ʻIke kumu o ka hoʻomohala kanaka a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai hydropower

1. Nā kumuwaiwai ikehu wai
Ua hoʻi ka mōʻaukala o ka hoʻomohala kanaka a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai hydropower i ka wā kahiko. Wahi a ka Wehewehe ʻana o ke Kānāwai Ikehu Hou o ka Repubalika o Kina (i hoʻoponopono ʻia e ke Kōmike Hana Kānāwai o ke Kōmike Kūpaʻa o ka ʻAhaʻōlelo o ka Poʻe Lahui), ʻo ka wehewehe ʻana o ka ikehu wai: ʻo ka wela o ka makani a me ka lā ke kumu o ka mahu ʻana o ka wai, ʻo ka mahu wai ke kumu o ka ua a me ka hau, ʻo ka hāʻule ʻana o ka ua a me ka hau ke kumu o nā muliwai a me nā kahawai, a ʻo ke kahe ʻana o ka wai e hana i ka ikehu, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka ikehu wai.
ʻO ke kumu nui o ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai hydropower o kēia wā, ʻo ia ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai hydropower, no laila hoʻohana pinepine ka poʻe i nā kumuwaiwai mana wai, nā kumuwaiwai mana hydraulic, a me nā kumuwaiwai mana hydroelectric e like me nā huaʻōlelo like. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, aia nā kumuwaiwai hydropower i kahi ākea o nā ʻano e like me nā kumuwaiwai ikehu hydro thermal, nā kumuwaiwai ikehu hydro, nā kumuwaiwai ikehu hydro, a me nā kumuwaiwai ikehu wai kai.

（1） Nā kumuwaiwai wai a me ka ikehu wela
ʻIke nui ʻia nā kumuwaiwai wai a me ka ikehu wela he mau pūnāwai wela kūlohelohe. I ka wā kahiko, ua hoʻomaka ka poʻe e hoʻohana pololei i nā kumuwaiwai wai a me ka wela o nā pūnāwai wela kūlohelohe e kūkulu i nā ʻauʻau, ʻauʻau, mālama i nā maʻi, a me ka hoʻoikaika kino. Hoʻohana pū ka poʻe o kēia wā i nā kumuwaiwai wai a me ka ikehu wela no ka hana mana a me ka hoʻomehana ʻana. ʻO Iceland, no ka laʻana, he 7.08 biliona kilowatt hola ka hanauna mana hydroelectric i ka makahiki 2003, a he 1.41 biliona kilowatt hola o ia mau mea i hana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu geothermal (ʻo ia hoʻi nā kumuwaiwai ikehu wai). Ua hoʻohana ka 86% o ka poʻe kamaʻāina o ka ʻāina i ka ikehu geothermal (nā kumuwaiwai ikehu wai) no ka hoʻomehana ʻana. Ua kūkulu ʻia ke kahua mana ʻo Yangbajing me ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia o 25000 kilowatts ma Xizang, kahi e hoʻohana pū ai i ka geothermal (nā kumuwaiwai wai a me ka ikehu wela) e hana i ka uila. Wahi a ka wānana a nā loea, ʻo ka ikehu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai honua ma ke ʻano he medium) hiki ke hōʻiliʻili ʻia e ka lepo i loko o kahi kokoke i 100 mika ma Kina i kēlā me kēia makahiki hiki ke hiki i ka 150 biliona kilowatts. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia o ka hana mana geothermal ma Kina he 35300 kilowatts.
（2） Nā kumuwaiwai ikehu hydraulic
ʻO ka ikehu hydraulic e komo pū ana me ka ikehu kinetic a me ka ikehu hiki o ka wai. Ma Kina kahiko, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia nā kumuwaiwai ikehu hydraulic o nā muliwai haunaele, nā wailele, a me nā wailele e hana i nā mīkini e like me nā huila wai, nā wili wai, a me nā wili wai no ka hoʻoinu wai ʻana, ka hana ʻana i ka palaoa, a me ka ʻili laiki. I nā makahiki 1830, ua hoʻomohala ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia nā kikowaena hydraulic ma ʻEulopa e hāʻawi i ka mana no nā ʻoihana nui e like me nā wili palaoa, nā wili pulupulu, a me ka hana ʻeli ʻana. ʻO nā turbine wai hou e hoʻokele pololei ana i nā pamu wai centrifugal e hana i ka ikaika centrifugal no ka hāpai ʻana i ka wai a me ka hoʻoinu wai, a me nā kikowaena pamu hāmare wai e hoʻohana ana i ke kahe wai e hana i ke kaomi hāmare wai a hana i ke kaomi wai kiʻekiʻe no ka hāpai ʻana i ka wai a me ka hoʻoinu wai, he hoʻomohala pololei a hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai ikehu wai.
（3） Nā kumuwaiwai ikehu wai
I ka makahiki 1880, i ka wā i ʻike ʻia ai ka uila, ua hana ʻia nā motika uila ma muli o ke kumumanaʻo electromagnetic, a ua kūkulu ʻia nā mea kanu mana hydroelectric e hoʻololi i ka ikehu hydraulic o nā kikowaena mana hydroelectric i ikehu uila a hāʻawi iā ia i nā mea hoʻohana, e hoʻolauna ana i kahi manawa o ka hoʻomohala ikaika a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai ikehu hydroelectric.
ʻO nā kumuwaiwai hydropower a mākou e ʻōlelo nei i kēia manawa ua kapa ʻia he mau kumuwaiwai hydroelectric. Ma waho aʻe o nā kumuwaiwai wai muliwai, aia pū kekahi i loko o ke kai he nui o ka ikehu kai, nalu, paʻakai a me ka mahana. Ua manaʻo ʻia he 76 biliona kilowatts ka nui o nā kumuwaiwai hydropower moana honua, ʻoi aku ma mua o 15 mau manawa o nā waihona theoretical o ka hydropower muliwai ma ka ʻāina. I waena o lākou, ʻo ka ikehu kai he 3 biliona kilowatts, ʻo ka ikehu nalu he 3 biliona kilowatts, ʻo ka ikehu ʻokoʻa mahana he 40 biliona kilowatts, a ʻo ka ikehu ʻokoʻa paʻakai he 30 biliona kilowatts. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana ikehu kai wale nō i hiki i kahi pae hana e hiki ke hoʻomohala ʻia ma kahi pae nui i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai hydropower kai e nā kānaka. Pono ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumu ikehu ʻē aʻe i ka noiʻi hou aku e hoʻokō i nā hopena holomua i ka hiki ke hana loea a me ka hoʻokele waiwai a hoʻokō i ka hoʻomohala a me ka hoʻohana ʻana. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu moana a mākou e ʻōlelo pinepine ai, ʻo ia ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu kai. ʻO ka huki ʻana o ka Mahina a me ka Lā i ka ʻilikai o ka Honua ke kumu o nā loli manawa i ka pae wai, i ʻike ʻia ʻo ke kai moana. ʻO ka loli ʻana o ka wai kai e hoʻokumu i ka ikehu kai. Ma ke kumumanaʻo, ʻo ka ikehu kai he ikehu mechanical i hana ʻia e ka loli ʻana o nā pae kai.
Ua ʻike ʻia nā wili kai i ke kenekulia 11, a i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 20, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Kelemānia a me Palani e kūkulu i nā kikowaena mana kai liʻiliʻi.
Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka ikehu kai eʻe hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia o ka honua ma waena o 1 biliona a me 1.1 biliona kilowatts, me ka hanauna mana makahiki ma kahi o 1240 biliona kilowatt hola. ʻO ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia o nā kumuwaiwai ikehu kai eʻe o Kina he 21.58 miliona kilowatts a me ka hanauna mana makahiki he 30 biliona kilowatt hola.
ʻO ke kahua mana kai nui loa ma ka honua i kēia manawa ʻo ia ke kahua mana kai ʻo Rennes ma Palani, me ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia he 240000 kilowatts. ʻO ke kahua mana kai mua ma Kina, ʻo Jizhou Tidal Power Station ma Guangdong, i kūkulu ʻia i ka makahiki 1958 me ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia he 40 kilowatts. ʻO ka Zhejiang Jiangxia Tidal Power Station, i kūkulu ʻia i ka makahiki 1985, he 3200 kilowatts ka nui o ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia, ʻo ia ke kolu o ka honua.
Eia kekahi, ma nā moana o Kina, ʻo ka waihona o ka ikehu nalu ma kahi o 12.85 miliona kilowatts, ʻo ka ikehu kai ma kahi o 13.94 miliona kilowatts, ʻo ka ikehu ʻokoʻa paʻakai ma kahi o 125 miliona kilowatts, a ʻo ka ikehu ʻokoʻa mahana ma kahi o 1.321 biliona kilowatts. I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, ʻo ka huina o ka ikehu moana ma Kina ma kahi o 1.5 biliona kilowatts, ʻoi aku ia ma mua o ka pālua o ka waihona kumumanaʻo o 694 miliona kilowatts o ka mana wai muliwai ʻāina, a he nui nā manaʻolana no ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana. I kēia mau lā, ke hoʻopukapuka nui nei nā ʻāina a puni ka honua i ka noiʻi ʻana i nā ʻano hana ʻenehana e hoʻomohala a hoʻohana i nā kumuwaiwai ikehu nui i hūnā ʻia i loko o ke kai.
2. Nā kumuwaiwai ikehu hydroelectric
ʻO ka maʻamau, pili nā kumuwaiwai ikehu hydroelectric i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu hiki a me ka ikehu kinetic o ke kahe wai o ka muliwai e hoʻokuʻu i ka hana a hoʻokele i ka hoʻohuli ʻana o nā mīkini hana hydroelectric e hana i ka uila. Pono ka lanahu, ka ʻaila, ke kinoea kūlohelohe, a me ka hana mana nukelea i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai wahie hiki ʻole ke hoʻohou hou ʻia, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hoʻopau ka hana mana hydroelectric i nā kumuwaiwai wai, akā hoʻohana i ka ikehu o ke kahe o ka muliwai.
（1） Nā Kumuwaiwai Ikehu Hydroelectric o ke Ao Nei
ʻO ka huina o nā waihona waiwai hydropower ma nā muliwai ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa he 5.05 biliona kilowatts, me ka hanauna mana makahiki a hiki i ka 44.28 trillion kilowatt hola; ʻO nā kumuwaiwai hydropower hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano loea he 2.26 biliona kilowatts, a hiki i ka hanauna mana makahiki ke hiki i 9.8 trillion kilowatt hola.
I ka makahiki 1878, ua kūkulu ʻo Farani i ke kahua mana hydroelectric mua loa o ka honua me ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia he 25 kilowatts. A hiki i kēia manawa, ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mana hydropower i hoʻokomo ʻia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa ma mua o 760 miliona kilowatts, me ka hanauna mana makahiki o 3 trillion kilowatt hola.
（2） Nā kumuwaiwai hydropower o Kina
ʻO Kina kekahi o nā ʻāina me nā kumuwaiwai ikehu hydroelectric waiwai loa ma ka honua. Wahi a ka noiʻi hou loa o nā kumuwaiwai hydropower, ʻo ka waihona kumumanaʻo o ka ikehu wai muliwai ma Kina he 694 miliona kilowatts, a ʻo ka hanauna mana kumumanaʻo makahiki he 6.08 trillion kilowatt hola, e kūlana mua ana ma ka honua ma ke ʻano o nā waihona kumumanaʻo hydropower; ʻO ka hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e nā kumuwaiwai hydropower o Kina he 542 miliona kilowatts, me ka hanauna mana makahiki o 2.47 trillion kilowatt hola, a ʻo ka hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e ka hoʻokele waiwai he 402 miliona kilowatts, me ka hanauna mana makahiki o 1.75 trillion kilowatt hola, ʻelua kūlana mua ma ka honua.
I Iulai 1905, ua kūkulu ʻia ke kahua mana hydroelectric mua o Kina, ʻo ke kahua mana hydroelectric ʻo Guishan ma ka Panalāʻau ʻo Taiwan, me ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia he 500 kVA. I ka makahiki 1912, ua hoʻopau ʻia ke kahua mana hydroelectric mua ma ka ʻāina nui o Kina, ʻo Shilongba Hydropower Station ma Kunming, Panalāʻau ʻo Yunnan, no ka hana mana, me ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia he 480 kilowatts. I ka makahiki 1949, ʻo ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia o ka hydropower ma ka ʻāina he 163000 kilowatts; I ka hopena o 1999, ua hoʻomohala ʻia i 72.97 miliona kilowatts, ʻo ka lua wale nō ma hope o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a ʻo ka lua ma ka honua; I ka makahiki 2005, ua hiki aku ka nui o ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia o ka hydropower ma Kina i 115 miliona kilowatts, ʻo ia ka mua ma ka honua, e helu ana i 14.4% o ka mana hydropower hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia a me 20% o ka nui o ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia o ka ʻoihana mana aupuni.
（3） Nā ʻano o ka ikehu wai
Hoʻoulu hou ʻia ka ikehu hydroelectric me ke kaʻapuni hydrological o ke kūlohelohe, a hiki ke hoʻohana mau ʻia e nā kānaka. Hoʻohana pinepine ka poʻe i ka huaʻōlelo 'inexhaustible' e wehewehe i ka hiki ke hoʻoulu hou ʻia o ka ikehu hydroelectric.
ʻAʻole hoʻopau ka ikehu hydroelectric i ka wahie a hoʻopuka paha i nā mea ʻino i ka wā o ka hana ʻana a me ka hana. ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o kāna mau kumukūʻai hoʻokele a me ka hana, nā kumukūʻai hana mana, a me ka hopena o ke kaiapuni ma mua o ka hana mana thermal, e lilo ia i kumu ikehu ʻōmaʻomaʻo haʻahaʻa ke kumukūʻai.
He hana hoʻoponopono maikaʻi ko ka ikehu hydropower, hoʻomaka wikiwiki, a he kuleana koʻikoʻi loa ia i ka hana o ka pūnaewele mana. He wikiwiki a maikaʻi hoʻi, e hōʻemi ana i ka nalowale o ka lako mana i nā kūlana pilikia a me nā ulia pōpilikia, a e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka palekana o ka lako mana.
ʻO ka ikehu hydroelectric a me ka ikehu mineral no ka ikehu mua e pili ana i nā kumuwaiwai, kahi i hoʻololi ʻia i ikehu uila a kapa ʻia he ikehu lua. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ikehu hydroelectric kahi kumu ikehu e hoʻopau i ka hoʻomohala ikehu mua a me ka hana ikehu lua i ka manawa like, me nā hana pālua o ke kūkulu ʻana i ka ikehu mua a me ke kūkulu ʻana i ka ikehu lua; ʻAʻohe pono no kahi kaʻina hana hoʻokaʻawale mineral ikehu hoʻokahi, ka lawe ʻana, a me ka mālama ʻana, e hōʻemi nui ana i nā kumukūʻai wahie.
ʻO ke kūkulu ʻana i nā waihona wai no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hydropower e hoʻololi i ke kaiapuni kaiaola o nā wahi kūloko. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, pono ia i ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana o kekahi ʻāina, e hopena ana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka poʻe malihini; Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, hiki iā ia ke hoʻihoʻi i ka microclimate o ka ʻāina, hana i kahi kaiapuni kaiaola wai hou, paipai i ke ola ʻana o nā meaola, a hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka kaohi ʻana o ke kanaka i ke kahe, ka irrigation, ka mākaʻikaʻi, a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā moku. No laila, i ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā papahana hydropower, pono e noʻonoʻo nui ʻia ka hoʻēmi ʻana i ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole ma ke kaiapuni kaiaola, a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pono o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hydropower ma mua o nā hemahema.
Ma muli o nā pono o ka ikehu hydropower, ke hoʻohana nei nā ʻāina a puni ka honua i nā kulekele e hoʻokau mua i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hydropower. I nā makahiki 1990, ua helu ʻia ka hydropower no 93.2% o ka nui o ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia o Brazil, ʻoiai ʻo nā ʻāina e like me Norewai, Kuikilana, Aotearoa, a me Kanada he mau lakio hydropower ma mua o 50%.
I ka makahiki 1990, ʻo ka hapa o ka hana mana hydroelectric i ka uila hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma kekahi mau ʻāina o ka honua he 74% ma Palani, 72% ma Kuikilana, 66% ma Iapana, 61% ma Paraguay, 55% ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, 54% ma ʻAigupita, 50% ma Kanada, 17.3% ma Palakila, 11% ma India, a me 6.6% ma Kina i ka manawa like.