaputa hiko wai? He tokomaha pea kāore e mārama. Ko te whakamahinga noa iho tēnei o ngā rauemi taiao. He tino pānga nui rānei tēnei? Mō tēnei kaupapa, me tīmata tātou ki te takenga mai o te hiko wai.
Te Pūtake o te Mana Hiko Wai
Ina hoki, mēnā ka mārama koe ki te hītori o te whanaketanga tangata, ka mārama koe tae noa mai ki tēnei wā, ko ngā whanaketanga tangata katoa i aro ki ngā rauemi. Ina koa i te hurihanga ahumahi tuatahi me te Hurihanga Ahumahi Tuarua, nā te putanga mai o ngā rauemi waro me ngā rauemi hinu i tere ake te tukanga whanaketanga tangata.
Ahakoa he nui te āwhina o ēnei rauemi e rua ki te hapori tangata, he maha hoki ngā ngoikoretanga. Haunga ōna āhuatanga kāore e taea te whakahou, ko te pānga ki te taiao he take nui tonu e whakararuraru ana i te rangahau whanaketanga tangata. I te aroaro o tēnei āhuatanga, kei te rangahau ngā kaipūtaiao i ngā tikanga pūtaiao me te whai hua, me te ngana anō hoki ki te kite mēnā he puna pūngao hou hei whakakapi i ēnei rauemi e rua.
Heoi anō, i te huringa me te whanaketanga o te wā, e whakapono ana hoki ngā kaipūtaiao ka taea e te tangata te whakamahi i te pūngao mā roto i ngā tikanga ā-tinana me ngā tikanga matū. Ka taea hoki te whakamahi i te pūngao? Nā tēnei horopaki kua uru mai te mana wai, te pūngao hau, te pūngao waiariki me te pūngao rā ki te tirohanga a te tangata.
Ki te whakatauritea ki ētahi atu rauemi taiao, ko te whanaketanga o te hiko wai i ahu mai i ngā wā o mua. Hei tauira, ko te wira wai kua puta mai i roto i ngā kōrero tuku iho o Haina. Ko te putanga mai o tēnei taputapu he whakaaturanga o te whakamahinga kaha a te tangata i ngā rauemi wai. Mā te whakamahi i te kaha o te wai, ka taea e te tangata te huri i tēnei pūngao ki ētahi atu āhuatanga.
Nō muri mai, i ngā tau 1930, ka puta mana ngā mīhini hiko ā-ringa ki te tirohanga a te tangata, ā, ka tīmata ngā kaipūtaiao ki te whakaaro me pēhea te whakahaere i ngā mīhini hiko kia mahi noa me te kore he rauemi tangata. Heoi, i taua wā, kāore i taea e ngā kaipūtaiao te hono i te kaha nekeneke o te wai ki te kaha nekeneke e hiahiatia ana e ngā mīhini hiko, ā, nā tēnei hoki i roa ai te wā i whakaroa ai te taenga mai o te hiko wai.
Tae noa ki te tau 1878, nā te whakamahi i tōna mātauranga ngaio me tōna taonga, i whakawhanakehia e tētahi tangata Peretānia ko William Armstrong te pūkaha hiko wai tuatahi mō te whakamahinga o te whare i roto i tōna ake kāinga. Mā te whakamahi i tēnei mīhini, i tahuna e William ngā rama o tōna whare, pērā i te tangata mohio.
Nō muri mai, ka tīmata te tokomaha haere o te iwi ki te whakamahi i te hiko wai me ngā rauemi wai hei puna hiko hei āwhina i te tangata ki te whakaputa hiko me te huri i te kaha hiko hei kaha nekeneke miihini, ā, kua roa hoki tēnei e noho hei kaupapa matua mō te whanaketanga pāpori. I ēnei rā, kua noho te hiko wai hei tētahi o ngā tikanga whakaputa hiko taiao tino whai take o te ao. Ki te whakaritea ki ngā tikanga whakaputa hiko katoa, he mea whakamiharo te hiko e tukuna ana e te hiko wai.
Te Whanaketanga me te Āhua o Nāianei o te Pūngao Wai i Haina
I tōna hokinga mai ki tō tātou whenua, kua roa rawa te putanga mai o te hiko wai. I te tau 1882, i whakatūria e Edison te pūnaha hiko wai arumoni tuatahi o te ao nā runga i tōna ake whakaaro nui, ā, i whakatūria tuatahitia te hiko wai o Haina i te tau 1912. Ko te mea nui ake, i hangaia te Teihana Hiko Wai o Shilongba i Kunming, Yunnan i taua wā, mā te whakamahi katoa i te hangarau Tiamana, ko Haina anake i tuku mai i ngā tāngata hei āwhina.
I muri mai, ahakoa i whakapau kaha a Haina ki te hanga i ngā teihana hiko wai puta noa i te motu, ko te kaupapa matua he whanaketanga arumoni tonu. Heoi anō, nā te awe o te āhua o roto i taua wā, ko te hangarau hiko wai me ngā taputapu miihini anake ka taea te kawemai mai i tāwāhi, ā, nā tēnei i ara ake ai te hiko wai o Haina i muri i ētahi whenua whakawhanake o te ao.
He waimarie, i te wā i whakatūria ai a Haina Hou i te tau 1949, i aro nui te whenua ki te hiko wai. Ina whakaritea ki ētahi atu whenua, he whānui te rohe o Haina me ōna rauemi hiko wai ahurei, he painga tūturu tēnei ki te whakawhanake i te hiko wai.
Me mōhio koe, ehara i te mea ka taea e ngā awa katoa te noho hei pūtake hiko mō te whakaputa hiko wai. Me i kore he pata wai nui hei āwhina, me hanga horihori ngā pata wai ki te awaawa. Engari mā tēnei, ehara i te mea ka pau te nui o te tangata me ngā rauemi, engari ka tino whakaitihia hoki te hua whakamutunga o te whakaputa hiko wai.
Engari he rerekē tō tātou whenua. Kei Haina te awa o Yangtze, te awa o Kōwhai, te awa o Lancang, me te awa o Nu, ā, he rerekētanga tino rerekē i waenga i ngā whenua o te ao. Nō reira, i te hanganga o tētahi teihana hiko wai, me whiriwhiri noa e tātou tētahi wāhi e tika ana, me te mahi i ētahi whakarerekētanga.
I waenganui i ngā tau 1950 me ngā tau 1960, ko te whāinga matua o te whakaputa hiko wai i Haina ko te hanga i ngā teihana hiko wai hou i runga i te tiaki me te whakatika i ngā teihana hiko wai o mua. I waenganui i ngā tau 1960 me ngā tau 1970, i te pakari haere o te whanaketanga hiko wai, ka tīmata a Haina ki te ngana ki te hanga motuhake i ētahi atu teihana hiko wai me te whakawhanake anō i te raupapa o ngā awa.
Whai muri i te whakahoutanga me te whakatuwheratanga, ka piki ake anō te haumitanga a te whenua ki te hiko wai. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā teihana hiko wai o mua, kua tīmata a Haina ki te whai i ngā teihana hiko wai nui me te kaha whakaputa hiko kaha ake me te ratonga pai ake ki te oranga o te tangata. I te tekau tau atu i 1990, ka tīmata mana te hanganga o te Pā o Three Gorges, ā, e 15 tau te roa hei teihana hiko wai nui rawa atu o te ao. Koinei te whakaaturanga pai rawa atu o te hanganga hanganga o Haina me te kaha o te motu.
He nui te hanganga o te Pā o Three Gorges hei whakaatu kua eke te hangarau hiko wai o Haina ki mua i te ao. Haunga te kore e whakahuatia te Pā o Three Gorges, e 41% o te whakaputa hiko wai o te ao ko te hiko wai o Haina. I roto i ngā hangarau waipēhi maha e pā ana, kua wikitoria ngā kaipūtaiao Hainamana i ngā raruraru tino uaua.
Heoi anō, i roto i te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi hiko, he rawaka hoki hei whakaatu i te hiranga o te umanga hiko wai o Haina. E whakaatu ana ngā raraunga, ki te whakaritea ki tētahi atu whenua o te ao, he iti ake te tūponotanga me te roa o te motuhanga hiko i Haina. Ko te take matua mō tēnei āhuatanga ko te pono me te kaha o ngā hanganga hiko wai o Haina.
Te hiranga o te hiko wai
Ki taku whakaaro e tino mārama ana te katoa ki te āwhina e kawea mai ana e te hiko wai ki te tangata. Hei tauira māmā noa iho, ki te mea ka ngaro te hiko wai o te ao i tēnei wā, neke atu i te haurua o ngā rohe o te ao ka kore he hiko.
Heoi, he tokomaha tonu te hunga kāore e mārama ahakoa he nui te āwhina a te hiko wai ki te tangata, he mea tika tonu kia haere tonu tā tātou whakawhanake i te hiko wai? Hei tauira, me whakaaro tātou ki te hanganga porangi o tētahi teihana hiko wai i Lop Nur. Nā te katinga tonu i mimiti ai, i ngaro atu ai ētahi awa.
Ina hoki, ko te tino take o te ngaronga o ngā awa e karapoti ana i a Lop Nur ko te whakamahinga nui rawa o ngā rauemi wai e te tangata i te rautau kua taha ake nei, kāore e pā ana ki te hiko wai tonu. Ehara i te mea ko te whakarato hiko e ranea ana mō te tangata anake te mea nui o te hiko wai. Pērā i te whakamakuku ahuwhenua, te whakahaere waipuke me te rokiroki, me te tuku kaipuke, e whakawhirinaki katoa ana ēnei ki te āwhina o te hangarau waipēhi.
Whakaarohia, mehemea kāore i te āwhina a te Pā o Ngā Āwhā e Toru me te whakaurunga o ngā rauemi wai ki roto i te pokapū, ka whanake tonu te ahuwhenua e karapoti ana i roto i te āhua taketake me te koretake. Ki te whakatauritea ki te whanaketanga ahuwhenua o ēnei rā, ka "momori" ngā rauemi wai e tata ana ki Ngā Āwhā e Toru.
Mō te whakahaere waipuke me te rokiroki, he nui te āwhina a te Pā o Three Gorges ki te tangata. E taea te kī, i te mea kāore te Pā o Three Gorges e nekehia, kāore he āwangawanga mō ngā waipuke ki ngā kainoho o te rohe. Ka taea e koe te whiwhi i te hiko me te nui o ngā rauemi wai, ā, i te wā anō ka whakaratohia he rangimarie mō ngā rauemi ora.
Ko te hiko wai tonu te whakamahinga tika o ngā rauemi wai. Hei tētahi o ngā rauemi ka taea te whakahou i te taiao, koia hoki tētahi o ngā puna pūngao tino whai hua mō te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi tangata. He pono ka nui atu i te whakaaro o te tangata.
Te Anamata o te Pūngao Whakahou
I te mea e kitea haere ana ngā ngoikoretanga o ngā rauemi hinu me te waro, kua noho ko te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi taiao te kaupapa matua o te whanaketanga i ēnei rā. Ina koa ko te teihana hiko wahie pūmua o mua, ahakoa e pau ana te maha o ngā rauemi hei whakaiti i te hiko, ka tino pāngia te taiao e te parahanga nui, ā, nā tēnei hoki i akiaki te teihana hiko wahie pūmua kia wehe atu i te atamira o mua.
I tēnei āhuatanga, ko ngā tikanga whakaputa hiko hou pērā i te hau me te waiariki, he rite tonu ki te whakaputa hiko waiariki, kua noho hei huarahi rangahau matua mō ngā whenua o te ao i ēnei rā, ā, mō ngā wā roa. E tumanako ana ia whenua ki te āwhina nui ka taea e ngā rauemi whakahou pumau te whakarato ki te tangata.
Heoi, i runga i te āhua o nāianei, ko te hiko wai tonu te mea tuatahi i roto i ngā rauemi whakahou. I tētahi taha, nā te koretake o ngā hangarau whakaputa hiko, pērā i te whakaputa hiko hau, me te iti o te whakamahinga whānui o ngā rauemi i puta ai tēnei; I tētahi atu taha, me heke noa te hiko wai, ā, kāore e pāngia e te maha o ngā taiao taiao kāore e taea te whakahaere.
Nō reira, he roa, he uaua te ara ki te whanaketanga pumau o te pūngao hou, ā, me manawanui tonu te tangata ki te aro atu ki tēnei take. Mā tēnei anake ka taea te whakaora mārire i te taiao kua pakaru i mua.
Ki te titiro whakamuri ki te hītori katoa o te whanaketanga tangata, kua kawea mai e te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi he āwhina ki te tangata, he mea tino nui atu i te whakaaro o te tangata. Tērā pea i roto i ngā tukanga whanaketanga o mua, he maha ngā hapa kua mahia e tātou, ā, he nui ngā kino i pā ki te taiao, engari i ēnei rā, kei te huri haere tonu ēnei mea katoa, ā, he tino mārama ngā tūmanakohanga whanaketanga o te pūngao hou.
He mea nui ake, i te mea ka piki haere te maha o ngā wero hangarau e wikitoriahia ana, ka piki haere te whakamahinga a te tangata i ngā rauemi. Hei tauira, ko te whakaputa hiko hau, e whakaponohia ana he maha ngā tāngata kua hanga i ngā tauira maha o ngā tāhū hau mā te whakamahi i ngā rauemi rerekē, engari he iti noa te hunga e mōhio ana ka taea e ngā whakaputa hiko hau ā muri ake nei te whakaputa hiko mā te wiri.
Heoi anō, kāore e taea te kī kāore he ngoikoretanga o te hiko wai. Ina hangaia ngā teihana hiko wai, he mea nui te mahi oneone nui me te haumi raima. Ina puta he waipuke nui, me utu e ia whenua he utu nui mō te whakanoho tangata.
He mea nui ake, ki te kore e angitu te hanganga o tētahi teihana hiko wai, ka nui atu te pānga ki ngā rohe o raro me ngā hanganga i te whakaaro o te tangata. Nō reira, i mua i te hanganga o tētahi teihana hiko wai, me whakarite kia tika te hoahoa hangarau me te hanganga, tae atu ki ngā mahere ohorere mō ngā aituā. Mā tēnei anake ka taea ai e ngā teihana hiko wai te noho hei kaupapa hanganga e whai hua ai te tangata.
Hei whakarāpopototanga, he mea tika kia titiro whakamua ki te heke mai o te whanaketanga tauwhiro, ā, ko te mea nui kei roto i te hiahia o te tangata ki te whakapau i te wā me te kaha ki tēnei mahi. I roto i te ao o te hiko wai, kua angitu nui te tangata, ā, ko te mahi e whai ake nei ko te whakapai haere i te whakamahinga o ētahi atu rauemi taiao.
Wā tuku: Paenga-whāwhā-23-2023
