He aha te tāpine wai? He aha te hanganga o te tāpine?

Ko te tāpine he taputapu tuku hiko wai e huri ana i te pānga wera o te rere o te wai hei pūngao nekeneke hurihuri. Ka whakamahia te kī i roto i ngā tipu hiko wai hei taraiwa i ngā tāpine hau hei whakaputa pūngao hikohiko, he taputapu hiko nui mō ngā tipu hiko wai. E ai ki tōna kaupapa, ka taea te wehewehe kia rua ngā momo: te tāpine pānga me te tāpine pānga. Me titiro tātou he aha te tāpine wai? He aha te hanganga o te tāpine wai?

He aha te tāpine wai?
I ahu mai te tāpine wai i te wira wai, i te motuka huna rānei i ngā wā onamata. I te tau 1827, i hangaia e te miihini hangarau Wīwī a B. Fourneron tētahi tāpine pānga 6-hōiho. I te tau 1849, i whakapaitia e te kaupapa hoahoa a te miihini hangarau Amerikana a JB Francis kia puta he tāpine Francis hou, nō reira i huaina ai ko te tāpine Francis. I puta te tāpine pānga i te tau 1850. I te tau 1880, i whiwhi te miihini hangarau Amerikana a LA Pelton i te mana patent o te tāpine pānga momo-pākete, e kiia nei ko te tāpine Pelton. I te whanaketanga me te hoahoa o ngā kaupapa hiko wai, kei te tino pai haere ngā momo, ngā āhuatanga me ngā hanganga o ngā tāpine waipēhi. I te tau 1912, i hangaia e te miihini hangarau Austrian a V. Kaplan te tāpine pā-axial porowhita tuatahi, nō reira i huaina ai ko te tāpine Kaplan. I ngā tau 1940 me 1950, i puta mai ngā tāpine rere-axial me ngā tāpine rere-whakataha tetahi i muri i tetahi. I taua wā anō, ko te whanaketanga o ngā tāpine waipēhi ko ngā tāpine papu porowhita, i whakamahia i roto i ngā tipu hiko rokiroki-pamu. Ka taea te whakauru i ngā momo tāpine ki roto i ngā whāinga me ngā ture rerekē o ngā upoko wai rerekē i roto i te whanaketanga me te hoahoa o ngā kaupapa hiko wai. Whai muri i te whakatūnga o te Repupiripia o Haina, i tere te whakaoti i te hanga ahumahi o te hanga me te hanga tāpine o Haina. Neke atu i te 20 ngā tipu hanga tāpine, kua whakaputa i te neke atu i te 20 miriona kW o ngā patu me ngā taputapu tāpine mō ngā tipu hiko wai puta noa i te motu, ā, kua kaweake ki tāwāhi.
E ai ki ngā āhuatanga o te whakawhiti wera, ka wehea ngā tāpine wai ki ngā wāhanga e rua, arā, te momo whakaeke-whakahē me te momo pānga. Ā, ka wehea ia momo tāpine ki ngā momo āhua rerekē e ai ki ngā āhuatanga o te rere o te wai i roto i te rohe o te toki hurihuri me te momo hanganga o te toki hurihuri.

He aha te hanganga o te tāpine?
Ko te tāpine waipēhi te tāpine waipēhi o ngā taputapu miihini whakaputa hiko waipēhi. Ko te tāpine waipēhi me te tāpine hau, te motuka whakahaere tere, te pūnaha whakahaere whakaoho me te pūnaha whakahaere teihana hiko e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā whakaurunga tautoko, koinei te tinana matua o te teihana hiko waipēhi.
Ka whakawhanakehia, ka whakaputaina hoki te tāpine wai i runga i te rere o ngā raraunga me te rahi o te pane o te wai. Ko tana mahi he huri i te wai hei pūngao miihini, me te whakatairanga i te whakaputa hiko o ngā tāpine hau. Ko te tāpine tonu he mea hanga mai i te pou tāpine, te mowhiti nohoanga tāpine, te hiko o te tāpine me te peera pou matua o te tāpine. Hei tāpiri, i runga i ngā whakaritenga, ka tāutahia hoki ētahi atu taputapu me ngā wāhanga. He rerekē ngā hanganga me ngā whakamahinga o ngā momo tāpine.