Cov ntsiab lus
Hydropower yog ib txoj hauv kev tsim hluav taws xob uas siv lub zog ntawm cov dej los hloov nws mus rau hauv hluav taws xob. Nws lub hauv paus ntsiab lus yog siv cov dej poob hauv qib dej (lub zog muaj peev xwm) kom ntws raws li qhov kev ua ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus (kinetic zog), xws li cov dej ua los ntawm cov dej siab xws li cov dej ntws los yog cov dej ntws mus rau qis dua. Cov dej ntws tau tsav lub turbine tig thiab tsav lub tshuab hluav taws xob los tsim hluav taws xob. Cov dej theem siab yog los ntawm tshav kub ntawm lub hnub thiab evaporates cov dej qis, yog li nws tuaj yeem suav tias yog siv lub hnub ci tsis ncaj. Vim nws cov thev naus laus zis paub tab, tam sim no nws yog lub zog siv txuas ntxiv dua tshiab hauv tib neeg lub neej.
Raws li International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) txhais ntawm lub pas dej loj, lub pas dej tauv txhais tau tias yog ib lub pas dej uas muaj qhov siab tshaj 15 meters (los ntawm qhov qis tshaj ntawm lub hauv paus mus rau saum lub pas dej ua ke) los yog lub pas dej uas muaj qhov siab ntawm 10 thiab 15 meters, uas ua tau raws li tsawg kawg yog ib qho ntawm cov hauv qab no:
Qhov ntev ntawm lub pas dej ua ke yuav tsum tsis pub tsawg tshaj 500 meters;
Lub peev xwm ntawm lub pas dej tsim los ntawm lub pas dej yuav tsum tsis pub tsawg dua 1 lab cubic meters;
⑶ Qhov dej nyab siab tshaj plaws los ntawm lub pas dej yuav tsum tsis pub tsawg dua 2000 cubic meters ib ob;
Qhov teeb meem ntawm lub hauv paus dam yog qhov nyuaj tshwj xeeb;
Tus tsim ntawm lub pas dej ua ke no txawv tshaj plaw.
Raws li BP2021 tsab ntawv ceeb toom, lub ntiaj teb hydropower suav rau 4296.8 / 26823.2 = 16.0% ntawm lub ntiaj teb lub zog tsim nyob rau hauv 2020, qis dua thee hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob (35.1%) thiab roj hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob (23.4%), qeb thib peb hauv ntiaj teb.
Xyoo 2020, kev tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob yog qhov loj tshaj plaws hauv East Asia thiab Pacific, suav txog 1643/4370 = 37.6% ntawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb.
Lub tebchaws uas muaj hluav taws xob ntau tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb yog Tuam Tshoj, ua raws li Brazil, Tebchaws Meskas, thiab Russia. Xyoo 2020, Tuam Tshoj lub tshuab hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob suav txog 1322.0 / 7779.1 = 17.0% ntawm Tuam Tshoj tag nrho cov tsim hluav taws xob.
Txawm hais tias Tuam Tshoj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm hydroelectric zog tiam, nws tsis yog siab nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws lub zog tsim qauv. Cov teb chaws uas muaj feem ntau tshaj plaws ntawm kev tsim hluav taws xob hauv lawv cov hluav taws xob tag nrho hauv 2020 yog Brazil (396.8/620.1 = 64.0%) thiab Canada (384.7/643.9 = 60.0%).
Xyoo 2020, Tuam Tshoj lub zog tsim hluav taws xob feem ntau yog hluav taws xob hluav taws xob (suav txog 63.2%), tom qab ntawd los ntawm hydropower (suav txog 17.0%), suav txog 1322.0 / 4296.8 = 30.8% ntawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb hydropower tsim. Txawm hais tias Tuam Tshoj yog thawj zaug hauv ntiaj teb hauv kev tsim hluav taws xob, nws tsis tau mus txog qhov kawg. Raws li World Energy Resources 2016 tsab ntawv ceeb toom tawm los ntawm World Energy Council, 47% ntawm Tuam Tshoj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tseem tsis tau tsim.
Kev sib piv ntawm Cov Qauv Hluav Taws Xob ntawm Sab saum toj 4 Hydroelectric Fais Fab Lub Tebchaws hauv 2020
Los ntawm lub rooj, nws tuaj yeem pom tau tias Tuam Tshoj tus dej siv hluav taws xob suav rau 1322.0 / 4296.8 = 30.8% ntawm lub ntiaj teb tag nrho cov dej tsim hluav taws xob, qeb thib ib hauv ntiaj teb. Txawm li cas los xij, nws qhov kev faib ua feem rau Tuam Tshoj tag nrho cov hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob (17%) tsuas yog siab dua li qhov nruab nrab hauv ntiaj teb (16%).
Muaj plaub hom kev tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob: lub pas dej da dej hom hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob, cov twj tso kua hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob, kwj hom hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob, thiab tsim hluav taws xob tidal.
Dam hom hydroelectric zog tsim
Dam hom hydropower, tseem hu ua reservoir hom hydropower. Lub reservoir yog tsim los ntawm kev khaws cov dej nyob rau hauv embankments, thiab nws lub siab tshaj plaws tso zis hwj chim yog txiav txim los ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm lub reservoir ntim, qhov hluav taws xob txoj hauj lwm, thiab dej saum npoo qhov siab. Qhov siab sib txawv no yog hu ua lub taub hau, tseem hu ua lub taub hau lossis lub taub hau, thiab lub peev xwm ntawm dej yog ncaj qha proportional rau lub taub hau.
Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-1970s, Fabkis engineer Bernard Forest de B é lidor luam tawm "Lub Tsev Hydraulics", uas piav txog ntsug thiab kab rov tav axis hydraulic presses. Xyoo 1771, Richard Arkwright ua ke hydraulics, dej framing, thiab kev tsim khoom tas mus li los ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv architecture. Tsim ib lub Hoobkas thiab siv cov kev ua haujlwm niaj hnub no. Nyob rau xyoo 1840, lub tshuab hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tau tsim los tsim hluav taws xob thiab xa mus rau cov neeg siv kawg. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, cov tshuab hluav taws xob tau tsim thiab tam sim no tuaj yeem ua ke nrog cov tshuab hydraulic.
Lub ntiaj teb thawj qhov dej ntawm qhov project yog Cragside Lub Tebchaws Hotel hauv Northumberland, England hauv xyoo 1878, siv rau lub hom phiaj teeb pom kev zoo. Plaub xyoos tom qab ntawd, thawj qhov chaw siv hluav taws xob ntiag tug tau qhib hauv Wisconsin, Tebchaws Asmeskas, thiab ntau pua lub chaw nres tsheb hluav taws xob tau muab tso rau tom qab ua haujlwm los muab teeb pom kev zoo hauv zos.
Shilongba Hydropower chaw nres tsheb yog thawj qhov chaw nres tsheb hauv Suav teb, nyob rau ntawm tus dej Tanglang nyob rau sab nrauv ntawm Kunming City, Yunnan Province. Kev tsim kho pib thaum Lub Xya Hli 1910 (Gengxu xyoo) thiab lub zog tau tsim rau lub Tsib Hlis 28, 1912. Lub peev xwm pib pib yog 480 kW. Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 25, 2006, Shilongba Hydropower Chaw Nres Nkoj tau pom zoo los ntawm Lub Xeev Pawg Saib Xyuas kom suav nrog rau hauv pawg thib rau ntawm lub teb chaws tseem ceeb ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab lis kev cai.
Raws li REN21's 2021 tsab ntawv ceeb toom, lub ntiaj teb no ntsia muaj peev xwm ntawm hydropower nyob rau hauv 2020 yog 1170GW, nrog Tuam Tshoj nce los ntawm 12.6GW, accounting rau 28% ntawm lub ntiaj teb no tag nrho, siab dua Brazil (9%), lub tebchaws United States (7%), thiab Canada (9.0%).
Raws li BP's 2021 kev txheeb cais, lub ntiaj teb kev siv hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob hauv xyoo 2020 yog 4296.8 TWh, ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv Suav teb yog 1322.0 TWh, suav txog 30.1% ntawm lub ntiaj teb tag nrho.
Kev tsim hluav taws xob hauv hluav taws xob yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim hluav taws xob thoob ntiaj teb thiab ua lub zog loj rau kev tsim hluav taws xob tauj dua tshiab. Raws li BP's 2021 kev txheeb cais, kev tsim hluav taws xob thoob ntiaj teb hauv 2020 yog 26823.2 TWh, ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yog 4222.2 TWh, suav txog 4222.2 / 26823.2 = 15.7% ntawm lub ntiaj teb tag nrho cov tsim hluav taws xob.
Cov ntaub ntawv no yog los ntawm International Commission on Dams (ICOLD). Raws li kev tso npe rau lub Plaub Hlis 2020, tam sim no muaj 58713 dams thoob ntiaj teb, nrog rau Tuam Tshoj suav txog 23841/58713 = 40.6% ntawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb.
Raws li BP's 2021 kev txheeb cais, nyob rau hauv 2020, Tuam Tshoj tus hydropower suav rau 1322.0 / 2236.7 = 59% ntawm Tuam Tshoj lub zog tauj dua tshiab hluav taws xob, tuav txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim hluav taws xob txuas ntxiv.
Raws li International Hydropower Association (iha) [2021 Hydropower Status Report], xyoo 2020, tag nrho cov tsim hluav taws xob hauv ntiaj teb yuav ncav cuag 4370TWh, uas suav nrog Tuam Tshoj (31% ntawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb), Brazil (9.4%), Canada (8.8%), Tebchaws Meskas (6.7%), Russia (4.5%) (3.5%), Is Nrias teb (3.5%), Is Nrias teb (3.5%). Nyiv (2.0%), Fabkis (1.5%) thiab lwm yam yuav muaj cov dej loj tshaj plaws.
Xyoo 2020, thaj av uas muaj hluav taws xob ntau tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb yog East Asia thiab Pacific, suav txog 1643/4370 = 37.6% ntawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb; Ntawm lawv, Tuam Tshoj tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb, suav txog 31% ntawm lub ntiaj teb tag nrho, suav txog 1355.20/1643 = 82.5% hauv cheeb tsam no.
Tus nqi ntawm lub zog hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob yog proportional rau tag nrho lub peev xwm nruab thiab lub peev xwm ntawm cov twj tso kua mis. Tuam Tshoj muaj lub ntiaj teb loj tshaj plaws hydroelectric zog tsim muaj peev xwm, thiab tau kawg, nws muaj peev xwm ntsia tau thiab pumped cia muaj peev xwm kuj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Raws li International Hydroelectric Association (iha) 2021 Hydroelectric Power Status Report, Tuam Tshoj lub peev xwm ntawm hydropower (nrog rau cov twj tso kua mis) mus txog 370160MW hauv xyoo 2020, suav txog 370160/1330106 = 27.8% ntawm lub ntiaj teb tag nrho, qeb thib ib hauv ntiaj teb.
Peb lub Gorges Hydropower Chaw nres tsheb, lub chaw nres tsheb loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, muaj peev xwm tsim hluav taws xob loj tshaj plaws hauv Suav teb. Peb Gorges Hydropower Station siv 32 Francis turbine, txhua 700MW, thiab ob lub 50MW turbines, nrog rau lub peev xwm ntawm 22500MW thiab lub pas dej ua ke qhov siab ntawm 181m. Lub peev xwm tsim hluav taws xob hauv xyoo 2020 yuav yog 111.8 TWh, thiab tus nqi tsim kho yuav yog ¥ 203 billion. Nws yuav ua tiav xyoo 2008.
Plaub qhov chaw nres tsheb hauv ntiaj teb tau tsim nyob hauv Yangtze River Jinsha River seem ntawm Sichuan: Xiangjiaba, Xiluodu, Baihetan, thiab Wudongde. Tag nrho lub peev xwm nruab ntawm plaub qhov chaw nres tsheb hydropower yog 46508MW, uas yog 46508 / 22500 = 2.07 npaug ntawm lub peev xwm nruab ntawm Peb Lub Chaw Hluav Taws Xob Hluav Taws Xob ntawm 22500MW. Nws lub zog txhua xyoo yog 185.05 / 101.6 = 1.82 npaug. Baihetan yog qhov chaw nres tsheb loj tshaj plaws thib ob hauv Suav teb tom qab peb Gorges hydropower chaw nres tsheb.
Tam sim no, Peb lub Gorges Hydropower Chaw nres tsheb hauv Suav teb yog lub ntiaj teb cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob loj tshaj plaws. Ntawm cov 12 qhov chaw nres tsheb loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, Tuam Tshoj tuav rau 6 lub rooj. Lub pas dej Itaipu, uas tau ntev tau nyob rau qib thib ob hauv ntiaj teb, tau raug thawb mus rau qhov thib peb los ntawm Baihetan Dam hauv Suav teb.
Lub ntiaj teb loj tshaj plaws chaw nres tsheb hydroelectric fais fab hauv 2021
Muaj 198 qhov chaw nres tsheb hydropower nrog lub peev xwm ntawm ntau tshaj 1000MW hauv ntiaj teb, uas suav nrog 60, suav txog 60/198 = 30% ntawm lub ntiaj teb tag nrho. Tom ntej no yog Brazil, Canada, thiab Russia.
Muaj 198 qhov chaw nres tsheb hydropower nrog lub peev xwm ntawm ntau tshaj 1000MW hauv ntiaj teb, uas suav nrog 60, suav txog 60/198 = 30% ntawm lub ntiaj teb tag nrho. Tom ntej no yog Brazil, Canada, thiab Russia.
Muaj 60 qhov chaw nres tsheb hydropower nrog lub peev xwm ntawm ntau tshaj 1000MW hauv Suav teb, feem ntau yog 30 nyob rau hauv Yangtze River Basin, suav nrog ib nrab ntawm Tuam Tshoj cov chaw nres tsheb hydropower nrog lub peev xwm ntawm ntau tshaj 1000MW.
Hydroelectric fais fab nroj tsuag nrog lub peev xwm ntawm ntau tshaj 1000MW muab tso rau hauv kev lag luam hauv Suav teb
Mus nce toj los ntawm Gezhouba Dam thiab hla cov dej ntws ntawm Yangtze River ntawm Peb Gorges Dam, qhov no yog lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm Tuam Tshoj txoj kev xa hluav taws xob los ntawm sab hnub poob mus rau sab hnub tuaj, thiab tseem yog lub chaw nres tsheb loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb: muaj txog 90 lub chaw nres tsheb hauv dej loj ntawm tus Dej Yangtze, suav nrog Gezhouba Dam thiab Peb Qhov Dej Jiuji, Dej 16, 1. 17 nyob rau hauv tus dej Minjiang, 25 nyob rau hauv Dadu River, 21 nyob rau hauv lub Yalong River, 27 nyob rau hauv lub Jinsha River, thiab 5 nyob rau hauv lub Muli River.
Tajikistan muaj lub ntiaj teb lub pas dej loj tshaj plaws, Usoi Dam, nrog qhov siab ntawm 567m, uas yog 262m siab tshaj qhov dej siab tshaj plaws uas twb muaj lawm, Jinping Theem 1 Dam. Lub Usoi Dam tau tsim thaum Lub Ob Hlis 18, 1911, thaum av qeeg 7.4 magnitude tshwm sim hauv Sarez, thiab ib qho av qeeg av qeeg raws tus dej Murgab thaiv cov dej ntws. Nws ua rau muaj av qeeg loj, thaiv tus dej Murgab, thiab tsim lub pas dej loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, Usoi Dam, tsim Lake Sares. Hmoov tsis zoo, tsis muaj ntawv ceeb toom txog kev tsim hluav taws xob hydroelectric.
Xyoo 2020, muaj 251 lub pas dej ua ke nrog qhov siab tshaj plaws siab tshaj 135m hauv ntiaj teb. Lub pas dej siab tshaj tam sim no yog Jinping-I Dam, lub pas dej arched nrog qhov siab ntawm 305 meters. Tom ntej no yog Nurek Dam ntawm tus dej Vakhsh hauv Tajikistan, nrog qhov ntev ntawm 300m.
Lub ntiaj teb lub pas dej siab tshaj plaws hauv xyoo 2021
Tam sim no, lub pas dej siab tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, Jinping-I Dam hauv Suav teb, muaj qhov siab ntawm 305 meters, tab sis peb lub dams tab tom tsim kho kom dhau nws. Rogun Dam txuas ntxiv yuav dhau los ua lub pas dej siab tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, nyob ntawm tus dej Vakhsh nyob rau sab qab teb Tajikistan. Lub pas dej ua ke yog 335m siab thiab kev tsim kho tau pib xyoo 1976. Nws kwv yees tias yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv kev ua haujlwm txij xyoo 2019 txog 2029, nrog rau kev tsim kho tus nqi ntawm 2-5 billion US dollars, lub peev xwm nruab ntawm 600-3600MW, thiab ib xyoos ib zaug hluav taws xob tsim ntawm 17TWh.
Qhov thib ob yog Bakhtiari Dam nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm Bakhtiari River hauv Iran, nrog qhov siab ntawm 325m thiab 1500MW. Qhov project raug nqi yog 2 billion US dollars thiab ib xyoos ib zaug tsim hluav taws xob ntawm 3TWh. Lub pas dej loj thib peb ntawm Dadu River hauv Suav teb yog Shuangjiangkou Dam, nrog qhov siab ntawm 312m.
Lub pas dej ua ke siab tshaj 305 meters tab tom tsim
Lub pas dej loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb xyoo 2020 yog Grande Dixence Dam hauv Switzerland, nrog qhov siab ntawm 285m.
Lub pas dej loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb uas muaj peev xwm khaws dej ntau tshaj plaws yog Kariba Dam ntawm Zambezi River hauv Zimbabwe thiab Zambezi. Nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1959 thiab muaj peev xwm cia dej ntawm 180.6 km3, tom qab ntawd los ntawm Bratsk Dam ntawm Angara River hauv Russia thiab Akosombo Dam ntawm Lake Kanawalt, nrog lub peev xwm cia ntawm 169 km3.
Lub pas dej loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb
Peb Gorges Dam, nyob rau ntawm tus dej loj ntawm Yangtze River, muaj peev xwm khaws dej ntau tshaj plaws hauv Suav teb. Nws tau ua tiav xyoo 2008 thiab muaj peev xwm cia dej ntawm 39.3km3, nyob rau qib 27 hauv ntiaj teb.
Lub pas dej loj tshaj plaws hauv Suav teb
Lub pas dej loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb yog Tarbela Dam hauv Pakistan. Nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1976 thiab muaj ib tug qauv ntawm 143 meters siab. Lub pas dej tauv muaj qhov ntim ntawm 153 lab cubic meters thiab lub peev xwm ntawm 3478MW.
Lub pas dej loj tshaj plaws hauv Suav teb yog Lub Tuam Txhab Peb Gorges, uas tau ua tiav xyoo 2008. Cov qauv yog 181 meters siab, lub pas dej ntim yog 27.4 lab cubic meters, thiab lub peev xwm nruab yog 22500 MW. Qib 21 hauv ntiaj teb.
Lub pas dej loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb
Congo River Basin yog tsim los ntawm Democratic Republic of Congo. Lub koom pheej ywj pheej ntawm Congo tuaj yeem tsim lub teb chaws tsim muaj peev xwm ntawm 120 lab kilowatts (120000 MW) thiab tsim hluav taws xob txhua xyoo ntawm 774 billion kilowatt teev (774 TWh). Pib los ntawm Kinshasa ntawm qhov siab ntawm 270 meters thiab mus txog ntu ntawm Matadi, tus dej hauv qab yog nqaim, nrog cov ntug dej khov thiab cov dej ntws tawm. Qhov siab tshaj plaws qhov tob yog 150 meters, nrog ib tug poob ntawm txog 280 meters. Cov dej ntws hloov tsis tu ncua, uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo heev rau kev txhim kho hydropower. Peb theem ntawm cov chaw nres tsheb loj loj tau npaj tseg, nrog thawj theem yog Pioka dam, nyob rau ntawm ciam teb ntawm Democratic Republic of Congo thiab Republic of Congo; Qhov thib ob theem Grand Inga Dam thiab theem peb Matadi dam yog ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv Democratic Republic of Congo. Pioka Hydropower Station siv lub taub hau dej ntawm 80 meters thiab npaj yuav nruab 30 units, nrog rau tag nrho lub peev xwm ntawm 22 lab kilowatts thiab ib xyoos ib zaug tsim hluav taws xob ntawm 177 billion kilowatt teev, nrog Democratic Republic of Congo thiab Republic of Congo tau txais ib nrab ntawm txhua. Matadi Hydropower chaw nres tsheb siv lub taub hau dej ntawm 50 meters thiab npaj yuav nruab 36 units, nrog rau tag nrho cov peev xwm ntawm 12 lab kilowatts thiab ib xyoos ib zaug tsim hluav taws xob ntawm 87 billion kilowatt teev. Ntu Yingjia nrawm nrawm, nrog qhov poob ntawm 100 meters hauv 25 mais, yog ntu dej nrog cov chaw siv hluav taws xob ntau tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb.
Muaj ntau qhov chaw siv hluav taws xob hauv ntiaj teb tshaj li Peb Lub Gorges Dam uas tseem tsis tau ua tiav
Tus dej Yarlung Zangbo yog tus dej siab tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Suav teb, nyob rau hauv Tibet Autonomous Region, thiab yog ib tug dej siab tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Raws li txoj cai, tom qab ua tiav ntawm Yarlung Zangbo River Hydropower Chaw nres tsheb, lub peev xwm nruab yuav ncav cuag 50000 MW, thiab lub zog tsim hluav taws xob yuav yog peb npaug ntawm peb lub Gorges Dam (98.8 TWh), mus txog 300 TWh, uas yuav yog qhov chaw nres tsheb loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb.
Tus dej Yarlung Zangbo yog tus dej siab tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Suav teb, nyob rau hauv Tibet Autonomous Region, thiab yog ib tug dej siab tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Raws li txoj cai, tom qab ua tiav ntawm Yarlung Zangbo River Hydropower Chaw nres tsheb, lub peev xwm nruab yuav ncav cuag 50000 MW, thiab lub zog tsim hluav taws xob yuav yog peb npaug ntawm peb lub Gorges Dam (98.8 TWh), mus txog 300 TWh, uas yuav yog qhov chaw nres tsheb loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb.
Tus dej Yarlung Zangbo tau hloov lub npe "Brahmaputra River" tom qab ntws tawm ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Luoyu thiab mus rau Is Nrias teb. Tom qab ntws los ntawm Bangladesh, nws tau hloov npe hu ua "Jamuna River". Tom qab sib sau ua ke nrog tus dej Ganges hauv nws thaj chaw, nws ntws mus rau Bay of Bengal hauv Dej Hiav Txwv Indian. Tag nrho ntev yog 2104 kilometers, nrog ib tug dej ntev ntawm 2057 kilometers nyob rau hauv Tibet, ib tug tag nrho poob ntawm 5435 meters, thiab ib tug nruab nrab txoj kab nqes nyob rau hauv qeb ntawm cov dej loj nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj. Lub phiab yog elongated nyob rau hauv ib tug sab hnub tuaj-sab hnub poob kev taw qhia, nrog ib tug ntev ntawm tshaj 1450 kilometers ntawm sab hnub tuaj mus rau sab hnub poob thiab qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 290 kilometers ntawm sab qaum teb mus rau sab qab teb. Qhov nruab nrab qhov siab yog li 4500 meters. Cov av yog siab nyob rau sab hnub poob thiab qis nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, nrog qis tshaj nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj. Tag nrho cheeb tsam ntawm tus dej phwj yog 240480 square kilometers, accounting rau 20% ntawm tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm tag nrho cov dej phwj nyob rau hauv Tibet, thiab txog 40.8% ntawm tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm outflow dej system nyob rau hauv Tibet, qeb thib tsib ntawm tag nrho cov dej phwj hauv Suav teb.
Raws li 2019 cov ntaub ntawv, cov teb chaws uas muaj kev siv hluav taws xob ntau tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb yog Iceland (51699 kWh / tus neeg) thiab Norway (23210 kWh / tus neeg). Iceland cia siab rau kev tsim hluav taws xob hauv hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob; Norway tso siab rau hydropower, uas suav txog 97% ntawm Norway cov qauv tsim hluav taws xob.
Lub zog qauv ntawm cov teb chaws tsis muaj av nyob hauv Nepal thiab Bhutan, uas nyob ze rau Tibet hauv Suav teb, tsis cia siab rau fossil fuels, tab sis theej rau lawv cov peev txheej hydraulic nplua nuj. Hydroelectric zog tsis yog tsuas yog siv domestically, tab sis kuj exported.
Pumped cia hydroelectric zog tsim
Pumped storage hydropower yog ib txoj hauv kev cia lub zog, tsis yog txoj kev tsim hluav taws xob. Thaum qhov kev thov ntawm cov hluav taws xob tsawg, cov hluav taws xob ntau dhau ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob txuas ntxiv ua hluav taws xob, tsav lub twj tso kua mis hluav taws xob kom tso dej mus rau qib siab rau kev khaws cia. Thaum qhov kev thov rau hluav taws xob siab, cov dej theem siab yog siv rau kev tsim hluav taws xob. Txoj kev no tuaj yeem txhim kho kev siv tus nqi ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab tseem ceeb heev hauv kev lag luam.
Pumped cia yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuab hluav taws xob huv niaj hnub thiab yav tom ntej. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob txuas ntxiv dua tshiab xws li cua thiab hnub ci zog, ua ke nrog lawv hloov cov tshuab hluav taws xob ib txwm muaj, tau ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov rau hauv daim phiaj hluav taws xob thiab hais txog qhov tsim nyog ntawm cov twj tso kua mis "dej roj teeb".
Tus nqi ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob ncaj qha ncaj qha rau lub peev xwm ntawm cov twj tso kua mis thiab muaj feem cuam tshuam rau cov twj tso kua mis. Nyob rau hauv 2020, muaj 68 kev khiav hauj lwm thiab 42 nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho thoob ntiaj teb.
Tuam Tshoj lub zog hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob yog thawj zaug hauv ntiaj teb, yog li tus naj npawb ntawm cov twj tso kua hluav taws xob tso rau hauv kev ua haujlwm thiab kev tsim kho yog thawj zaug hauv ntiaj teb. Tom ntej no yog Nyiv thiab Tebchaws Meskas.
Lub chaw nres tsheb loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb yog Bath County Pumped Storage Station hauv Tebchaws Meskas, nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 3003MW.
Qhov chaw nres tsheb loj tshaj plaws hauv Suav teb yog Huishou Pumped Storage Power Station, nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 2448MW.
Qhov thib ob loj tshaj plaws pumped cia fais fab chaw nres tsheb nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj yog lub Guangdong Pumped Storage Fais fab chaw nres tsheb, nrog ib tug nruab muaj peev xwm ntawm 2400MW.
Tuam Tshoj lub twj tso kua mis cia fais fab nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho nyob rau hauv qeb thib ib nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Muaj peb lub chaw nres tsheb uas muaj peev xwm tsim tau ntau dua 1000MW: Fengning Pumped Storage Power Station (3600MW, ua tiav los ntawm 2019 txog 2021), Jixi Pumped Storage Power Station (1800MW, ua tiav xyoo 2018), thiab Huanggou Pumped Storage Power Station (1200MW, ua tiav hauv 20).
Lub ntiaj teb qhov siab tshaj plaws cov twj tso kua mis cia fais fab yog qhov chaw nres tsheb Yamdrok Hydropower, nyob hauv Tibet, Tuam Tshoj, ntawm qhov siab ntawm 4441 meters.
Kwj hydroelectric zog tsim
Khiav ntawm tus dej hydropower (ROR), tseem hu ua runoff hydropower, yog ib hom ntawm hydroelectric zog uas tso siab rau hydropower tab sis tsuas yog yuav tsum tau ib tug me me ntawm cov dej los yog tsis xav tau kev cia ntawm cov dej ntau rau lub zog tsim. Dej ntws hydroelectric zog tsim yuav luag tag tsis xav tau dej cia lossis tsuas yog xav tau kev tsim kho cov dej me me xwb. Thaum tsim cov chaw cia dej me me, cov chaw cia dej no hu ua cov pas dej hloov kho lossis forepools. Vim tsis muaj cov chaw cia dej loj loj, cov kwj hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob muaj kev nkag siab zoo rau cov dej ntim raws caij nyoog hloov pauv hauv qhov dej. Yog li ntawd, cov kwj fais fab nroj tsuag feem ntau txhais tau tias yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sib cuam tshuam. Yog tias lub pas dej tswj hwm tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub kwj fais fab nroj tsuag uas tuaj yeem tswj cov dej ntws txhua lub sijhawm, nws tuaj yeem siv los ua lub ncov shaving fais fab nroj tsuag lossis lub hauv paus load fais fab nroj tsuag.
Qhov chaw nres tsheb loj tshaj plaws Sichuan ntws dej hauv ntiaj teb yog Jirau Dam ntawm tus dej Madeira hauv Brazil. Lub pas dej ua ke yog 63m siab, 1500m ntev, thiab 3075MW ntsia muaj peev xwm. Nws tau ua tiav hauv 2016.
Qhov thib peb loj tshaj plaws kwj dej fais fab nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no yog lub Chief Joseph Dam nyob rau hauv Columbia River nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States, nrog ib tug siab ntawm 72 meters, ib tug ntev ntawm 1817 meters, ib tug muaj peev xwm ntawm 2620 MW, thiab ib xyoos ib zaug lub zog tsim ntawm 9780 GWh. Nws tau ua tiav xyoo 1979.
Qhov loj tshaj plaws Sichuan style hydropower chaw nres tsheb hauv Suav teb yog Tianshengqiao II Dam, nyob rau ntawm tus dej Nanpan. Lub pas dej muaj qhov siab ntawm 58.7m, qhov ntev ntawm 471m, ntim ntawm 4800000m3, thiab lub peev xwm nruab ntawm 1320MW. Nws tau ua tiav hauv xyoo 1997.
Tidal zog tsim
Tide zog yog tsim los ntawm qhov nce thiab poob ntawm dej hiav txwv theem tshwm sim los ntawm tides. Feem ntau, cov reservoirs yog tsim los tsim hluav taws xob, tab sis kuj tseem muaj kev siv cov dej ntws ncaj qha los tsim hluav taws xob. Tsis muaj ntau qhov chaw thoob ntiaj teb tsim nyog rau kev tsim hluav taws xob tidal, thiab muaj yim qhov chaw hauv UK uas tau kwv yees tias muaj peev xwm ua tau raws li 20% ntawm lub teb chaws qhov kev thov hluav taws xob.
Lub ntiaj teb thawj tidal fais fab nroj tsuag yog Lance tidal fais fab nroj tsuag, nyob rau hauv Lance, Fabkis. Nws tau tsim los ntawm 1960 txog 1966 rau 6 xyoo. Lub peev xwm nruab yog 240MW.
Lub ntiaj teb loj tshaj plaws tidal fais fab chaw nres tsheb yog Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Chaw nres tsheb hauv Kaus Lim Qab Teb, nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 254MW thiab tau ua tiav xyoo 2011.
Thawj qhov chaw nres tsheb fais fab hauv North America yog Annapolis Royal Generating Station, uas nyob hauv Royal, Annapolis, Nova Scotia, Canada, ntawm qhov nkag ntawm Bay of Fundy. Lub peev xwm nruab yog 20MW thiab tau ua tiav xyoo 1984.
Qhov loj tshaj plaws tidal fais fab chaw nres tsheb nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj yog Jiangxia Tidal fais fab chaw nres tsheb, uas yog nyob rau hauv sab qab teb ntawm Hangzhou, nrog ib tug nruab muaj peev xwm ntawm 4.1MW thiab 6 teeb. Nws pib ua haujlwm hauv xyoo 1985.
Thawj lub tshuab hluav taws xob tam sim no ntawm North American Rock Tidal Power Demonstration Project tau teeb tsa hauv Vancouver Island, Canada, thaum lub Cuaj Hli 2006.
Tam sim no, lub ntiaj teb loj tshaj plaws tidal fais fab project, MeyGen (MeyGen tidal zog project), tab tom tsim nyob rau hauv Pentland Firth, sab qaum teb Scotland, nrog ib tug nruab peev xwm ntawm 398MW thiab xav tias yuav ua kom tiav nyob rau hauv 2021.
Gujarat, Is Nrias teb npaj yuav tsim thawj qhov chaw ua lag luam tidal fais fab hauv South Asia. Lub tshuab hluav taws xob nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 50MW tau teeb tsa hauv Gulf of Kutch ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv sab hnub poob ntawm Is Nrias teb, thiab kev tsim kho tau pib thaum xyoo 2012.
Lub phiaj xwm Penzhin Tidal Fais Fab Plant Project ntawm Kamchatka Peninsula hauv Russia muaj lub peev xwm ntawm 87100MW thiab lub zog tsim hluav taws xob txhua xyoo ntawm 200TWh, ua rau nws yog lub ntiaj teb loj tshaj plaws tidal fais fab nroj tsuag. Thaum ua tiav, Pinrenna Bay Tidal Power Station yuav muaj plaub npaug ntawm lub peev xwm ntawm peb lub Gorges Power Station tam sim no.
Post lub sij hawm: May-25-2023
