ʻIke kumu o ka hoʻomohala kanaka a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai hydropower

1、 Waiwai ikehu waiwai
ʻO ka mōʻaukala o ka hoʻomohala kanaka a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai hydropower mai ka wā kahiko. Wahi a ka Interpretation of the Renewable Energy Law of the People's Republic of China (i hoʻoponopono ʻia e ke Kōmike Hana Kānāwai o ke Kōmike Kūʻokoʻa o ka National People's Congress), ʻo ka wehewehe ʻana o ka ikehu wai: ʻo ka wela o ka makani a me ka lā ka mea e hoʻoheheʻe ai ka wai, wai ka ua a me ka hau, ka hāʻule ʻana o ka ua a me ka hau i nā kahawai a me nā kahawai, a ʻo ke kahe o ka wai e hana i ka ikehu wai.
ʻO ka ʻike nui o ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai hydropower o kēia manawa, ʻo ia ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai hydropower, no laila hoʻohana maʻamau nā kānaka i nā kumuwaiwai wai, nā kumuwaiwai hydraulic, a me nā kumuwaiwai hydroelectric e like me nā ʻano like. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo nā kumuwaiwai hydropower ka nui o nā ʻike e like me nā kumuwaiwai wai wela, nā kumuwaiwai hydro, nā kumuwaiwai wai, a me nā kumuwaiwai wai kai.

（1） Ka wai a me ka ikehu wela
ʻIke mau ʻia nā kumu wai a me ka ikehu wela ma ke ʻano he pūnāwai wela maoli. I ka wā kahiko, hoʻomaka ka poʻe e hoʻohana pololei i ka wai a me nā kumu wela o nā pūnāwai wela maoli e hana i nā ʻauʻau, ʻauʻau, mālama i nā maʻi, a me ka hoʻoikaika kino. Hoʻohana pū ka poʻe o kēia manawa i ka wai a me ka ikehu wela no ka hana mana a me ka wela. ʻO Iceland, no ka laʻana, he 7.08 biliona kilowatt hola i ka makahiki 2003, a he 1.41 biliona kilowatt hola i hana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu geothermal (ʻo ia hoʻi nā kumu wai wela wela). Ua hoʻohana ʻo 86% o nā kamaʻāina o ka ʻāina i ka ikehu geothermal (wai thermal energy resources) no ka hoʻomehana ʻana. Ua kūkulu ʻia ka mana mana ʻo Yangbajing me ka mana o 25000 kilowatts ma Xizang, kahi e hoʻohana ai i ka geothermal (wai a me nā kumuwaiwai wela) e hoʻohua ai i ka uila. Wahi a ka wānana a ka poʻe akamai, ʻo ka ikehu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (e hoʻohana ana i ka wai honua ma ke ʻano he mea waena) hiki ke hōʻiliʻili ʻia e ka lepo i loko o kahi kokoke i 100 mika ma Kina i kēlā me kēia makahiki hiki ke hiki i 150 biliona kilowatts. I kēia manawa, ʻo 35300 kilowatts ka mana hoʻokomo o ka mana geothermal ma Kina.
（2） Punawai ikehu hydraulic
Loaʻa ka ikehu hydraulic i ka ikehu kinetic a me ka ikehu o ka wai. Ma Kina kahiko, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia nā kumu waiwai hydraulic o nā muliwai kūpikipikiʻo, nā wailele, a me nā wailele e hana i nā mīkini e like me nā huila wai, nā wili wai, a me nā wili wai no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka wai, ka hana palaoa, a me ka husking raiki. I ka makahiki 1830, ua hoʻomohala ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia nā kikowaena hydraulic ma ʻEulopa e hāʻawi i ka mana no nā ʻoihana nui e like me ka wili palaoa, nā wili pulupulu, a me ka mining. ʻO nā turbine wai hou e hoʻokele pololei i nā pamu wai centrifugal e hoʻoulu i ka ikaika centrifugal no ka hāpai ʻana i ka wai a me ka hoʻoinu ʻana, a me nā hale hoʻoheheʻe hāmare wai e hoʻohana i ka kahe wai e hoʻohua ai i ke kaomi hāmare wai a hana i ke kaomi wai kiʻekiʻe no ka hāpai ʻana i ka wai a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka wai.
（3） Punawai ikehu wai
I nā makahiki 1880, i ka wā i ʻike ʻia ai ka uila, ua hana ʻia nā kaʻa uila e pili ana i ka manaʻo electromagnetic, a ua kūkulu ʻia nā mea mana hydroelectric e hoʻohuli i ka ikehu hydraulic o nā hale mana hydroelectric i ka ikehu uila a hāʻawi aku i nā mea hoʻohana, e hoʻomaka ana i kahi manawa o ka hoʻomohala ikaika a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai hydroelectric.
ʻO nā kumuwaiwai hydropower a mākou e ʻōlelo nei i kēia manawa ua kapa ʻia ʻo hydroelectric resources. Ma waho aʻe o nā kumuwaiwai wai o ka muliwai, aia i loko o ke kai ka nui o ke kai, ka nalu, ka paʻakai a me ka ikehu wela. Ua manaʻo ʻia he 76 biliona kilowatts ka nui o ka wai o ka moana honua, ʻoi aku ia ma mua o 15 mau manawa o ka mālama ʻana o ka wai wai kahawai. Ma waena o lākou, he 3 biliona kilowatts ka ikehu kai, he 3 biliona kilowatts ka ikehu nalu, he 40 biliona kilowatts ka ikehu ʻokoʻa wela, a he 30 biliona kilowatts ka ikehu ʻokoʻa paʻakai. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana o ka ikehu kai i hiki i kahi pae kūpono e hiki ke hoʻomohala ʻia ma ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai wai wai e nā kānaka. Pono ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumu ikehu ʻē aʻe i ka noiʻi hou ʻana e loaʻa i nā hopena holomua i ka hiki ke ʻenehana a me ka hoʻokele waiwai a hoʻokō i ka hoʻomohala kūpono a me ka hoʻohana ʻana. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu moana a mākou e kamaʻilio mau nei, ʻo ia ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu kai. ʻO ka huki ʻana o ka mahina a me ka lā i ka ʻili kai o ka Honua ke kumu o ka loli ʻana o ka ʻilikai i kēlā me kēia manawa, i kapa ʻia ʻo ke kai moana. ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka wai kai e hana i ka ikehu kai. Ma ke kumu, ʻo ka ikehu kai he ikehu mechanical i hana ʻia e ka loli o nā pae kai.
Ua ʻike ʻia nā wili kai i ke kenekulia 11, a i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 20, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Kelemania a me Farani e kūkulu i nā hale mana liʻiliʻi.
Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka ikehu kai hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ka honua ma waena o 1 biliona a me 1.1 biliona kilowatts, me ka hana mana makahiki ma kahi o 1240 biliona kilowatt hola. Loaʻa ka mana hoʻohana i ka ikehu kai o Kina he 21.58 miliona kilowatts a me ka hana mana makahiki he 30 biliona kilowatt hola.
ʻO ka hale mana o ke kai nui loa ma ka honua i kēia manawa, ʻo ia ka Rennes tidal power station ma Farani, me ka mana o 240000 kilowatts. Ua kūkulu ʻia ke kahua mana o ke kai mua ma Kina, ʻo ka Jizhou Tidal Power Station ma Guangdong, i ka makahiki 1958 me ka mana o 40 kilowatts. ʻO ka Zhejiang Jiangxia Tidal Power Station, i kūkulu ʻia i ka makahiki 1985, he 3200 kilowatts ka nui i hoʻokomo ʻia, ke kūlana kolu o ka honua.
Eia kekahi, ma ka moana o Kina, he 12.85 miliona kilowatts ka waihona o ka ikehu nalu, he 13.94 miliona kilowatts ka ikehu kai, he 125 miliona kilowatts ka ikehu o ka paakai, a he 1.321 biliona kilowatts ka ikehu okoa. I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, ʻo ka nui o ka ikehu moana ma Kina ma kahi o 1.5 biliona kilowatts, ʻoi aku ia ma mua o ʻelua mau manawa o ka mālama ʻana i ka manaʻo o 694 miliona kilowatts o ka wai wai kahawai ʻāina, a he ākea ka manaʻo no ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana. I kēia mau lā, ke kālele nui nei nā ʻāina a puni ka honua i ka noiʻi ʻana i nā ala ʻenehana no ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai ikehu nui i hūnā ʻia i ke kai.
2、 Nā kumuwaiwai ikehu wai
ʻO nā kumu waiwai hydroelectric e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu a me ka ikehu kinetic o ke kahe wai o ka muliwai e hoʻokuʻu i ka hana a hoʻokele i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā mea hana hydroelectric e hana i ka uila. ʻO ka lanahu, ka aila, ke kinoea maoli, a me ka mana nuklea e pono ai ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumu waiwai wahie hou ʻole, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ʻai ka mana hydroelectric i nā kumu wai, akā hoʻohana i ka ikehu o ke kahe o ka muliwai.
（1） Loaʻa i nā kumuwaiwai wai wai honua
ʻO ka nui o nā waihona waiwai wai i nā muliwai ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa he 5.05 biliona kilowatts, me ka mana o ka mana makahiki a hiki i ka 44.28 trillion kilowatt hola; ʻO 2.26 biliona kilowatts nā kumu waiwai hydropower hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia, a hiki i ka hana mana makahiki ke hiki i 9.8 trillion kilowatt hola.
I ka makahiki 1878, ua kūkulu ʻo Farani i ke kahua mana hydroelectric mua o ka honua me ka mana hoʻokomo o 25 kilowatts. I kēia manawa, ua ʻoi aku ka mana hydropower i hoʻokomo ʻia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa ma mua o 760 miliona kilowatts, me ka hana mana makahiki o 3 trillion kilowatt hola.
（2） Nā kumuwaiwai wai o Kina
ʻO Kina kekahi o nā ʻāina me ka waiwai nui o ka ikehu hydroelectric ma ka honua. Wahi a ka noiʻi hou loa o nā kumuwaiwai hydropower, ʻo ka ʻae ʻana o ka ikehu wai kahawai ma Kina he 694 miliona kilowatts, a ʻo ka mana o ka mana o ka makahiki he 6.08 trillion kilowatt hola, ke kūlana mua ma ka honua e pili ana i ka hydropower theoretical reserves; He 542 miliona kilowatts ka hiki ke hoʻohana pono ʻia o ka waiwai wai wai o Kina, me ka mana o ka mana makahiki he 2.47 trillion kilowatt hola, a ʻo ka hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻokele waiwai he 402 miliona kilowatts, me ka hana mana makahiki o 1.75 trillion kilowatt hola, ʻelua kūlana mua ma ka honua.
I Iulai i ka makahiki 1905, ua kūkulu ʻia ke kahua mana hydroelectric mua o Kina, ʻo Guishan Hydroelectric Power Station ma Taiwan Province, me ka mana o 500 kVA. I ka makahiki 1912, ua hoʻopau ʻia ke kahua wai wai mua ma Kina Mainland, Shilongba Hydropower Station ma Kunming, Yunnan Province, no ka hana mana, me ka mana hoʻokomo ʻia o 480 kilowatts. I ka makahiki 1949, ʻo 163000 kilowatts ka mana hoʻokomo o ka hydropower ma ka ʻāina; Ma ka hopena o 1999, ua hoʻonui ʻia i ka 72.97 miliona kilowatts, ʻelua wale nō ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me ka helu lua ma ka honua; I ka makahiki 2005, ua hiki i ka 115 miliona kilowatts ka huina o ka mana wai i hoʻokomo ʻia ma Kina, ʻo ka helu mua ma ka honua, ʻo ia ka 14.4% o ka mana hydropower hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia a me ka 20% o ka nui o ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia o ka ʻoihana mana aupuni.
（3） Nā hiʻohiʻona o ka ikehu wai
Hoʻoulu hou ʻia ka ikehu Hydroelectric me ka pōʻai hydrological o ke ʻano, a hiki ke hoʻohana mau ʻia e nā kānaka. Hoʻohana pinepine ka poʻe i ka huaʻōlelo 'inexhaustible' e wehewehe i ka hiki ke hoʻololi i ka ikehu hydroelectric.
ʻAʻole hoʻopau ka ikehu hydroelectric i ka wahie a hoʻokuʻu paha i nā mea ʻino i ka wā o ka hana a me ka hana. ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o kāna mau hoʻokele a me ka hana, nā kumukūʻai o ka mana, a me ka hopena o ke kaiapuni ma mua o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka mana wela, e lilo ia i kumu kumu ikehu ʻōmaʻomaʻo haʻahaʻa.
He maikaʻi ka hoʻoponopono hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka ikehu Hydropower, hoʻomaka wikiwiki, a pāʻani i ka hana kahiki i ka hana o ka mana mana. He wikiwiki a maikaʻi hoʻi, e hōʻemi ana i ka nalowale o ka mana i nā pilikia pilikia a me nā pilikia, a me ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka palekana o ka mana.
ʻO ka ikehu hydroelectric a me ka ikehu mineral no ka ikehu kumu kumu waiwai, i hoʻololi ʻia i ikehu uila a kapa ʻia ka ikehu lua. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ikehu hydroelectric kahi kumu ikehu e hoʻopau ai i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ikehu kumu a me ka hana lua o ka ikehu i ka manawa like, me nā hana ʻelua o ke kūkulu ʻana i ka ikehu mua a me ke kūkulu ʻana i ka ikehu lua; ʻAʻohe pono no ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i ka mineral ikehu hoʻokahi, ka lawe ʻana, a me ke kaʻina hana mālama, e hōʻemi nui ana i nā kumukūʻai wahie.
ʻO ke kūkulu ʻana i nā loko wai no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hydropower e hoʻololi i ke kaiaola o nā wahi kūloko. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, pono ia e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i kekahi ʻāina, e hoʻoneʻe ai i nā malihini; Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki iā ia ke hoʻihoʻi i ka microclimate o ka ʻāina, hana i kahi kaiaola kaiaola hou, hoʻoikaika i ke ola o nā mea ola, a hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hoʻokele wai kanaka, irrigation, mākaʻikaʻi, a me ka hoʻomohala moku. No laila, i ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā papahana hydropower, pono e hāʻawi ʻia ka noʻonoʻo holoʻokoʻa i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ke kaiaola, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomohala hydropower ma mua o nā hemahema.
Ma muli o ka maikaʻi o ka ikehu hydropower, ke hoʻohana nei nā ʻāina a puni ka honua i nā kulekele e hoʻokumu i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hydropower. I ka makahiki 1990, ua helu ʻia ka hydropower no 93.2% o ka nui o ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia ma Brazil, aʻo nā ʻāina e like me Norewai, Switzerland, New Zealand, a me Kanada i loaʻa i ka hydropower ratio o ka 50%.
I ka makahiki 1990, he 74% ka nui o ka mana hydroelectric i kekahi mau ʻāina o ka honua, he 74% ma Switzerland, 66% ma Iapana, 61% ma Paraguay, 55% ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, 54% ma ʻAigupita, 50% ma Kanada, 17.3% ma Brazil, a me 11% ma Brazil.