I te ao whānui, e 24 ōrau o te hiko o te ao e whakaputaina ana e ngā tipu hiko wai, ā, e tuku ana i te hiko ki te neke atu i te 1 piriona tāngata. E 675,000 megawatts te tapeke o ngā tipu hiko wai o te ao, arā, ko te pūngao e rite ana ki te 3.6 piriona oko hinu, e ai ki te National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Neke atu i te 2,000 ngā tipu hiko wai e whakahaerehia ana i te United States, e mea ana ko te hiko wai te puna pūngao hou nui rawa atu o te whenua.
I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka tirohia e tātou te āhua o te wai e heke ana hei hanga pūngao, me te ako anō hoki mō te huringa wai e hanga ana i te rere o te wai e tika ana mō te hiko wai. Ka kitea anō hoki e koe tētahi whakamahinga ahurei o te hiko wai ka pā pea ki tō oranga o ia rā.
Ina mātakitaki koe i te awa e rere ana, he uaua ki te whakaaro i te kaha e mau ana. Mena kua eke waka koe i runga i te wai mā, kua rongo koe i tētahi wāhanga iti o te kaha o te awa. Ka hangaia ngā awa tere mā hei awa e kawe ana i te nui o te wai e heke ana ki raro, hei ārai i roto i tētahi ara whaiti. I te kaha o te awa mā roto i tēnei pūaha, ka tere ake tōna rere. Ko ngā waipuke tētahi atu tauira o te kaha o tētahi nui o te wai.
Ka whakamahia e ngā tipu hiko wai te pūngao o te wai, ā, ka whakamahia ngā tikanga māmā hei huri i taua pūngao hei hiko. Ko ngā tipu hiko wai e hangai ana ki tētahi ariā tino māmā — ko te wai e rere ana i roto i tētahi tāhuna ka huri i tētahi tāpine, ka huri hoki i tētahi whakaputa hiko.
Anei ngā wāhanga taketake o tētahi tipu hiko wai tuku iho:
Ko te pou e hono ana i te tāpine me te whakaputa hiko
Pā wai – Ko te nuinga o ngā tipu hiko wai e whakawhirinaki ana ki tētahi pā wai e pupuri ana i te wai, ka hangaia he puna wai nui. He maha ngā wā, ka whakamahia tēnei puna wai hei roto whakangahau, pērā i te Roto Roosevelt i te Pā Wai o Grand Coulee i te Kāwanatanga o Washington.
Whakaurunga – Ka tuwhera ngā kēti o te tāhuna, ka kukumea te wai e te kaha ā-papa mā roto i te pene, he paipa e anga atu ana ki te tāpine. Ka nui te pēhanga o te wai i a ia e rere ana mā roto i tēnei paipa.
Tāpine – Ka pā te wai ki ngā mata nui o te tāpine, ka hurihia, e honoa ana ki tētahi pūhiko hiko i runga ake mā te pou. Ko te momo tāpine tino noa mō ngā tipu hiko wai ko te Tāpine Francis, he rite ki te kōpae nui me ngā mata piko. Ka taea e te tāpine te taumaha ki te 172 tāne me te huri i te tere o te 90 hurihanga ia meneti (rpm), e ai ki te Foundation for Water & Energy Education (FWEE).
Ngā Kaihanga Pūhiko – I te hurihanga o ngā mata o te tāpine, ka huri hoki he raupapa aukume i roto i te kaihanga hiko. Ka huri ngā aukume nunui i tua atu i ngā koiri parahi, ka whakaputa i te aukume whakawhiti (AC) mā te neke i ngā irahiko. (Ka ako koe i ētahi atu kōrero mō te mahi a te kaihanga hiko i muri mai.)
Whakawhiti – Ka tangohia e te whakawhiti i roto i te whare hiko te AC ka huri hei iahiko ngaohiko teitei ake.
Ngā raina hiko – E whā ngā waea e puta mai ana i ia tipu hiko: ko ngā wāhanga hiko e toru ka whakaputaina i te wā kotahi, me te whenua kūpapa, te whenua whenua rānei e rite ana ki ngā wāhanga e toru. (Pānuihia te Mahi a ngā Whatunga Tohatoha Hiko kia mōhio ai koe ki te tuku raina hiko.)
Rere ki Waho – Ka haria te wai kua whakamahia mā roto i ngā paipa, e kiia nei ko ngā tailrace, ka hoki anō ki te awa i raro iho.
Ko te wai i roto i te puna wai e kiia ana he pūngao kua rongoatia. Ina tuwhera ngā kuaha, ka huri te wai e rere ana i roto i te pene wai hei pūngao nekeneke nā te mea kei te neke. Ko te nui o te hiko e whakaputaina ana ka whakatauhia e ētahi āhuatanga. Ko ētahi o aua āhuatanga ko te nui o te rere o te wai me te nui o te pane waipēhi. Ko te pane e pā ana ki te tawhiti i waenga i te mata o te wai me ngā tāpine. I te pikinga o te pane me te rere, ka piki ake te hiko e whakaputaina ana. Ko te pane e whakawhirinaki ana ki te nui o te wai i roto i te puna wai.
Tērā tētahi atu momo tipu hiko wai, e kiia nei ko te tipu penapena-pamu. I roto i tētahi tipu hiko wai tikanga, ka rere te wai mai i te puna wai mā roto i te tipu, ka puta atu, ka haria ki raro. E rua ngā puna wai o tētahi tipu penapena-pamu:
Puna wai o runga – Pērā i te tipu hiko wai noa, ka hangaia he puna wai e te tāwharau. Ka rere te wai o tēnei puna wai mā roto i te tipu hiko wai hei hanga hiko.
Puna wai o raro – Ko te wai e puta ana i te tipu hiko wai ka rere ki te puna wai o raro, kaua ki te hoki anō ki te awa ka rere ki raro.
Mā te whakamahi i tētahi tāpine hurihuri, ka taea e te tipu te pupuhi wai ki te puna wai o runga. Ka mahia tēnei i ngā hāora kore-pīki. Ko te tikanga, ka whakakī anō te puna wai o runga i te puna wai tuarua. Mā te pupuhi wai ki te puna wai o runga, ka nui ake te wai o te tipu hei whakaputa hiko i ngā wā e tino whakamahia ana te hiko.
Te Pūkaha
Ko te pūkaha hiko te ngako o te tipu hiko wai. He maha ngā pūkaha hiko o te nuinga o ngā tipu hiko wai.
E ai ki tāu i whakaaro ai, ka whakaputa te pūkaha hiko i te hiko. Ko te tukanga matua o te whakaputa hiko i tēnei ara ko te huri i tētahi raupapa aukume i roto i ngā koiri waea. Mā tēnei tukanga ka nekehia ngā irahiko, ka puta ai te iahiko hiko.
Tekau mā whitu ngā mīhini whakaputa hiko o te Pā o Hoover, ā, ka taea e ia mīhini whakaputa hiko te whakaputa ki te 133 megawatts. Ko te kaha katoa o te tipu hiko wai o te Pā o Hoover he 2,074 megawatts. He wāhanga taketake motuhake kei ia mīhini whakaputa hiko:
I te hurihanga o te tāpine, ka tukuna he iahiko e te kaiwhakaoho ki te rotor. Ko te rotor he raupapa o ngā aukume hiko nui e hurihuri ana i roto i tētahi koiri waea parahi kua herea pūmau, e kiia nei ko te stator. Ka hangaia he iahiko e te papa aukume i waenganui i te koiri me ngā aukume.
I roto i te Pā o Hoover, ka neke te ia o te 16,500 amps mai i te whakaputa hiko ki te whakawhiti hiko, ka piki ake te ia ki te 230,000 amps i mua i te tukunga.
Ka whakamahia e ngā tipu hiko wai tētahi tukanga tūturu, e haere tonu ana — arā, te tukanga e puta ai te ua, e piki ai ngā awa. I ia rā, ka ngaro te wai iti i roto i te āhuarangi i te mea ka pakaruhia e ngā hihi ultraviolet ngā ngota wai. Engari i te wā anō, ka tukuna he wai hou mai i te taha o roto o te Ao mā roto i ngā mahi puia. He rite tonu te nui o te wai i hangaia me te nui o te wai i ngaro.
I tētahi wā, he maha ngā āhua o te nui o te wai o te ao. He wai, pērā i ngā moana, i ngā awa me te ua; he totoka, pērā i ngā awa hukapapa; he hau rānei, pērā i te mamaoa wai e kore e kitea i te rangi. Ka rerekē te āhua o te wai i a ia e nekehia ana e ngā ia hau huri noa i te ao. Ka puta ngā ia hau nā te werawera o te rā. Ka hangaia ngā huringa ia hau e te whiti nui ake o te rā ki te ekueta i ērā atu wāhi o te ao.
Mā ngā huringa hau e ārahi te puna wai o Papatūānuku mā roto i tētahi huringa anō, e kiia nei ko te huringa wai. I te whakamahanatanga o te rā i te wai wai, ka mimiti te wai hei kohu i te rangi. Ka whakamahanatia e te rā te rangi, ka piki ake te hau i te āhuarangi. He makariri ake te hau i runga ake, nō reira, i te pikinga ake o te kohu wai, ka whakamatao, ka whakatōtō hei pata wai. Ina nui ngā pata wai e kohia ana ki tētahi wāhi, ka taumaha pea ngā pata wai ka taka ki te Papatūānuku hei ua.
He mea nui te huringa wai mō ngā tipu hiko wai nā te mea e whakawhirinaki ana ki te rere o te wai. Mēnā kāore he ua e tata ana ki te tipu, e kore te wai e kohia ki uta. Ki te kore he wai e kohia ki uta, ka iti ake te wai e rere ana i roto i te tipu hiko wai, ā, ka iti ake te hiko e whakaputaina ana.
Ko te ariā matua o te hiko wai ko te whakamahi i te mana o te wai e neke ana hei huri i te mata o te tāpine. I te nuinga o te wā, me hanga he tāwhara nui ki waenganui o te awa hei mahi i tēnei mahi. Kei te whakamahi tētahi mea hou i te ariā o te hiko wai i runga i te tauine iti ake hei whakarato hiko mō ngā taputapu hiko kawe.
Nā te kaihanga a Robert Komarechka o Ontario, Kānata, i whakaaro ki te whakatakoto i ngā miihini hiko wai iti ki roto i ngā kapu o ngā hu. E whakapono ana ia ka taea e ēnei turbine iti te whakaputa hiko hei whakakaha i te nuinga o ngā taputapu. I te marama o Mei 2001, i whiwhi a Komarechka i tētahi patent mō tana taputapu waewae ahurei.
He kaupapa matua tēnei mō te hikoi: Ka taka te waewae mai i te rekereke ki te māhunga i ia hikoinga. Ina tau tō waewae ki te whenua, ka tukuna te kaha mā roto i tō rekereke. Ina whakarite koe mō tō hikoinga e whai ake nei, ka hurihia tō waewae ki mua, kia whakawhitia ai te kaha ki te pōro o tō waewae. I kite pea a Komarechka i tēnei kaupapa matua o te hikoi, ā, kua whakawhanakehia e ia tētahi whakaaro hei whakamahi i te mana o tēnei mahi o ia rā.
E rima ngā wāhanga o ngā "hū me te huihuinga hiko wai" a Komarechka, e ai ki te whakaahuatanga i roto i tana patent:
Wai – Ka whakamahia e te pūnaha he wai e kawe ana i te hiko.
Ngā pēke hei pupuri i te wai – Ka whakatakotoria tētahi pēke ki te rekereke, me tētahi ki te wāhanga o te matimati o te hū.
Ngā Paipa Wai – Ka hono ngā paipa wai i ia pēke ki tētahi pūngao iti.
Tāpine – I te nekehanga o te wai ki mua, ki muri i roto i te kapu, ka whakakorikoria e ia ngā mata o te tāpine iti.
Pūkaha Iti – Kei waenganui i ngā pēke e rua e kī ana i te wai te pūkaha, ā, kei roto hoki he hurihanga vane, e pana ana i te pou me te huri i te pūkaha.
I a te tangata e hikoi ana, ka panaia te wai i roto i te pēke kei roto i te rekereke o te hū mā te wai mā roto i te paipa ka uru ki roto i te waeine whakaputa hiko wai. I a te kaiwhakamahi e haere tonu ana, ka hikitia te rekereke ka pēhia ki raro te pēke i raro i te pōro o te waewae o te tangata. Mā te nekehanga o te wai ka huri te rotor me te rakau hei whakaputa hiko.
Ka whakaratohia he putanga hiko o waho hei hono i ngā waea ki tētahi taputapu kawe. Tērā pea ka whakaratohia he waeine whakaputa mana-whakahaere hei mau i te whitiki o te kaiwhakamahi. Kātahi ka taea te tāpiri i ngā taputapu hiko ki tēnei waeine whakaputa mana-whakahaere, ka whakarato i te hiko pumau.
"I te pikinga ake o te maha o ngā taputapu kawe e whakamahia ana e te pākahiko," e kī ana te patent, "kei te piki haere te hiahia ki te whakarato i tētahi pūtake hiko roa, urutau, me te whai hua." E matapaetia ana e Komarechka ka whakamahia tana taputapu hei whakakaha i ngā rorohiko kawe, waea pūkoro, kaitākaro CD, kaiwhiwhi GPS me ngā reo irirangi rua-ara.
Te wā tuku: Hurae-21-2022
