Hōʻike Mana Hydroelectric Honua 2021

Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo
ʻO ka hydropower kahi ʻano hana mana e hoʻohana ana i ka ikehu hiki o ka wai e hoʻololi iā ia i ikehu uila. ʻO kona kumumanaʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka emi ʻana o ka pae wai (ikehu hiki) e kahe ma lalo o ka hana a ke koʻikoʻi (ikehu kinetic), e like me ke alakaʻi ʻana i ka wai mai nā kumu wai kiʻekiʻe e like me nā muliwai a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​waiwai i nā pae haʻahaʻa. Hoʻokele ka wai kahe i ka turbine e hoʻohuli a hoʻokele i ka mīkini hana e hana i ka uila. Loaʻa ka wai kiʻekiʻe mai ka wela o ka lā a hoʻomaloʻo i ka wai haʻahaʻa, no laila hiki ke manaʻo ʻia he hoʻohana pololei ʻole ia i ka ikehu lā. Ma muli o kāna ʻenehana makua, ʻo ia ka ikehu hou i hoʻohana nui ʻia i loko o ke kaiāulu kanaka.
Wahi a ka wehewehe ʻana a ka International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) no kahi pā nui, ua wehewehe ʻia kahi pā ʻo ia kekahi pā me ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 15 mika (mai ka wahi haʻahaʻa loa o ke kahua a hiki i ka piko o ka pā) a i ʻole kahi pā me ke kiʻekiʻe ma waena o 10 a me 15 mika, e hoʻokō ana i hoʻokahi o nā kūlana ma lalo nei:
ʻAʻole e emi ka lōʻihi o ka piko o ka pā ma lalo o 500 mika;

ʻAʻole e emi ka nui o ka waihona wai i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka pā ma mua o 1 miliona mika cubic;
⑶ ʻAʻole e emi iho ka nui o ke kahe ʻana o ke kai e lawelawe ʻia e ka pā ma mua o 2000 mika cubic i kekona;
He mea paʻakikī loa ka pilikia o ke kahua pā;
He mea kupaianaha ke ʻano o kēia pā wai.

Wahi a ka hōʻike BP2021, ʻo ka hydropower honua ka mea i helu ʻia no 4296.8/26823.2=16.0% o ka hana mana honua i ka makahiki 2020, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka hana mana lanahu (35.1%) a me ka hana mana kinoea (23.4%), ʻo ia ke kolu o ka honua.
I ka makahiki 2020, ʻo ka hana mana hydroelectric ka mea nui loa ma Asia Hikina a me ka Pākīpika, e helu ana i 1643/4370=37.6% o ka huina honua.
ʻO Kina ka ʻāina me ka hana mana hydroelectric kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka honua, ukali ʻia e Brazil, ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, a me Rusia. I ka makahiki 2020, ʻo ka hana mana hydropower o Kina he 1322.0/7779.1=17.0% o ka huina o ka hana uila o Kina.
ʻOiai ʻo Kina ke kūlana mua ma ka honua ma ke ʻano o ka hana mana hydroelectric, ʻaʻole ia i kiʻekiʻe ma ka hoʻonohonoho hana mana o ka ʻāina. ʻO nā ʻāina me ka hapa nui loa o ka hana mana hydropower i kā lākou hana uila holoʻokoʻa i ka makahiki 2020 ʻo Brazil (396.8/620.1=64.0%) a me Kanada (384.7/643.9=60.0%).
I ka makahiki 2020, ʻo ka hana mana o Kina ua hoʻohana nui ʻia me ka lanahu (63.2%), a ukali ʻia e ka hydropower (17.0%), ʻo ia hoʻi he 1322.0/4296.8=30.8% o ka huina o ka hana mana hydropower o ka honua. ʻOiai ʻo Kina ke kūlana mua ma ka honua ma ka hana mana hydropower, ʻaʻole naʻe i hiki i kona kiʻekiʻe. Wahi a ka hōʻike a ka World Energy Resources 2016 i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e ka World Energy Council, 47% o nā kumuwaiwai hydropower o Kina i hoʻomohala ʻole ʻia.

Hoʻohālikelike o ka Hoʻonohonoho Mana ma waena o nā ʻĀina Hana Mana Hydroelectric 4 kiʻekiʻe ma 2020
Mai ka papa ʻaina, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ʻo ka hydropower o Kina he 1322.0/4296.8=30.8% o ka huina o ka hana hydropower o ka honua, ʻo ia ka mea mua ma ka honua. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo kona ʻāpana i ka huina o ka hana uila o Kina (17%) he ʻoi iki aʻe ia ma mua o ka awelika honua (16%).
ʻEhā ʻano hana mana hydroelectric: ka hana mana hydroelectric ʻano dam, ka hana mana hydroelectric waihona pumped, ka hana mana hydroelectric ʻano kahawai, a me ka hana mana kai.

Ka hana mana hydroelectric ʻano pā
ʻO ka mana wai ʻano pā, i ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka mana wai ʻano waihona. Hoʻokumu ʻia kahi waihona ma ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ma nā ʻauwai, a ua hoʻoholo ʻia kona mana puka kiʻekiʻe loa e ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka nui o ka waihona, ke kūlana puka, a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻili wai. Ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻokoʻa kiʻekiʻe he poʻo, i ʻike ʻia hoʻi he poʻo a poʻo paha, a ua kūlike pololei ka ikehu hiki o ka wai me ke poʻo.
I ka waena o nā makahiki 1970, ua paʻi ka ʻenekinia Farani ʻo Bernard Forest de Bé lidor i ka "Building Hydraulics", nāna i wehewehe i nā mīkini paʻi hydraulic axis kū a me ka pae. I ka makahiki 1771, ua hoʻohui ʻo Richard Arkwright i nā hydraulics, ka hoʻokumu wai, a me ka hana hoʻomau e pāʻani i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻolālā hale. E hoʻomohala i kahi ʻōnaehana hale hana a hoʻohana i nā hana hana hou. I ka makahiki 1840, ua hoʻomohala ʻia kahi pūnaewele mana hydroelectric e hana i ka uila a hoʻouna iā ia i nā mea hoʻohana hope. I ka hopena o ke kenekulia 19, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā mīkini hana a hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia me nā ʻōnaehana hydraulic.

ʻO ka papahana hydroelectric mua loa o ka honua ʻo ia ka Cragside Country Hotel ma Northumberland, ʻEnelani i ka makahiki 1878, i hoʻohana ʻia no nā kumu kukui. ʻEhā mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua wehe ʻia ke kahua mana pilikino mua ma Wisconsin, USA, a ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā haneli o nā kahua mana hydroelectric e hoʻolako i nā kukui kūloko.
ʻO ke kahua hoʻokele wai ʻo Shilongba ka kahua hoʻokele wai mua ma Kina, aia ma ka muliwai ʻo Tanglang ma waho o ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Kunming, ma ka moku ʻo Yunnan. Ua hoʻomaka ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana i Iulai 1910 (makahiki Gengxu) a ua hoʻopuka ʻia ka mana ma Mei 28, 1912. ʻO ka mana i hoʻokomo mua ʻia he 480 kW. Ma Mei 25, 2006, ua ʻae ʻia ke kahua hoʻokele wai ʻo Shilongba e ka ʻAha Kūkākūkā o ka Mokuʻāina e hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka pūʻulu ʻeono o nā ʻāpana palekana moʻomeheu koʻikoʻi o ka ʻāina.
Wahi a ka hōʻike a REN21 i ka makahiki 2021, ʻo ka nui o ka mana hydropower i hoʻokomo ʻia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa i ka makahiki 2020 he 1170GW, me Kina e piʻi ana ma 12.6GW, ʻo ia hoʻi he 28% o ka huina honua, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o Brazil (9%), ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (7%), a me Kanada (9.0%).
Wahi a nā helu helu BP no ka makahiki 2021, ʻo ka nui o ka hana mana hydroelectric honua i ka makahiki 2020 he 4296.8 TWh, a ʻo ka nui o ka hana mana hydroelectric ma Kina he 1322.0 TWh, e helu ana i 30.1% o ka huina honua.
ʻO ka hana mana hydroelectric kekahi o nā kumu nui o ka hana uila honua a me ke kumu ikehu alakaʻi no ka hana ikehu hou. Wahi a nā helu helu BP 2021, ʻo ka hana uila honua i ka makahiki 2020 he 26823.2 TWh, a ʻo ka hana mana hydroelectric he 4222.2 TWh, e helu ana i 4222.2/26823.2=15.7% o ka hana uila holoʻokoʻa o ka honua.
Mai ke Komisina Honua no nā Dams (ICOLD) kēia ʻikepili. Wahi a ke kākau inoa ʻana ma ʻApelila 2020, aia he 58713 mau dams ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa i kēia manawa, me Kina e helu ana no 23841/58713=40.6% o ka huina honua.
Wahi a nā helu helu BP no 2021, i ka makahiki 2020, ʻo ka hydropower o Kina he 1322.0/2236.7=59% o ka uila ikehu hou o Kina, e noho ana i ke kūlana koʻikoʻi i ka hana mana ikehu hou.
Wahi a ka International Hydropower Association (iha) [2021 Hydropower Status Report], i ka makahiki 2020, e hiki aku ka huina o ka hana hydropower ma ka honua i 4370TWh, ʻo Kina (31% o ka huina honua), Brazil (9.4%), Kanada (8.8%), ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (6.7%), Rusia (4.5%), India (3.5%), Norewai (3.2%), Türkiye (1.8%), Iapana (2.0%), Palani (1.5%) a pēlā aku e loaʻa ka hana hydropower nui loa.

I ka makahiki 2020, ʻo ka ʻāina me ka hanauna mana hydroelectric nui loa ma ka honua ʻo ʻAsia Hikina a me ka Pākīpika, e helu ana no 1643/4370=37.6% o ka huina honua; I waena o lākou, ʻo Kina ka mea koʻikoʻi, e helu ana no 31% o ka huina honua, e helu ana no 1355.20/1643=82.5% ma kēia ʻāina.
ʻO ka nui o ka hana mana hydroelectric e pili ana i ka nui o ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia a me ka nui o ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia o ka waihona i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. ʻO Kina ka nui o ka mana hana mana hydroelectric nui loa o ka honua, a ʻoiaʻiʻo hoʻi, ʻo kona mana i hoʻokomo ʻia a me ka nui o ka waihona i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke kūlana mua ma ka honua. Wahi a ka International Hydroelectric Association (iha) 2021 Hydroelectric Power Status Report, ua hōʻea ka nui o ka mana hydropower i hoʻokomo ʻia o Kina (me ka waihona i hoʻopaʻa ʻia) i 370160MW i ka makahiki 2020, e helu ana i 370160/1330106=27.8% o ka huina honua, e kūlana mua ana ma ka honua.
ʻO ke kahua hoʻoulu mana wai ʻo Three Gorges, ke kahua hoʻoulu mana wai nui loa o ka honua, nona ka mana hana mana wai nui loa ma Kina. Hoʻohana ke kahua hoʻoulu mana wai ʻo Three Gorges i 32 mau turbine Francis, 700MW kēlā me kēia, a me ʻelua mau turbine 50MW, me ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia o 22500MW a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pā he 181m. ʻO ka mana hana mana i ka makahiki 2020 he 111.8 TWh, a ʻo ke kumukūʻai kūkulu he ¥ 203 biliona. E hoʻopau ʻia i ka makahiki 2008.
Ua kūkulu ʻia ʻehā mau kikowaena hydropower papa honua ma ka ʻāpana ʻo Jinsha River ʻo Yangtze ma Sichuan: ʻo Xiangjiaba, Xiluodu, Baihetan, a me Wudongde. ʻO ka nui o ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia o kēia mau kikowaena hydropower ʻehā he 46508MW, ʻo ia hoʻi he 46508/22500=2.07 manawa o ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia o ke kahua hydropower ʻo Three Gorges he 22500MW. ʻO kāna hana mana makahiki he 185.05/101.6=1.82 manawa. ʻO Baihetan ka lua o ke kahua hydropower nui loa ma Kina ma hope o ke kahua hydropower ʻo Three Gorges.
I kēia manawa, ʻo ke kahua mana wai ʻo Three Gorges ma Kina ka hale hana mana nui loa o ka honua. Ma waena o nā kikowaena mana wai nui he 12 o ka honua, ʻeono mau noho o Kina. ʻO ka Itaipu Dam, ka mea i hoʻonohonoho ʻia no ka manawa lōʻihi ma ka lua o ka honua, ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia i ke kolu o ka wahi e ka Baihetan Dam ma Kina.

ʻO ke kahua mana hydroelectric maʻamau nui loa o ka honua ma 2021
Aia he 198 mau kikowaena hydropower me ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia ma luna o 1000MW ma ka honua, nona ka helu ʻana he 60 ma Kina, e helu ana he 60/198=30% o ka huina o ka honua. ʻO ka mea aʻe ʻo Brazil, Kanada, a me Rusia.
Aia he 198 mau kikowaena hydropower me ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia ma luna o 1000MW ma ka honua, nona ka helu ʻana he 60 ma Kina, e helu ana he 60/198=30% o ka huina o ka honua. ʻO ka mea aʻe ʻo Brazil, Kanada, a me Rusia.
Aia he 60 mau kikowaena hydropower me ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia ma mua o 1000MW ma Kina, ʻo 30 nui ma ke kahawai ʻo Yangtze, e helu ana i ka hapalua o nā kikowaena hydropower o Kina me ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia ma mua o 1000MW.

Ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā hale hana mana hydroelectric me ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia ma luna o 1000MW ma Kina
Ke piʻi nei i uka mai ka Gezhouba Dam a keʻa i nā kahawai o ka muliwai ʻo Yangtze ma o ka Three Gorges Dam, ʻo ia ka mana nui o ka hoʻoili mana o Kina mai ke komohana a i ka hikina, a ʻo ia hoʻi ke kahua mana cascade nui loa o ka honua: aia ma kahi o 90 mau kahua hydropower ma ke kahawai nui o ka muliwai ʻo Yangtze, me Gezhouba Dam a me nā Three Gorges, 10 ma ka muliwai ʻo Wujiang, 16 ma ka muliwai ʻo Jialing, 17 ma ka muliwai ʻo Minjiang, 25 ma ka muliwai ʻo Dadu, 21 ma ka muliwai ʻo Yalong, 27 ma ka muliwai ʻo Jinsha, a me 5 ma ka muliwai ʻo Muli.
ʻO Tajikistan ka pā wai kūlohelohe kiʻekiʻe loa o ka honua, ʻo ka Pā Usoi, me ke kiʻekiʻe o 567m, ʻo ia hoʻi he 262m ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka pā wai hana kiʻekiʻe loa o kēia manawa, ʻo ka Pā Jinping Level 1. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka Pā Usoi ma Pepeluali 18, 1911, i ka wā i hana ʻia ai kahi ʻōlaʻi 7.4 magnitude ma Sarez, a ua ālai ʻia ke kahe ʻana o ka muliwai e kahi pā wai kūlohelohe ma ka muliwai ʻo Murgab. Ua hoʻoulu ia i nā ʻāina wai nui, ālai i ka muliwai ʻo Murgab, a hoʻokumu i ka pā wai kiʻekiʻe loa o ka honua, ʻo ka Pā Usoi, e hoʻokumu ana i ka loko ʻo Sares. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻohe hōʻike no ka hana mana hydroelectric.
I ka makahiki 2020, aia he 251 mau pā wai me ke kiʻekiʻe loa ma mua o 135m ma ka honua. ʻO ka pā wai kiʻekiʻe loa i kēia manawa ʻo Jinping-I Dam, he pā wai ʻāʻī me ke kiʻekiʻe o 305 mika. ʻO ka lua, ʻo Nurek Dam ma ka muliwai ʻo Vakhsh ma Tajikistan, me ka lōʻihi o 300m.

ʻO ka pā wai kiʻekiʻe loa o ka honua ma 2021
I kēia manawa, ʻo ka pā wai kiʻekiʻe loa o ka honua, ʻo ka Jinping-I Dam ma Kina, he 305 mika ke kiʻekiʻe, akā ʻekolu mau pā wai e kūkulu ʻia nei e hoʻomākaukau ana e lanakila ma luna ona. ʻO ka Rogun Dam e hana nei e lilo i pā wai kiʻekiʻe loa o ka honua, aia ma ka muliwai ʻo Vakhsh ma ka hema o Tajikistan. He 335m ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pā wai a ua hoʻomaka ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana i ka makahiki 1976. Ua manaʻo ʻia e hoʻomaka ʻia mai ka makahiki 2019 a i ka makahiki 2029, me ke kumukūʻai kūkulu ʻana he 2-5 biliona kālā ʻAmelika, kahi mana i hoʻokomo ʻia he 600-3600MW, a me ka hana mana makahiki he 17TWh.
ʻO ka lua, ʻo ia ka Pā ʻo Bakhtiari e kūkulu ʻia nei ma ka Muliwai ʻo Bakhtiari ma Iran, me ke kiʻekiʻe o 325m a me 1500MW. ʻO ke kumukūʻai o ka papahana he 2 biliona kālā ʻAmelika a me ka hana mana makahiki o 3TWh. ʻO ke kolu o ka pā nui loa ma ka Muliwai ʻo Dadu ma Kina, ʻo ia ka Pā ʻo Shuangjiangkou, me ke kiʻekiʻe o 312m.

Ke kūkulu ʻia nei kahi pā wai ma mua o 305 mika
ʻO ka pā wai umekaumaha kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka honua i ka makahiki 2020 ʻo ia ka Grande Dixence Dam ma Switzerland, me ke kiʻekiʻe o 285m.
ʻO ka pā wai nui loa ma ka honua me ka mana mālama wai kiʻekiʻe loa ʻo ia ka Pā Wai ʻo Kariba ma ka Muliwai ʻo Zambezi ma Zimbabwe a me Zambezi. Ua kūkulu ʻia i ka makahiki 1959 a he 180.6 km3 ka nui o ka mālama wai, a ukali ʻia e ka Pā Wai ʻo Bratsk ma ka Muliwai ʻo Angara ma Rusia a me ka Pā Wai ʻo Akosombo ma ka Lake Kanawalt, me ka nui o ka mālama wai he 169 km3.

ʻO ka waihona wai nui loa o ka honua
ʻO ka Pā ʻEkolu Gorges, aia ma ke kahawai nui o ka Muliwai ʻo Yangtze, ʻo ia ka mea nona ka nui o ka mālama wai ma Kina. Ua hoʻopau ʻia i ka makahiki 2008 a he 39.3km3 ka nui o kona mālama wai, ʻo ia ka 27 ma ka honua.
ʻO ka waihona wai nui loa ma Kina
ʻO ka pā wai nui loa ma ka honua ʻo ia ka Pā Wai ʻo Tarbela ma Pakitana. Ua kūkulu ʻia i ka makahiki 1976 a he 143 mika ke kiʻekiʻe o kona hale. ʻO ka nui o ka pā he 153 miliona mika cubic a me ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia he 3478MW.
ʻO ke kino pā wai nui loa ma Kina, ʻo ia ka Three Gorges Dam, i hoʻopau ʻia i ka makahiki 2008. He 181 mika ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hale, he 27.4 miliona mika cubic ka nui o ka pā wai, a ʻo ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia he 22500 MW. Aia ma ka helu 21 ma ka honua.

ʻO ke kino wai nui loa o ka honua
ʻO ke kīʻaha muliwai ʻo Congo ka mea nui i haku ʻia e ka Democratic Republic of Congo. Hiki i ka Democratic Republic of Congo ke hoʻomohala i kahi mana i hoʻokomo ʻia o 120 miliona kilowatts (120000 MW) a me ka hana mana makahiki o 774 biliona kilowatt hola (774 TWh). E hoʻomaka ana mai Kinshasa ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 270 mika a hiki i ka ʻāpana o Matadi, he haiki ke kahawai, me nā kapa pali a me ke kahe wai haunaele. ʻO ka hohonu kiʻekiʻe loa he 150 mika, me ka hāʻule ʻana ma kahi o 280 mika. Hoʻololi mau ke kahe wai, he mea maikaʻi loa ia no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hydropower. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia ʻekolu pae o nā kikowaena hydropower nui, me ka pae mua ʻo ka Pioka dam, aia ma ka palena ma waena o ka Democratic Republic of Congo a me ka Republic of Congo; Aia ka lua o ka Grand Inga Dam a me ke kolu o ka pae ʻo Matadi dam ma ka Democratic Republic of Congo. Hoʻohana ke kahua hoʻokele wai ʻo Pioka i kahi poʻo wai o 80 mika a ke hoʻolālā nei e hoʻokomo i 30 mau ʻāpana, me ka huina o 22 miliona kilowatts a me ka hana mana makahiki o 177 biliona kilowatt hola, me ka Democratic Republic of Congo a me ka Repubalika o Congo e loaʻa ana i ka hapalua. Hoʻohana ke kahua hoʻokele wai ʻo Matadi i kahi poʻo wai o 50 mika a ke hoʻolālā nei e hoʻokomo i 36 mau ʻāpana, me ka huina o 12 miliona kilowatts a me ka hana mana makahiki o 87 biliona kilowatt hola. ʻO ka ʻāpana rapids ʻo Yingjia, me ka hāʻule ʻana o 100 mika i loko o 25 kilomita, ʻo ia ka ʻāpana muliwai me nā kumuwaiwai hydropower i hoʻopaʻa nui ʻia ma ka honua.
ʻOi aku ka nui o nā kikowaena mana hydroelectric ma ka honua ma mua o ka Three Gorges Dam i hoʻopau ʻole ʻia.
ʻO ka muliwai ʻo Yarlung Zangbo ka muliwai pālahalaha lōʻihi loa ma Kina, aia ma ka ʻĀpana Kūʻokoʻa o Tibet, a ʻo ia kekahi o nā muliwai kiʻekiʻe loa o ka honua. Ma ke kumumanaʻo, ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ke kahua hydropower o ka muliwai ʻo Yarlung Zangbo, e hiki aku ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia i 50000 MW, a ʻo ka hana mana e ʻekolu manawa o ko ka Three Gorges Dam (98.8 TWh), e hiki aku ana i 300 TWh, ʻo ia ke kahua mana nui loa ma ka honua.
ʻO ka muliwai ʻo Yarlung Zangbo ka muliwai pālahalaha lōʻihi loa ma Kina, aia ma ka ʻĀpana Kūʻokoʻa o Tibet, a ʻo ia kekahi o nā muliwai kiʻekiʻe loa o ka honua. Ma ke kumumanaʻo, ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ke kahua hydropower o ka muliwai ʻo Yarlung Zangbo, e hiki aku ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia i 50000 MW, a ʻo ka hana mana e ʻekolu manawa o ko ka Three Gorges Dam (98.8 TWh), e hiki aku ana i 300 TWh, ʻo ia ke kahua mana nui loa ma ka honua.
Ua kapa hou ʻia ka muliwai ʻo Yarlung Zangbo ʻo "Mualiʻi ʻo Brahmaputra" ma hope o ke kahe ʻana mai ka ʻāina ʻo Luoyu a i India. Ma hope o ke kahe ʻana ma waena o Bangladesh, ua kapa hou ʻia ʻo "Mualiʻi ʻo Jamuna". Ma hope o ka hui ʻana me ka muliwai ʻo Ganges ma kona ʻāina, ua kahe ia i loko o ke Kai ʻo Bengal ma ke Kai ʻInia. ʻO ka lōʻihi holoʻokoʻa he 2104 kilomita, me ka lōʻihi o ka muliwai he 2057 kilomita ma Tibet, he hāʻule holoʻokoʻa he 5435 mika, a he awelika pali i helu mua ʻia ma waena o nā muliwai nui ma Kina. Ua hoʻolōʻihi ʻia ke kīʻaha ma ka ʻaoʻao hikina-komohana, me ka lōʻihi loa ma mua o 1450 kilomita mai ka hikina a i ke komohana a me ka laulā loa he 290 kilomita mai ka ʻākau a i ke kūkulu hema. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe awelika ma kahi o 4500 mika. He kiʻekiʻe ka ʻāina ma ke komohana a he haʻahaʻa ma ka hikina, me ka haʻahaʻa loa ma ka hikina hema. ʻO ka huina o ka ʻāpana o ke kīʻaha muliwai he 240480 kilomita kuea, e helu ana i 20% o ka huina o ka ʻāpana o nā kīʻaha muliwai āpau ma Tibet, a ma kahi o 40.8% o ka huina o ka ʻōnaehana muliwai kahe ma Tibet, e kūlana ʻelima ma waena o nā kīʻaha muliwai āpau ma Kina.
Wahi a ka ʻikepili 2019, ʻo nā ʻāina me ka hoʻohana uila kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka honua ʻo Iceland (51699 kWh/kanaka) a me Norewai (23210 kWh/kanaka). Hilinaʻi ʻo Iceland i ka hana mana geothermal a me ka hydroelectric; Hilinaʻi ʻo Norewai i ka hydropower, ʻo ia ka 97% o ka hoʻolālā hana uila o Norewai.
ʻO ke ʻano ikehu o nā ʻāina i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo Nepal lāua ʻo Bhutan, kokoke iā Tibet ma Kina, ʻaʻole ia e hilinaʻi i nā wahie fossil, akā, i kā lākou mau kumuwaiwai hydraulic waiwai. ʻAʻole hoʻohana wale ʻia ka mana hydroelectric ma ka home, akā, hoʻokuʻu ʻia aku hoʻi i waho.

Ka hana mana hydroelectric i hoʻopaʻa ʻia
ʻO ka mana wai hoʻopaʻa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia he ʻano mālama ikehu, ʻaʻole ia he ʻano hana uila. Ke haʻahaʻa ke koi no ka uila, hoʻomau ka nui o ka mana hana uila e hana i ka uila, e hoʻokele ana i ka pamu uila e hoʻopumu i ka wai i kahi kiʻekiʻe no ka mālama ʻana. Ke kiʻekiʻe ke koi no ka uila, hoʻohana ʻia ka wai kiʻekiʻe no ka hana mana. Hiki i kēia ʻano hana ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā set generator a he mea nui loa ia i ka ʻoihana.
He mea nui ka waihona i hoʻopaʻa ʻia o nā ʻōnaehana ikehu maʻemaʻe o kēia au a me ka wā e hiki mai ana. ʻO ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o nā kumu ikehu hou e like me ka makani a me ka ikehu lā, me ko lākou pani ʻana i nā mīkini hana kuʻuna, ua lawe mai i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kaomi i ka pūnaewele mana a ua hoʻokūpaʻa i ka pono o nā "pākaukau wai" i hoʻopaʻa ʻia.
ʻO ka nui o ka hana mana hydroelectric e pili pono ana i ka hiki ke hoʻokomo ʻia o ka waihona i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a pili ia i ka nui o ka waihona i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. I ka makahiki 2020, he 68 e hana ana a he 42 e kūkulu ʻia ana ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa.
ʻO ka hana mana hydroelectric o Kina ke kūlana mua ma ka honua, no laila ʻo ka nui o nā kikowaena mana mālama i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e hana ana a ke kūkulu ʻia nei ke kūlana mua ma ka honua. ʻO Iapana a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ka mea aʻe.

ʻO ke kahua mana mālama wai nui loa o ka honua ʻo Bath County Pumped Storage Station ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, me ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia o 3003MW.
ʻO ke kahua mana mālama nui loa ma Kina ʻo ia ka Huishou Pumped Storage Power Station, me ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia o 2448MW.
ʻO ka lua o ke kahua mana mālama pumping nui loa ma Kina ʻo ia ka Guangdong Pumped Storage Power Station, me ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia o 2400MW.
ʻO nā hale hana mana mālama wai o Kina e kūkulu ʻia ana ma ke kūlana mua ma ka honua. ʻEkolu mau kikowaena me ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia ma luna o 1000MW: ʻo Fengning Pumped Storage Power Station (3600MW, i hoʻopau ʻia mai 2019 a 2021), ʻo Jixi Pumped Storage Power Station (1800MW, i hoʻopau ʻia i ka makahiki 2018), a me Huanggou Pumped Storage Power Station (1200MW, i hoʻopau ʻia i ka makahiki 2019).
ʻO ke kahua uila Yamdrok Hydropower Station ka mea hana mana hoʻopaʻa i hoʻopiha ʻia me ke kiʻekiʻe loa o ka honua, aia ma Tibet, Kina, ma ke kiʻekiʻe o 4441 mika.

Ka hana mana hydroelectric kahawai
ʻO ka mana wai holo o ke kahawai (ROR), i ʻike ʻia hoʻi he mana wai holo, he ʻano mana wai e hilinaʻi nei i ka mana wai akā pono wale nō kahi wai liʻiliʻi a ʻaʻole pono ka mālama ʻana i ka nui o ka wai no ka hana mana. ʻAʻole koi loa ka hana mana wai kahe o ke kahawai i ka mālama wai a i ʻole koi wale i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hale mālama wai liʻiliʻi loa. I ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hale mālama wai liʻiliʻi, ua kapa ʻia kēia mau hale mālama wai he mau loko hoʻoponopono a i ʻole nā ​​​​loops mua. Ma muli o ka nele o nā hale mālama wai nui, he koʻikoʻi loa ka hana mana kahawai i nā loli o ka nui o ka wai kau i ke kumu wai. No laila, ua wehewehe pinepine ʻia nā hale mana kahawai he mau kumu ikehu intermittent. Inā kūkulu ʻia kahi loko hoʻoponopono i loko o kahi hale mana kahawai e hiki ke hoʻoponopono i ke kahe wai i kēlā me kēia manawa, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he hale mana ʻoki kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole kahi hale mana ukana kumu.
ʻO ke kahua hoʻoulu mana wai nui loa o Sichuan ma ka honua ʻo ia ka Jirau Dam ma ka muliwai ʻo Madeira ma Brazil. He 63m ke kiʻekiʻe o ka dam, 1500m ka lōʻihi, a he 3075MW ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia. Ua hoʻopau ʻia i ka makahiki 2016.
ʻO ke kolu o ka hale hana mana hydroelectric kahawai nui loa ma ka honua ʻo ia ka Chief Joseph Dam ma ka Muliwai ʻo Columbia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, me ke kiʻekiʻe o 72 mika, ka lōʻihi o 1817 mika, ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia o 2620 MW, a me ka hanauna mana makahiki o 9780 GWh. Ua hoʻopau ʻia i ka makahiki 1979.
ʻO ke kahua hoʻoulu mana wai kaila Sichuan nui loa ma Kina ʻo ia ka Tianshengqiao II Dam, aia ma ka muliwai ʻo Nanpan. He 58.7m ke kiʻekiʻe o ka dam, he 471m ka lōʻihi, he 4800000m3 ka nui, a he 1320MW ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia. Ua hoʻopau ʻia i ka makahiki 1997.

Ka hana mana kai
Hoʻoulu ʻia ka mana o ke kai e ka piʻi ʻana a me ka emi ʻana o nā pae wai o ke kai i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā kai. Ma ke ʻano laulā, kūkulu ʻia nā waihona wai e hana i ka uila, akā aia kekahi mau hoʻohana pololei o ke kahe ʻana o ka wai kai e hana i ka uila. ʻAʻole nui nā wahi i kūpono i ka honua holoʻokoʻa no ka hana ʻana i ka mana o ke kai, a aia he ʻewalu mau wahi ma UK i manaʻo ʻia he hiki ke hoʻokō i 20% o ke koi uila o ka ʻāina.
ʻO ka hale hana mana kai mua loa o ka honua ʻo Lance, aia ma Lance, Palani. Ua kūkulu ʻia mai 1960 a 1966 no 6 mau makahiki. ʻO ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia he 240MW.
ʻO ke kahua mana kai nui loa o ka honua ʻo ia ka Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station ma Kōlea Hema, me ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia o 254MW a ua hoʻopau ʻia i ka makahiki 2011.
ʻO ke kahua mana kai mua ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau ʻo Annapolis Royal Generating Station, aia ma Royal, Annapolis, Nova Scotia, Kanada, ma ke komo ʻana o ke Kai o Fundy. ʻO ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia he 20MW a ua hoʻopau ʻia i ka makahiki 1984.
ʻO ke kahua mana kai nui loa ma Kina ʻo Jiangxia Tidal Power Station, aia ma ka hema o Hangzhou, me ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia he 4.1MW wale nō a me 6 mau seti. Ua hoʻomaka ia e hana i ka makahiki 1985.
Ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka mea hana au kai mua o ke kahawai o ka Papahana Hōʻike Mana Kai Pōhaku ʻAmelika ʻĀkau ma Vancouver Island, Kanada, i Kepakemapa 2006.
I kēia manawa, ke kūkulu ʻia nei ka papahana mana kai nui loa o ka honua, ʻo MeyGen (papahana ikehu kai MeyGen), ma Pentland Firth, ma ka ʻākau o Scotland, me ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia o 398MW a ke manaʻo ʻia nei e hoʻopau ʻia i ka makahiki 2021.
Hoʻolālā ʻo Gujarat, India e kūkulu i ke kahua mana kai kalepa mua ma Asia Hema. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia kahi hale hana mana me ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia o 50MW ma ke Kai Kūʻono o Kutch ma ke kahakai komohana o India, a ua hoʻomaka ke kūkulu ʻana i ka hoʻomaka o 2012.
ʻO ka Papahana Mana Kai Penzhin i hoʻolālā ʻia ma ka Kamchatka Peninsula ma Rusia he 87100MW ka nui o ka mana hana mana i hoʻokomo ʻia a he 200TWh ka nui o ka mana hana mana i kēlā me kēia makahiki, e lilo ia i hale hana mana kai nui loa o ka honua. Ke pau, e loaʻa i ka Pinrenna Bay Tidal Power Station ʻehā manawa ka nui o ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia o ke Three Gorges Power Station o kēia manawa.