Ko te hiko wai te mea nui rawa atu ka taea te whakahou i te ao, e rua te nui ake o te hiko e whakaputaina ana i te hau, ā, e whā ngā wā ka nui ake i te hiko rā. Ā, ko te pupuhi wai i runga i te puke, e mōhiotia ana ko te "hiko wai rokiroki papu", e 90% o te kaha rokiroki hiko katoa o te ao.
Ahakoa te nui o te pānga o te hiko wai, kāore mātou e rongo nui ana mōna i te US. Ahakoa kua kitea te hekenga o te utu me te tere o te wātea o te hau me te rā i roto i ngā tekau tau kua pahure ake nei, kei te noho pumau tonu te whakaputa hiko wai ā-rohe, nā te mea kua hangaia e te motu ngā tipu hiko wai ki ngā wāhi tino pai o te whenua.
He rerekē te kōrero o te ao whānui. Kua whakakaha ake a Haina i tōna whanaketanga ōhanga mā te hanga i ngā mano tini o ngā tāhuna hiko wai hou, he nui tonu te nuinga, i roto i ngā tekau tau kua pahure ake nei. Kua rite a Āwherika, a Īnia, me ētahi atu whenua o Āhia me te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa ki te mahi i taua mea anō.
Engari ko te whakawhānui ake me te kore he tirotiro tino tika mō te taiao ka arahi pea ki te raruraru, nā te mea ka whakararuraru ngā tāhuna me ngā puna wai i ngā pūnaha rauropi awa me ngā nohoanga huri noa, ā, e whakaatu ana ngā rangahau hou he nui ake te waro hauhā me te methane ka tukuna e ngā puna wai i tā te whakaaro o mua. Haunga tēnā, ko te tauraki e hua mai ana i te āhuarangi kei te kore e tino pono te puna hiko o te wai, nā te mea kua ngaro te nui o te kaha whakaputa hiko o ngā tāhuna i te Hauāuru o Amerika.
"I roto i te tau noa, ka whakaputahia e te Pā o Hoover te 4.5 piriona kilowatt hāora o te pūngao," te kī a Mark Cook, te Kaiwhakahaere o te Pā rongonui o Hoover. "I te mea ko te roto kei tōna āhua o nāianei, he rite tonu ki te 3.5 piriona kilowatt hāora."
Heoi, e ai ki ngā tohunga he nui te tūranga o te wai i roto i te ao hou e whakamahi ana i te hiko, nō reira he mea nui te ako me pēhea te whakaiti i ēnei wero.
Te hiko wai ā-whare
I te tau 2021, tata ki te 6% o te whakaputanga hiko tauine-pūtea i te US me te 32% o te whakaputanga hiko whakahou. I roto i te motu, koinei te whakaputanga hiko whakahou nui rawa atu tae noa ki te tau 2019, i te wā i hipa ake ai te hau.
E matapaetia ana kāore te US e kite i te nui o te tipu o te hiko wai i roto i te tekau tau e haere ake nei, nā te uaua o te tukanga raihana me te whakaaetanga i ētahi wā.
"E hia tekau miriona tāra me ngā tau o te whakapau kaha ki te whai i te tukanga raihana. Ā, mō ētahi o ēnei whare, inā koa ētahi o ngā whare iti ake, kāore i a rātou taua moni, taua wā rānei," te kī a Malcolm Woolf, te Perehitini me te Tumu Whakahaere Matua o te National Hydropower Association. E ai ki a ia he maha ngā tari rerekē e whai wāhi ana ki te raihana, ki te whakahou raihana rānei i tētahi whare hiko wai kotahi. E ai ki a ia, he roa ake te tukanga i te raihana i tētahi tipu karihi.
Nā te mea neke atu i te 60 tau te pakeke o ngā tipu hiko wai i te US, me whai raihana anō te nuinga i ngā wā tata nei.
"Nō reira, tera pea ka tūtaki tātou ki te tini o ngā tuku raihana, he mea whakakatakata tēnei i a tātou e ngana ana ki te whakanui ake i te nui o te whakaputanga hiko ngāwari, kore-waro kei a tātou i tēnei whenua," te kī a Woolf.
Engari e ai ki te Tari Pūngao, he pūmanawa kei reira mō te tipu ā-rohe, mā te whakapai ake i ngā tipu hiko tawhito me te tāpiri hiko ki ngā tāhuna o nāianei.
"E 90,000 ā mātou tāhuna i tēnei whenua, ko te nuinga i hangaia hei whakahaere waipuke, hei whakamakuku wai, hei penapena wai, hei whakangahau. E 3% noa iho o aua tāhuna e whakamahia ana hei whakaputa hiko," te kī a Woolf.
Ko te tipu o te rāngai e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whakawhānui ake i te mana pupuri wai e papuhia ana, e piki haere ana te rongonui hei huarahi ki te "whakapakari" i ngā kaha whakahou, me te penapena i te pūngao nui hei whakamahi i te wā kāore e whiti ana te rā, ā, kāore hoki e pupuhi ana te hau.
Ina whakaputa hiko te whare rokiroki e papuhia ana, ka rite tonu tana mahi ki te tipu wai noa: Ka rere te wai mai i te puna wai o runga ki te puna wai o raro, ka hurihuri i te tāpine whakaputa hiko i te ara. Ko te rerekētanga ko te taea e te whare rokiroki e papuhia ana te whakahou, mā te whakamahi i te hiko mai i te whatunga hiko hei papu i te wai mai i raro ki te puna wai o runga, kia rongoa ai te pūngao pūmanawa ka taea te tuku ina hiahiatia.
Ahakoa e 22 gigawatts te kaha whakaputa hiko o te wāhi putunga papu i ēnei rā, neke atu i te 60 gigawatts o ngā kaupapa kua whakaarohia kei te haere tonu. Koia te tuarua ki Haina anake.
I ngā tau tata nei, kua tino piki ake ngā tono whakaaetanga me ngā raihana mō ngā pūnaha rokiroki papu, ā, kei te whakaarohia ngā hangarau hou. Kei roto i ēnei ko ngā whare "porowhita kati", e kore nei e honoa tētahi puna wai ki tētahi puna wai o waho, me ngā whare iti ake e whakamahi ana i ngā tāke hei utu mō ngā puna wai. Tērā pea ka iti ake te whakararuraru o ngā tikanga e rua ki te taiao e karapoti ana.
Ngā tukunga me te tauraki
Mā te aukati i ngā awa, te waihanga rānei i ngā puna wai hou, ka ārai pea i te hekenga o ngā ika, ka whakangaro hoki i ngā rauropi me ngā nohoanga o te taha. Kua nekehia atu e ngā pā me ngā puna wai te tini miriona tāngata i roto i te hītori, ko te nuinga he hapori taketake, he hapori taiwhenua rānei.
E whānuitia ana te mōhiotia o ēnei āhuatanga kino. Engari kei te piki haere te aro ki tētahi wero hou — arā, ko ngā tukunga mai i ngā puna wai.
"Ko te mea kāore i te mōhiotia e te iwi, he nui te hauhā me te methane e tukuna ana e ēnei puna wai ki te āhuarangi, ā, he hau kati kōtuhi kaha ēnei e rua," te kī a Ilissa Ocko, he Kairangahau Āhuarangi Matua i te Environmental Defense Fund.
Ko ngā tukunga mai i ngā otaota pirau me ētahi atu mea rauropi, ka pakaru, ka tukuna te methane ina waipuketia tētahi rohe hei hanga i tētahi puna wai. "I te nuinga o te wā ka huri taua methane hei hauhā waro, engari me whai hāora koe hei mahi i tēnā. Ā, ki te tino mahana te wai, ka pau te hāora o ngā paparanga o raro," te kī a Ocko, ko te tikanga ka tukuna te methane ki te āhuarangi.
Mō te whakamahana i te ao, neke atu i te 80 ngā wā ka nui ake te kaha o te methane i te CO2 mō ngā tau 20 tuatahi i muri i tōna tukunga. Tae noa ki tēnei wā, e whakaatu ana ngā rangahau he nui ake ngā tipu poke i ngā wāhi wera o te ao, pērā i a Īnia me Āwherika, engari e kī ana a Ocko kāore ngā puna wai i Haina me te US i te tino āwangawanga. Engari e kī ana a Ocko me whai huarahi pakari ake hei ine i ngā tukunga.
"Ā, kātahi ka taea e koe te whai i ngā momo whakatenatena katoa hei whakaiti i tēnei, i ngā ture rānei mai i ngā mana whakahaere rerekē hei whakarite kia kore e nui rawa ngā tukunga," te kī a Ocko.
Ko tētahi atu raruraru nui mō te hiko wai ko te tauraki e hua mai ana i te āhuarangi. He iti ake te hiko e whakaputaina ana e ngā puna wai pāpaku, ā, he mea tino āwangawanga tēnei i te Hauāuru o Amerika, kua kitea te wā maroke rawa atu i roto i ngā tau 22 kua hipa.
I te mea he iti ake te hiko e whakaputaina ana e ngā puna wai pērā i a Lake Powell, e whāngai ana i te Glen Canyon Dam, me Lake Mead, e whāngai ana i te Hoover Dam, kei te whakakīia te ngoikore e ngā wahie pūmua. I kitea i roto i tētahi rangahau mai i te tau 2001 ki te 2015, i tukuna he 100 miriona tana o te hauhā waro puta noa i ngā kawanatanga 11 i te hauauru nā te nekehanga atu i te hiko wai i puta mai i te tauraki. I roto i tētahi wā tino uaua mō California i waenga i te tau 2012 ki te 2016, i whakatauhia e tētahi atu rangahau ko te ngaronga o te whakaputa hiko wai i pau ki te kawanatanga he $2.45 piriona.
Mō te wā tuatahi i roto i te hītori, kua whakapuakina he korenga wai i roto i te roto o Mead, ā, kua tapahia te tohatoha wai i Arizona, Nevada me Mexico. Ko te taumata wai, kei te 1,047 putu i tēnei wā, e matapaetia ana ka heke iho anō, nā te mea kua tangohia e te Tari Whakaora te mahi onge o te pupuri i te wai i roto i te roto o Powell, kei runga ake o te awa o Mead, kia taea ai e te Glen Canyon Dam te whakaputa hiko tonu. Mena ka heke te roto o Mead ki raro i te 950 putu, kāore e taea te whakaputa hiko.
Te heke mai o te hiko wai
Mā te whakahou ake i ngā hanganga hiko wai o nāianei ka piki ake te whai huatanga me te whakahoki mai i ētahi o ngā mate e pā ana ki te tauraki, me te whakarite hoki ka taea e ngā tipu te whakahaere mō ngā tekau tau maha e haere ake nei.
I waenganui i nāianei me te tau 2030, ka pau te $127 piriona ki te whakahou i ngā tipu tawhito o te ao. E tata ana ki te hauwhā o te haumitanga katoa o te mana wai o te ao, me te tata ki te 90% o te haumitanga ki Ūropi me Amerika Te Raki.
I te Pā o Hoover, ko te tikanga o tēnei he whakahou i ētahi o ā rātou tāpine kia pai ake ai te mahi i ngā teitei iti iho, he tāuta i ngā kēti wicket angiangi ake, e whakahaere ana i te rere o te wai ki roto i ngā tāpine me te werohanga i te hau kōpeke ki roto i ngā tāpine hei whakapiki ake i te pai o te mahi.
Engari i ētahi atu wāhi o te ao, ko te nuinga o ngā haumitanga kei te haere ki ngā tipu hou. E matapaetia ana ka eke ki te 75% o te kaha hiko wai hou tae noa ki te tau 2030 ngā kaupapa nui a te kāwanatanga i Āhia me Āwherika. Engari kei te āwangawanga ētahi mō te pānga o aua kaupapa ki te taiao.
"Ki taku whakaaro, he nui rawa te hanganga. He nui rawa te kaha o te hanganga, kāore e tika ana," te kī a Shannon Ames, te Kaiwhakahaere Matua o te Low Impact Hydropower Institute, "Ka taea te hanga hei awa rere, ā, ka taea noa te hoahoa rerekē."
Kāore he puna wai mō ngā whakaurunga e rere ana te awa, nō reira he iti ake te pānga ki te taiao, engari kāore e taea te whakaputa pūngao i runga i te tono, nā te mea ka whakawhirinaki te putanga ki ngā rerenga o te wā. E matapaetia ana ka eke te 13% o te tapeke o ngā tāpiringa kaha i tēnei tekau tau mai i te hiko wai rere o te awa, ko te hiko wai tuku iho ka eke ki te 56%, ā, ka 29% te hiko wai e pupuhihia ana.
Engari i te nuinga o te wā, kei te puhoi haere te tipu o te hiko wai, ā, kua whakaritea kia heke iho mā te 23% tae noa ki te tau 2030. Ko te huri i tēnei ia ka whakawhirinaki nui ki te whakatikatika i ngā tukanga ture me te whakaaetanga, me te whakatakoto i ngā paerewa pumau teitei me ngā kaupapa ine tukunga hei whakarite i te whakaae a te hapori. Mā te wā poto ake o te whanaketanga ka āwhina i ngā kaiwhakawhanake ki te whiwhi whakaaetanga hoko hiko, ā, mā reira ka whakatenatena i te haumitanga nā te mea ka whakamanahia ngā hokinga mai.
"Ko tētahi o ngā take kāore e ātaahua ana i ētahi wā pērā i te pūngao rā me te hau, he rerekē te pae tawhiti mō ngā whakaurunga. Hei tauira, ko te tipu hau me te pūngao rā ka tirohia he kaupapa 20 tau te roa," te kī a Ames, "I tētahi atu taha, kua raihanahia te hiko wai, ā, e 50 tau te roa o te mahi. Ā, he maha o rātou kua 100 tau te roa o te mahi... Engari kāore ā mātou mākete whakapaipai e tino maioha ki tētahi hokinga roa pēnei."
Ko te kimi i ngā kaupapa whakatenatena tika mō te whanaketanga o te hiko wai me te rokiroki papu, me te whakarite kia mahia i roto i te huarahi pumau, he mea nui ki te whakamutu i te ao mai i ngā wahie pūmua, e ai ki a Woolf.
"Kāore mātou e mārama ana ki ngā pane kōrero pērā i ētahi atu hangarau. Engari ki taku whakaaro kei te piki haere te mōhio o te iwi kāore e taea te whai whatunga hiko pono me te kore he hiko wai."
Wā tuku: Hurae-14-2022
