1 、 Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob dej
Keeb kwm ntawm tib neeg txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob muaj hnub qub rov qab mus rau lub sijhawm qub. Raws li Kev Tshaj Tawm Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Hluav Taws Xob Hluav Taws Xob ntawm Tuam Txhab Tuam Txhab Tuam Txhab Tuam Txhab Tuam Txhab (kho kho los ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm Pawg Neeg Sawv Cev ntawm National People's Congress), lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub zog dej yog: cua kub thiab lub hnub ua rau dej evaporation, dej vapor tsim los nag thiab daus, lub caij nplooj zeeg nag thiab daus ua cov dej ntws thiab cov kwj deg, thiab lub zog ntawm cov dej uas hu ua cov dej ntws.
Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev txhim kho thiab kev siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob niaj hnub no yog kev txhim kho thiab siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, yog li tib neeg feem ntau siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob dej, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hydraulic, thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv hluav taws xob raws li cov lus sib piv. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv kev muaj tiag, cov peev txheej hauv dej muaj ntau cov ntsiab lus xws li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thermal, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, thiab cov khoom siv dej hiav txwv.
(1) Cov khoom siv dej thiab thermal zog
Cov dej thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thermal feem ntau hu ua cov dej kub dej. Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, cov neeg pib siv ncaj qha mus siv cov dej thiab cua sov tej yam kev mob ntawm tej yam ntuj tso springs los tsim da dej, da dej, kho mob, thiab kev tawm dag zog. Cov neeg niaj hnub no kuj siv dej thiab thermal zog los tsim hluav taws xob thiab cua sov. Piv txwv li, Iceland muaj lub zog hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob ntawm 7.08 billion kilowatt teev hauv xyoo 2003, ntawm 1.41 billion kilowatt teev tau tsim los siv lub zog hluav taws xob hauv av (xws li dej thermal zog). 86% ntawm lub teb chaws cov neeg nyob hauv lub teb chaws tau siv geothermal zog (dej thermal zog peev txheej) rau cua sov. Lub chaw nres tsheb fais fab Yangbajing nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 25000 kilowatts tau tsim hauv Xizang, uas tseem siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv ntiaj teb (dej thiab hluav taws xob hluav taws xob) los tsim hluav taws xob. Raws li cov kws tshaj lij kev twv ua ntej, lub zog qis qis (siv cov dej hauv av ua qhov nruab nrab) uas tuaj yeem sau tau los ntawm cov av hauv ze li 100 meters hauv Suav teb txhua xyoo tuaj yeem ncav cuag 150 billion kilowatts. Tam sim no, lub peev xwm ntawm lub zog hluav taws xob hauv hluav taws xob hauv Suav teb yog 35300 kW.
(2) Hydraulic zog kev pab
Hydraulic zog muaj xws li kinetic thiab muaj peev xwm ntawm dej. Nyob rau hauv Suav teb thaum ub, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hydraulic ntawm cov dej ntws tsis sib haum, cov dej tsaws tsag, thiab cov dej tsaws tsag tau dav siv los tsim cov tshuab xws li cov kav dej, cov dej zeb, thiab cov dej zeb rau cov dej irrigation, grain processing, thiab mov husking. Nyob rau xyoo 1830, cov chaw nres tsheb hydraulic tau tsim thiab siv nyob rau hauv Tebchaws Europe los muab lub zog rau kev lag luam loj xws li hmoov nplej, paj rwb mills, thiab mining. Cov dej turbines niaj hnub no uas ncaj qha tsav centrifugal dej twj tso kua mis los tsim lub zog centrifugal rau kev nqa dej thiab kev tso dej, nrog rau cov dej rauj twj tso kua mis uas siv cov dej ntws los ua kom cov dej rauj siab thiab tsim cov dej siab rau kev nqa dej thiab kev siv dej, yog txhua yam kev tsim kho thiab kev siv dej zog.
(3) Hydroelectric zog kev pab
Nyob rau xyoo 1880, thaum hluav taws xob tau tshawb pom, lub tshuab hluav taws xob tau tsim los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob electromagnetic, thiab cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tau tsim los hloov lub zog hydraulic ntawm cov chaw siv hluav taws xob hauv hluav taws xob rau hauv hluav taws xob thiab xa mus rau cov neeg siv, ushering nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm ntawm kev loj hlob thiab kev siv ntawm hydroelectric zog.
Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas peb tau hais txog tam sim no feem ntau hu ua hydroelectric resources. Ntxiv nrog rau cov dej hauv dej, dej hiav txwv kuj muaj cov dej ntws loj, nthwv dej, ntsev thiab kub lub zog. Nws tau kwv yees tias thoob ntiaj teb dej hiav txwv dej hiav txwv cov peev txheej yog 76 billion kilowatts, uas yog ntau dua 15 npaug ntawm cov theoretical reserves ntawm av-raws li dej hydropower. Ntawm lawv, tidal zog yog 3 billion kilowatts, yoj zog yog 3 billion kilowatts, kub txawv zog yog 40 billion kilowatts, thiab ntsev txawv zog yog 30 billion kilowatts. Tam sim no, tsuas yog kev txhim kho thiab kev siv thev naus laus zis ntawm lub zog tidal tau mus txog qhov ua tau zoo uas tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm cov nplai loj hauv kev siv cov peev txheej marine hydropower los ntawm tib neeg. Kev txhim kho thiab kev siv ntawm lwm qhov chaw siv hluav taws xob tseem xav tau kev tshawb fawb ntxiv kom ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab kev lag luam thiab ua tiav kev txhim kho thiab siv tau. Txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev siv lub zog dej hiav txwv uas peb feem ntau xa mus yog kev txhim kho thiab kev siv lub zog tidal. Lub attraction ntawm lub hli thiab lub hnub mus rau lub ntiaj teb lub hiav txwv nto ua rau lub sij hawm hloov nyob rau hauv cov dej theem, hu ua dej hiav txwv tides. Kev hloov pauv ntawm cov dej hiav txwv tsim tidal zog. Hauv txoj ntsiab cai, tidal zog yog lub zog txhua yam uas tsim los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm tidal theem.
Tidal mills tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 11th, thiab nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 20th caug xyoo, lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab Fabkis pib tsim me me tidal fais fab chaw nres tsheb.
Nws tau kwv yees tias lub ntiaj teb kev siv hluav taws xob siv hluav taws xob yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm 1 billion thiab 1.1 billion kilowatts, nrog lub zog tsim hluav taws xob txhua xyoo ntawm kwv yees li 1240 billion kilowatt teev. Tuam Tshoj txoj kev siv hluav taws xob siv hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm tsim tau ntawm 21.58 lab kilowatts thiab ib xyoos ib zaug tsim hluav taws xob ntawm 30 billion kilowatt teev.
Qhov chaw nres tsheb loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb tam sim no yog Rennes tidal fais fab chaw nres tsheb hauv Fabkis, nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 240000 kilowatts. Thawj qhov chaw nres tsheb tidal fais fab hauv Suav teb, Jizhou Tidal Power Station hauv Guangdong, tau tsim xyoo 1958 nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 40 kilowatts. Zhejiang Jiangxia Tidal fais fab chaw nres tsheb, tsim nyob rau hauv 1985, muaj ib tug tag nrho ntsia muaj peev xwm ntawm 3200 kilowatts, qeb thib peb nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.
Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj cov dej hiav txwv, cov reserves ntawm yoj zog yog hais txog 12.85 lab kilowatts, tidal zog yog hais txog 13.94 lab kilowatts, ntsev txawv zog yog hais txog 125 lab kilowatts, thiab kub txawv zog yog hais txog 1.321 billion kilowatts. Nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus, tag nrho cov dej hiav txwv lub zog nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj yog hais txog 1.5 billion kilowatts, uas yog ntau tshaj ob zaug ntawm theoretical reserves ntawm 694 lab kilowatts ntawm av dej hydropower, thiab muaj broad zeem muag rau txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev siv. Niaj hnub no, cov teb chaws thoob plaws ntiaj teb tab tom nqis peev ntau hauv kev tshawb fawb txog kev siv thev naus laus zis los txhim kho thiab siv cov peev txheej loj loj uas zais hauv dej hiav txwv.
2, Hydroelectric zog kev pab cuam
Kev siv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob feem ntau yog hais txog kev siv lub peev xwm thiab lub zog kinetic ntawm cov dej ntws ntws tawm mus ua haujlwm thiab tsav cov kev sib hloov ntawm cov tshuab hluav taws xob los tsim hluav taws xob. Coal, roj, natural gas, thiab nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag yuav tsum tau siv cov khoom siv roj tsis txuas ntxiv, thaum lub zog hluav taws xob tsis siv dej, tab sis siv lub zog ntawm cov dej ntws.
(1) Ntiaj teb Hydroelectric Energy Resources
Tag nrho cov peev txheej ntawm hydropower peev hauv cov dej ntws thoob ntiaj teb yog 5.05 billion kilowatts, nrog rau kev tsim hluav taws xob txhua xyoo txog li 44.28 trillion kilowatt teev; Cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob siv hluav taws xob siv tau yog 2.26 billion kilowatts, thiab lub zog hluav taws xob txhua xyoo tuaj yeem ncav cuag 9.8 trillion kilowatt teev.
Xyoo 1878, Fabkis tau tsim lub ntiaj teb thawj qhov chaw nres tsheb fais fab nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 25 kilowatts. Txog tam sim no, lub peev xwm tsim hluav taws xob thoob ntiaj teb tau tshaj 760 lab kilowatts, nrog rau kev tsim hluav taws xob txhua xyoo ntawm 3 trillion kilowatt teev.
(2) Tuam Tshoj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob
Tuam Tshoj yog ib lub tebchaws uas muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob muaj zog tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb tshiab ntawm hydropower peev, cov theoretical reserves ntawm dej dej zog nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj yog 694 lab kilowatts, thiab txhua xyoo theoretical zog tsim yog 6.08 trillion kilowatt teev, qeb duas nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm hydropower theoretical reserves; Lub peev xwm siv tau ntawm Tuam Tshoj txoj kev siv hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm yog 542 lab kilowatts, nrog rau kev tsim hluav taws xob txhua xyoo ntawm 2.47 trillion kilowatt teev, thiab kev siv nyiaj txiag muaj peev xwm yog 402 lab kilowatts, nrog rau kev tsim hluav taws xob txhua xyoo ntawm 1.75 trillion kilowatt teev, ob qho tib si thawj zaug hauv ntiaj teb.
Thaum Lub Xya Hli 1905, Tuam Tshoj thawj qhov chaw nres tsheb hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, Guishan Hydroelectric fais fab chaw nres tsheb hauv Taiwan xeev, tau tsim nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 500 kVA. Xyoo 1912, thawj qhov chaw nres tsheb hauv Suav teb, Shilongba Hydropower chaw nres tsheb hauv Kunming, Yunnan, tau ua tiav rau kev tsim hluav taws xob, nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 480 kilowatts. Xyoo 1949, lub peev xwm ntawm cov dej hauv lub tebchaws yog 163000 kilowatts; Thaum kawg ntawm 1999, nws tau tsim mus rau 72.97 lab kilowatts, thib ob tsuas yog rau Tebchaws Meskas thiab qeb thib ob hauv ntiaj teb; Los ntawm xyoo 2005, tag nrho cov peev txheej tsim hluav taws xob hauv Suav teb tau nce mus txog 115 lab kilowatts, qeb thib ib hauv ntiaj teb, suav txog 14.4% ntawm cov peev txheej siv hluav taws xob thiab 20% ntawm tag nrho cov peev txheej tsim hluav taws xob hauv lub tebchaws.
(3) Cov yam ntxwv ntawm Hydroelectric Zog
Hydroelectric zog yog regenerated dua nrog lub hydrological voj voog ntawm xwm, thiab yuav siv tsis tu ncua los ntawm tib neeg. Tib neeg feem ntau siv cov kab lus 'inexhaustible' los piav txog kev rov ua dua tshiab ntawm hydroelectric zog.
Hydroelectric zog tsis haus roj los yog emit tej yam teeb meem thaum lub sij hawm tsim thiab ua hauj lwm. Nws cov nqi kev tswj hwm thiab kev ua haujlwm, cov nqi tsim hluav taws xob, thiab kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig yog qis dua li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thermal, ua rau nws muaj nqi qis rau ntsuab zog.
Lub zog hluav taws xob muaj kev tswj xyuas zoo, kev pib ua haujlwm sai, thiab ua lub luag haujlwm siab tshaj plaws hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm daim phiaj hluav taws xob. Nws yog ceev thiab siv tau zoo, txo cov khoom siv hluav taws xob poob thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev thiab kev sib tsoo, thiab ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.
Lub zog hluav taws xob thiab cov dej ntxhia hauv lub zog muaj peev xwm ua tau raws li lub zog tseem ceeb, uas tau hloov mus rau hauv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob thiab hu ua lub zog thib ob. Kev tsim hluav taws xob hauv hluav taws xob yog lub zog hluav taws xob uas ua tiav ob qho tib si kev txhim kho hluav taws xob thiab kev tsim hluav taws xob theem ob ib txhij, nrog ob txoj haujlwm ntawm kev tsim hluav taws xob thawj zaug thiab kev tsim hluav taws xob theem nrab; Tsis xav tau ib lub zog pob zeb extraction, kev thauj mus los, thiab cov txheej txheem khaws cia, txo cov nqi roj zoo heev.
Kev tsim kho ntawm cov reservoirs rau kev txhim kho hydropower yuav hloov lub ecological ib puag ncig ntawm cheeb tsam. Ntawm qhov tod tes, nws yuav tsum muaj submergence ntawm qee thaj av, ua rau muaj kev hloov chaw ntawm cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw; Ntawm qhov tod tes, nws tuaj yeem kho qhov microclimate ntawm thaj av ntawd, tsim kom muaj ib puag ncig hauv dej tshiab, txhawb kev muaj sia nyob ntawm cov kab mob, thiab pab txhawb tib neeg kev tswj dej nyab, dej, kev ncig xyuas, thiab kev thauj mus los. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv kev npaj ntawm hydropower tej yaam num, zuag qhia tag nrho kev txiav txim siab yuav tsum tau muab rau kom txo tau qhov kev tsis zoo ntawm lub ecological ib puag ncig, thiab hydropower kev loj hlob muaj ntau zoo dua qhov tsis zoo.
Raws li qhov zoo ntawm hydropower zog, lub teb chaws thoob ntiaj teb tam sim no tau txais cov cai tswj hwm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev txhim kho hydropower. Hauv xyoo 1990, lub zog hluav taws xob suav nrog 93.2% ntawm Brazil tag nrho cov peev txheej tsim tau, thaum lub teb chaws xws li Norway, Switzerland, New Zealand, thiab Canada muaj qhov sib piv ntawm hydropower ntau dua 50%.
Hauv xyoo 1990, qhov kev faib ua feem ntawm cov hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob rau kev siv hluav taws xob hauv qee lub tebchaws hauv ntiaj teb yog 74% hauv Fabkis, 72% hauv Switzerland, 66% hauv Nyij Pooj, 61% hauv Paraguay, 55% hauv Tebchaws Meskas, 54% hauv Egypt, 50% hauv Canada, 17.3% hauv Brazil, 11% hauv Is Nrias teb, 11%.
Post lub sij hawm: Sep-24-2024
