2021 Global Hydroelectric Power Report

Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo
ʻO ka Hydropower kahi hana mana e hoʻohana ai i ka ikehu o ka wai e hoʻololi ai i ikehu uila. ʻO kāna kumu, ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hāʻule ʻana o ka pae wai (hiki i ka ikehu) e kahe ma lalo o ka hana o ka gravity (kinetic energy), e like me ke alakaʻi ʻana i ka wai mai nā kumu wai kiʻekiʻe e like me nā kahawai a i ʻole nā ​​​​waiwai i nā pae haʻahaʻa. ʻO ka wai kahe e hoʻokele i ka turbine e hoʻohuli a hoʻokele i ka mīkini hana e hoʻoulu ai i ka uila. ʻO ka wai kiʻekiʻe mai ka wela o ka lā a e hoʻoheheʻe i ka wai haʻahaʻa, no laila hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻana i ka ikehu lā. Ma muli o kāna ʻenehana makua, ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka ikehu hou i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o ke kaiāulu kanaka.
Wahi a ka International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) wehewehe ʻana i kahi pā nui, ua wehewehe ʻia ka pā ma ke ʻano he dam me ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 15 mika (mai ka lae haʻahaʻa o ke kumu a hiki i ka piko o ka dam) a i ʻole kahi pā me ke kiʻekiʻe ma waena o 10 a me 15 mika, e kū ana ma kahi o kekahi o kēia mau kūlana:
ʻAʻole emi ka lōʻihi o ka puʻu wai ma lalo o 500 mika;

ʻAʻole emi ka nui o ka waihona i hana ʻia e ka dam ma mua o 1 miliona cubic mika;
⑶ ʻAʻole e emi iho ka nui o ka wai kahe i mālama ʻia e ka dam ma mua o 2000 cubic mika i kēlā me kēia kekona;
He paʻakikī loa ka pilikia o ke kahua pā;
Kupaianaha ka manao o keia wai.

Wahi a ka hōʻike BP2021, ua helu ʻia ka hydropower honua no 4296.8/26823.2=16.0% o ka mana o ka honua i 2020, haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka mana o ka mana ahi (35.1%) a me ka hana mana kinoea (23.4%), ke kolu o ka honua.
I ka makahiki 2020, ʻo ka hana mana hydroelectric ka mea nui loa ma Asia Hikina a me ka Pākīpika, helu no 1643/4370=37.6% o ka huina honua.
ʻO ka ʻāina me ka mana hydroelectric kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka honua ʻo Kina, a ukali ʻia e Brazil, ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, a me Rusia. I ka makahiki 2020, ua helu ʻia ka hana hydropower o Kina no 1322.0/7779.1=17.0% o ka nui o ka hana uila o Kina.
ʻOiai ʻo Kina ka poʻokela ma ka honua e pili ana i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka mana hydroelectric, ʻaʻole ia he kiʻekiʻe i ka ʻōnaehana hana mana o ka ʻāina. ʻO nā ʻāina me ka hapa kiʻekiʻe loa o ka hoʻomohala hydropower i kā lākou huina uila ma 2020 ʻo Brazil (396.8/620.1=64.0%) a me Kanada (384.7/643.9=60.0%).
I ka makahiki 2020, ua puhi ʻia ka mana o Kina i ka lanahu (63.2%), a ukali ʻia e ka hydropower (17.0%), e helu ana no 1322.0/4296.8=30.8% o ka honua holoʻokoʻa hydropower. ʻOiai ʻo Kina ke kūlana mua ma ka honua i ka hana hydropower, ʻaʻole i hiki i kona kiʻekiʻe. Wahi a ka World Energy Resources 2016 hōʻike i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e ka World Energy Council, 47% o nā kumuwaiwai wai wai o Kina ʻaʻole i kūkulu ʻia.

Hoʻohālikelike o ka Mana Mana ma waena o ka Top 4 Hydroelectric Power Generation Country ma 2020
Mai ka papaʻaina, hiki ke ʻike ʻia he 1322.0/4296.8=30.8% ka nui o ka hydropower o Kina, i ka pae mua ma ka honua. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o kona ʻāpana i ka huina uila o Kina (17%) ma mua o ka awelika honua (16%).
ʻEhā mau ʻano o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka mana wai: ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka mana hydroelectric type, ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka mana hydroelectric storage, ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka mana hydroelectric ʻano kahawai, a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka mana kai.

Hoʻokumu mana hydroelectric dam type
ʻAno mana wai wai, ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka wai wai ʻano reservoir. Hoʻokumu ʻia kahi waihona ma ka mālama ʻana i ka wai i loko o nā pā, a ʻo kona mana hoʻopuka kiʻekiʻe e hoʻoholo ʻia e ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka nui o ka waihona, ke kūlana puka, a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻili wai. Ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻokoʻa kiʻekiʻe he poʻo, ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ke poʻo a i ʻole ke poʻo, a ʻo ka ikehu kūpono o ka wai e pili pono i ke poʻo.
I ka waena o nā makahiki 1970, ua paʻi ka ʻenekini Farani ʻo Bernard Forest de B é lidor i ka "Building Hydraulics", e wehewehe ana i nā kaomi hydraulic axis hydraulic. I ka makahiki 1771, ua hoʻohui ʻo Richard Arkwright i nā hydraulics, ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka wai, a me ka hana mau ʻana i mea nui i ka hoʻolālā. E hoʻomohala i kahi ʻōnaehana hale hana a hoʻohana i nā hana hana hou. I ka makahiki 1840, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi pūnaewele mana hydroelectric e hana i ka uila a hoʻouna i nā mea hoʻohana hope. Ma ka hopena o ke kenekulia 19, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā mea hana a hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia me nā ʻōnaehana hydraulic.

ʻO ka papahana hydroelectric mua o ka honua ka Cragside Country Hotel ma Northumberland, ʻEnelani i ka makahiki 1878, i hoʻohana ʻia no nā kumu kukui. ʻEhā mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua wehe ʻia ka hale mana pilikino mua ma Wisconsin, USA, a ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā haneli o nā mana hydroelectric e hoʻolako i nā kukui kūloko.
ʻO Shilongba Hydropower Station ka hale wai wai mua ma Kina, aia ma ke kahawai ʻo Tanglang ma waho o ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Kunming, Yunnan Province. Ua hoʻomaka ke kūkulu ʻia i Iulai 1910 (Gengxu makahiki) a ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka mana ma Mei 28, 1912. ʻO 480 kW ka mana hoʻokomo mua. Ma ka lā 25 o Mei, 2006, ua ʻae ʻia ʻo Shilongba Hydropower Station e ka ʻAha Mokuʻāina e hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka pūʻulu ʻeono o nā ʻāpana hoʻomalu moʻomeheu koʻikoʻi.
Wahi a ka REN21's 2021 hōʻike, ʻo ka honua i hoʻokomo ʻia o ka hydropower i 2020 he 1170GW, me Kina e piʻi ana e 12.6GW, helu no 28% o ka huina honua, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o Brazil (9%), ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (7%), a me Kanada (9.0%).
Wahi a BP's 2021 statistics, ʻo ka honua hydroelectric power generation ma 2020 he 4296.8 TWh, nona ka mana hydroelectric o Kina he 1322.0 TWh, helu no 30.1% o ka huina honua.
ʻO ka mana hydroelectric kekahi o nā kumu nui o ka hana uila honua a me ke kumu nui o ka ikehu no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka ikehu hou. Wahi a BP's 2021 statistics, ʻo ka hana uila honua ma 2020 he 26823.2 TWh, nona ka mana hydroelectric he 4222.2 TWh, helu no 4222.2/26823.2=15.7% o ka huina uila o ka honua.
ʻO kēia ʻikepili mai ka International Commission on Dams (ICOLD). Wahi a ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana ma ʻApelila 2020, aia i kēia manawa he 58713 dams ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, me ka helu ʻana o Kina no 23841/58713=40.6% o ka huina honua.
Wahi a ka helu 2021 a BP, i ka makahiki 2020, ua helu ʻia ka hydropower o Kina no 1322.0/2236.7=59% o ka uila ikehu hou o Kina, e noho ana i ke kūlana mana i ka hana mana mana hou.
Wahi a ka International Hydropower Association (iha) [2021 Hydropower Status Report], i ka makahiki 2020, e hōʻea ka huina hydropower i ka honua i 4370TWh, kahi o Kina (31% o ka honua holoʻokoʻa), Brazil (9.4%), Kanada (8.8%), ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (6.7%), Russia (4.5%), Norewai (3.5%), Norewai (3.5%), Norewai (3.5%). (2.0%), Farani (1.5%) a pēlā aku e loaʻa i ka nui o ka mana wai.

Ma 2020, ʻo ka ʻāina me ka nui o ka mana hydroelectric i ka honua ʻo ʻAsia Hikina a me ka Pākīpika, helu ʻia no 1643/4370=37.6% o ka huina honua; Ma waena o lākou, kaulana loa ʻo Kina, ʻo ia ka 31% o ka huina o ka honua, ʻo 1355.20/1643=82.5% ma kēia wahi.
Hoʻohālikelike ka nui o ka mana hydroelectric i ka nui o ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia a me ka mana i kau ʻia o ka mālama ʻana i ka paila. Loaʻa iā Kina ka mana o ka mana hydroelectric nui loa o ka honua, a ʻoiaʻiʻo hoʻi, ʻo kona hiki ke kau ʻia a me ka hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka pae mua ma ka honua. Wahi a ka International Hydroelectric Association (iha) 2021 Hydroelectric Power Status Report, ua hōʻea ka mana o Kina i ka hydropower (me ka mālama ʻana i ka pumped) i 370160MW i 2020, helu no 370160/1330106=27.8% o ka huina honua, ka pae mua ma ka honua.
ʻO ka Three Gorges Hydropower Station, ka hale hoʻokele wai wai nui loa o ka honua, ʻo ia ka nui o ka mana o ka mana wai ma Kina. Hoʻohana ka Three Gorges Hydropower Station i 32 Francis turbine, kēlā me kēia 700MW, a me ʻelua 50MW turbines, me ka mana hoʻokomo ʻia o 22500MW a me kahi kiʻekiʻe dam o 181m. ʻO ka mana hana mana ma 2020 he 111.8 TWh, a ʻo ke kumukūʻai kūkulu he ¥ 203 biliona. E hoʻopau ʻia i ka makahiki 2008.
Ua kūkulu ʻia ʻehā mau kahua wai wai honua ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻo Yangtze River Jinsha River o Sichuan: Xiangjiaba, Xiluodu, Baihetan, a me Wudongde. ʻO ka nui o ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia o kēia mau kikowaena wai wai ʻehā he 46508MW, ʻo ia ka 46508/22500=2.07 manawa o ka mana hoʻokomo ʻia o ka Three Gorges Hydropower Station o 22500MW. ʻO kāna hana mana makahiki he 185.05/101.6=1.82 manawa. ʻO Baihetan ka lua o ka wai mana wai nui loa ma Kina ma hope o ke kahua wai wai ʻekolu Gorges.
I kēia manawa, ʻo Three Gorges Hydropower Station ma Kina ka hale mana nui loa o ka honua. Ma waena o ka 12 kiʻekiʻe loa hydropower stations in the world, Kina paʻa ʻeono noho. ʻO ka Itaipu Dam, ka mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka lua ma ka honua, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ke kolu e Baihetan Dam ma Kina.

ʻO ka hale mana hydroelectric nui loa o ka honua ma 2021
Aia he 198 hydropower stations me ka hiki ke hoʻokomo ʻia ma luna o 1000MW ma ka honua, nona ka helu o Kina no 60, helu no 60/198=30% o ka huina honua. ʻO Brazil, Kanada, a me Rusia.
Aia he 198 hydropower stations me ka hiki ke hoʻokomo ʻia ma luna o 1000MW ma ka honua, nona ka helu o Kina no 60, helu no 60/198=30% o ka huina honua. ʻO Brazil, Kanada, a me Rusia.
Aia he 60 mau kikowaena wai wai me ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia ma luna o 1000MW ma Kina, ʻo 30 ma ke kahawai ʻo Yangtze River Basin, e helu ana no ka hapalua o nā kikowaena wai wai o Kina me ka mana hoʻokomo ʻia ma luna o 1000MW.

Hoʻokomo ʻia nā mea kanu mana hydroelectric me ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia ma luna o 1000MW ma Kina
Ke hele nei i uka mai ke kahawai ʻo Gezhouba a hele i nā kahawai o ka muliwai ʻo Yangtze ma o ke kahawai ʻekolu Gorges, ʻo ia ka ikaika nui o ka lawe ʻana i ka mana o Kina mai ke komohana a hiki i ka hikina, a ʻo ia hoʻi ka hale mana cascade nui loa o ka honua: aia ma kahi o 90 hydropower stations ma ka mainstream o ka muliwai Yangtze, me Gezhouba Dam a me ka muliwai ʻo Wuling11, 10, ka muliwai ʻo Wuling1, ma ka muliwai Minjiang, 25 ma ka muliwai Dadu, 21 ma ka muliwai Yalong, 27 ma ka muliwai Jinsha, a me 5 ma ka muliwai Muli.
Aia ʻo Tajikistan i ka wai wai kūlohelohe kiʻekiʻe loa o ka honua, ʻo Usoi Dam, me ke kiʻekiʻe o 567m, ʻo ia ka 262m kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka wai wai kiʻekiʻe loa, ʻo ka Jinping Level 1 Dam. Ua hoʻokumuʻia ka Usoi Dam i ka lā 18 o Pepeluali i ka makahiki 1911, i ka wā i hanaʻia ai kahi ōlaʻi 7.4 ma Sarez, a ua hoʻopaʻaʻia ke kahe o ka muliwai ma ka muliwaiʻo Murgab. Ua hoʻoulu ʻia ka ʻāina hoʻoneʻe nui, ua ālai ʻia ka muliwai ʻo Murgab, a ua hoʻokumu i ka wai wai kiʻekiʻe loa o ka honua, ʻo Usoi Dam, i hoʻokumu i Lake Sares. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻohe hōʻike e pili ana i ka mana hydroelectric.
I ka makahiki 2020, aia he 251 mau pā me ke kiʻekiʻe loa ma mua o 135m ma ka honua. ʻO ka puʻu wai kiʻekiʻe loa i kēia manawa ʻo ka Jinping-I Dam, kahi pā i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ke kiʻekiʻe o 305 mika. A laila ʻo ka Nurek Dam ma ka muliwai ʻo Vakhsh ma Tajikistan, me ka lōʻihi o 300m.

ʻO ka dam kiʻekiʻe loa o ka honua ma 2021
I kēia manawa, ʻo ka wai wai kiʻekiʻe loa o ka honua, ʻo ka Jinping-I Dam ma Kina, he 305 mau mika ke kiʻekiʻe, akā ʻekolu mau pā i ke kūkulu ʻia e mākaukau nei e ʻoi aku ma mua o ia. ʻO ka Rogun Dam e holo nei e lilo i ka wai kiʻekiʻe loa o ka honua, aia ma ka muliwai ʻo Vakhsh ma ka hema o Tajikistan. ʻO 335m ke kiʻekiʻe o ka dam a hoʻomaka ke kūkulu ʻana i ka makahiki 1976. Ua manaʻo ʻia e hoʻokomo ʻia mai 2019 a 2029, me ke kumu kūʻai o 2-5 biliona US kālā, kahi mana i hoʻokomo ʻia o 600-3600MW, a me ka hana mana makahiki o 17TWh.
ʻO ka lua ʻo ka Bakhtiari Dam e kūkulu ʻia ana ma ka muliwai Bakhtiari ma Iran, me ke kiʻekiʻe o 325m a me 1500MW. ʻO ke kumukūʻai o ka papahana he 2 biliona kālā ʻAmelika a me ka hana mana makahiki o 3TWh. ʻO ke kolu o ka pā nui loa ma ka muliwai ʻo Dadu ma Kina ʻo Shuangjiangkou Dam, me ke kiʻekiʻe o 312m.

Ke kūkulu ʻia nei kahi pā i ʻoi aku ma mua o 305 mika
ʻO ka gravity dam kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka honua i 2020 ʻo ia ka Grande Dixence Dam ma Switzerland, me ke kiʻekiʻe o 285m.
ʻO ka pahu wai nui loa ma ka honua me ka nui o ka mālama wai ʻo Kariba Dam ma ka muliwai Zambezi ma Zimbabwe a me Zambezi. Ua kūkulu ʻia i ka makahiki 1959 a he 180.6 km3 ka nui o ka mālama ʻana i ka wai, a ma hope o ka Bratsk Dam ma ke kahawai ʻo Angara ma Rūsia a me ka Akosombo Dam ma Lake Kanawalt, me ka nui o 169 km3.

ʻO ka wai puna nui loa o ka honua
ʻO ka ʻEkolu Gorges Dam, aia ma ke kahawai nui o ka muliwai ʻo Yangtze, ʻo ia ka nui o ka mālama wai ma Kina. Ua hoʻopau ʻia i ka makahiki 2008 a he 39.3km3 ka nui o ka mālama ʻana i ka wai, ka helu 27 o ka honua.
ʻO ka punawai nui loa ma Kina
ʻO ka pā nui loa ma ka honua ʻo ka Tarbela Dam ma Pakistan. Ua kūkulu ʻia i ka makahiki 1976 a he 143 mika ke kiʻekiʻe. He 153 miliona cubic mika ka nui o ka dam a me 3478MW.
ʻO ke kino wai nui loa ma Kina, ʻo Three Gorges Dam, i hoʻopau ʻia i ka makahiki 2008. ʻO 181 mika ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hale, ʻo 27.4 miliona cubic mika ka nui o ka wai, a ʻo 22500 MW ka mana hoʻokomo. Helu 21 ma ka honua.

ʻO ke kino wai nui loa o ka honua
ʻO ke kahawai ʻo Congo River Basin ka nui o ka Democratic Republic of Congo. Hiki i ka Lepupalika Demokarata o Kongo ke hoʻomohala i ka mana hoʻokomo aupuni o 120 miliona kilowatts (120000 MW) a me ka hana mana makahiki o 774 biliona kilowatt hola (774 TWh). E hoʻomaka ana mai Kinshasa ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 270 mau mika a hiki i ka ʻāpana o Matadi, he haiki ka muliwai, me nā kapa pali a me ke kahe wai ʻino. ʻO ka hohonu kiʻekiʻe he 150 mika, me kahi hāʻule ma kahi o 280 mika. Hoʻololi mau ke kahe o ka wai, he mea maikaʻi loa ia no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hydropower. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia ʻekolu pae o nā kikowaena wai nui, ʻo ka pae mua ʻo ka wai Pioka, aia ma ka palena ma waena o ka Democratic Republic of Congo a me ka Repubalika o Kongo; ʻO ka pae ʻelua ʻo Grand Inga Dam a me ke kolu o ka pae ʻo Matadi dam aia ma ka Democratic Republic of Congo. Hoʻohana ka Pioka Hydropower Station i kahi poʻo wai o 80 mika a hoʻolālā e hoʻokomo i 30 mau ʻāpana, me ka nui o ka mana o 22 miliona kilowatts a me ka hana mana makahiki o 177 biliona kilowatt hola, me ka Democratic Republic of Congo a me ka Repubalika o Congo e loaʻa i ka hapalua o kēlā me kēia. Hoʻohana ʻo Matadi Hydropower Station i kahi poʻo wai o 50 mika a hoʻolālā e hoʻokomo i nā ʻāpana 36, ​​me ka nui o ka mana o 12 miliona kilowatts a me ka hana mana makahiki o 87 biliona kilowatt hola. ʻO ka ʻāpana ʻo Yingjia rapids, me kahi hāʻule o 100 mau mika i loko o 25 mau kilomita, ʻo ia ka ʻāpana kahawai me nā kumuwaiwai wai ikaika loa i ka honua.
Ua ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hale mana hydroelectric ma ka honua ma mua o ka Three Gorges Dam i hoʻopau ʻole ʻia
ʻO ka muliwai ʻo Yarlung Zangbo ka muliwai pāpū lōʻihi loa ma Kina, aia ma ka ʻāpana Autonomous Tibet, a ʻo kekahi o nā muliwai kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka honua. ʻO ka manaʻo, ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka Yarlung Zangbo River Hydropower Station, hiki i ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka 50000 MW, a ʻo ka hana mana e ʻekolu mau manawa o ko ka Three Gorges Dam (98.8 TWh), a hiki i 300 TWh, ʻo ia ka mana nui loa o ka honua.
ʻO ka muliwai ʻo Yarlung Zangbo ka muliwai pāpū lōʻihi loa ma Kina, aia ma ka ʻāpana Autonomous Tibet, a ʻo kekahi o nā muliwai kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka honua. ʻO ka manaʻo, ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka Yarlung Zangbo River Hydropower Station, hiki i ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka 50000 MW, a ʻo ka hana mana e ʻekolu mau manawa o ko ka Three Gorges Dam (98.8 TWh), a hiki i 300 TWh, ʻo ia ka mana nui loa o ka honua.
Ua kapa hou ʻia ka muliwai ʻo Yarlung Zangbo ʻo "Brahmaputra River" ma hope o ka kahe ʻana mai ka ʻāina ʻo Luoyu a i India. Ma hope o ke kahe ʻana ma Bangladesh, ua kapa hou ʻia ʻo "Jamuna River". Ma hope o ka hoʻohuli ʻana me ka muliwai Ganges i kona ʻāina, ua kahe ʻo ia i loko o ke kai kūʻono o Bengal ma ka moana ʻĀina. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi he 2104 mau kilomita, me ka lōʻihi o ka muliwai he 2057 mau kilomita ma Tibet, kahi hāʻule nui o 5435 mau mika, a me ka awelika slope pae mua ma waena o nā muliwai nui ma Kina. Ua hoʻolōʻihi ʻia ke kīʻaha ma ka ʻaoʻao hikina-komohana, me ka lōʻihi loa ma luna o 1450 mau kilomita mai ka hikina a i ke komohana a ʻo ka laulā kiʻekiʻe o 290 mau kilomita mai ka ʻākau a i ka hema. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe ma kahi o 4500 mika. He kiʻekiʻe ka ʻāina ma ke komohana a haʻahaʻa ma ka hikina, me ka haʻahaʻa ma ka hikina hikina. ʻO 240480 kilomika square ka huina o ka ʻāpana o ka muliwai, ʻo ia ka 20% o ka nui o ka ʻāpana o nā kīʻaha kahawai a pau ma Tibet, a ma kahi o 40,8% o ka nui o ka ʻāpana o ke kahawai puka ma Tibet, ʻo ka pae ʻelima ma waena o nā kīʻaha muliwai āpau ma Kina.
Wahi a ka ʻikepili 2019, ʻo nā ʻāina me ka hoʻohana uila kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka honua nei ʻo Iceland (51699 kWh / kanaka) a me Norewai (23210 kWh / kanaka). Ke hilinaʻi nei ʻo Iceland i ka hana geothermal a me hydroelectric; Ke hilinaʻi nei ʻo Norewai i ka hydropower, ʻo ia ka 97% o ka hale hana uila o Norewai.
ʻO ka ʻōnaehana ikehu o nā ʻāina paʻa ʻāina ʻo Nepal a me Bhutan, kahi kokoke i Tibet ma Kina, ʻaʻole hilinaʻi i nā wahie mōʻalihaku, akā i kā lākou waiwai hydraulic waiwai. ʻAʻole hoʻohana ʻia ka mana hydroelectric wale nō ma ka home, akā lawe ʻia hoʻi.

Pum storage hydroelectric mana hana
ʻO ka pumped storage hydropower kahi hana mālama ikehu, ʻaʻole ke ʻano hana o ka uila. Ke haʻahaʻa ka noi no ka uila, hoʻomau ka nui o ka hana uila e hoʻohua i ka uila, e hoʻokau i ka paila uila e paila i ka wai i kahi kiʻekiʻe no ka mālama ʻana. Ke kiʻekiʻe ke koi no ka uila, hoʻohana ʻia ka wai kiʻekiʻe no ka hana mana. Hiki i kēia ʻano hana ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā set generator a he mea nui loa i ka ʻoihana.
He mea koʻikoʻi ka mālama ʻana i ka pumped o nā ʻōnaehana ikehu maʻemaʻe hou a me ka wā e hiki mai ana. ʻO ka piʻi nui ʻana o nā kumu ikehu hou e like me ka makani a me ka ikehu lā, i hui pū ʻia me kā lākou hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea hana kuʻuna, ua lawe mai i ka piʻi nui ʻana i ka mana mana a ua hoʻoikaika i ka pono o ka mālama ʻana i nā "batteries wai".
ʻO ka nui o ka mana hydroelectric e pili pono ana i ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia o ka mālama ʻana i ka paila a pili i ka nui o ka mālama ʻana i ka paila. I ka makahiki 2020, aia he 68 e hana ana a he 42 ke kūkulu ʻia nei ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa.
ʻO ka hana mana hydroelectric o Kina ke kūlana mua ma ka honua, no laila ʻo ka helu o nā hale mana mālama pahu i ka hana a i lalo o ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana ma mua o ka honua. A laila ʻo Iapana a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.

ʻO ka hale mana hoʻopaʻa pahū nui loa o ka honua ʻo ka Bath County Pumped Storage Station ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, me ka mana hoʻokomo ʻia o 3003MW.
ʻO ka hale mana mālama pahu nui loa ma Kina ʻo ka Huishou Pumped Storage Power Station, me ka mana hoʻokomo o 2448MW.
ʻO ka lua o ka nui o ka mana hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka mana ma Kina, ʻo ia ka Guangdong Pumped Storage Power Station, me ka mana o 2400MW.
ʻO nā mea kanu mana mālama paʻa o Kina e kūkulu ʻia ana ke kūlana mua ma ka honua. ʻEkolu mau kikowaena me ka mana i kau ʻia ma luna o 1000MW: Fengning Pumped Storage Power Station (3600MW, hoʻopau ʻia mai 2019 a 2021), Jixi Pumped Storage Power Station (1800MW, hoʻopau ʻia i 2018), a me Huanggou Pumped Storage Power Station (1200MW, i hoʻopau ʻia i 2019).
ʻO ka hale mana hoʻopaʻa paʻa kiʻekiʻe loa o ka honua, ʻo ia ka Yamdrok Hydropower Station, aia ma Tibet, Kina, ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 4441 mika.

Hoʻoulu mana hydroelectric kahawai
ʻO ka holo o ka muliwai hydropower (ROR), i kapa ʻia ʻo runoff hydropower, he ʻano o ka mana hydroelectric e hilinaʻi ana i ka hydropower akā makemake wale i kahi wai liʻiliʻi a ʻaʻole pono e mālama i ka wai nui no ka hana mana. ʻAʻole pono ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka mana hydroelectric kahe o ka muliwai i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai a i ʻole ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā hale waihona wai liʻiliʻi. I ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hale mālama wai liʻiliʻi, ua kapa ʻia kēia mau wahi mālama wai i nā loko hoʻoponopono a i ʻole forepools. Ma muli o ka nele o nā keʻena mālama wai nui, ʻoi aku ka naʻau o ka mana kahawai i nā hoʻololi o ka nui o ka wai i ke kumu o ka wai. No laila, ʻike pinepine ʻia nā mea kanu kahawai e like me nā kumu ikehu intermittent. Inā kūkulu ʻia kahi ʻauʻau hoʻoponopono i loko o kahi mana kahawai e hiki ke hoʻoponopono i ka kahe wai i kēlā me kēia manawa, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he kumu mana shaving peak a i ʻole kahi kumu mana hoʻoili kumu.
ʻO ke kahua wai wai kahe nui loa ʻo Sichuan ma ka honua ʻo Jirau Dam ma ka muliwai ʻo Madeira ma Brazil. He 63m ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pā, 1500m ka lōʻihi, a he 3075MW ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia. Ua hoʻopau ʻia i ka makahiki 2016.
ʻO ke kolu o ka mana hydroelectric kahawai nui loa ma ka honua ʻo ke Aliʻi Joseph Dam ma ke kahawai ʻo Columbia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, me ke kiʻekiʻe o 72 mika, ka lōʻihi o 1817 mika, kahi i hoʻokomo ʻia o 2620 MW, a me ka hana mana makahiki o 9780 GWh. Ua hoʻopau ʻia i ka makahiki 1979.
ʻO ka hale mana hydropower kaila Sichuan nui loa ma Kina ʻo ka Tianshengqiao II Dam, aia ma ka muliwai Nanpan. He 58.7m ke ki'eki'e o ka dam, he 471m ka lō'ihi, he 4800000m3 ka nui, a he 1320MW ka mana i ho'okomo'ia. Ua hoʻopau ʻia i ka makahiki 1997.

Hoʻoulu mana kai
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka mana o ke kai ma muli o ka piʻi ʻana a me ka hāʻule ʻana o nā ʻilikai kai ma muli o ke kai. ʻO ka maʻamau, kūkulu ʻia nā pūnāwai no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka uila, akā aia kekahi mau hoʻohana pololei ʻana i ke kahe wai o ke kai e hana ai i ka uila. ʻAʻole nui nā wahi kūpono i ka honua holoʻokoʻa no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka mana o ke kai, a he ʻewalu mau wahi ma UK i manaʻo ʻia e hiki ke hoʻokō i ka 20% o ka koi uila o ka ʻāina.
ʻO ka hale mana tidal mua loa o ka honua, ʻo ia ka Lance tidal power plant, aia ma Lance, Farani. Ua kūkulu ʻia mai 1960 a 1966 no 6 mau makahiki. ʻO 240MW ka mana i kau ʻia.
ʻO ke kahua mana kai nui loa o ka honua ʻo ka Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station ma South Korea, me ka mana hoʻokomo o 254MW a ua hoʻopau ʻia i ka makahiki 2011.
ʻO ke kahua mana o ka moana mua ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau ʻo Annapolis Royal Generating Station, aia ma Royal, Annapolis, Nova Scotia, Kanada, ma ka puka o Bay of Fundy. ʻO 20MW ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia a ua hoʻopau ʻia i ka makahiki 1984.
ʻO ke kahua mana o ke kai nui loa ma Kina ʻo Jiangxia Tidal Power Station, aia ma ka hema o Hangzhou, me ka mana o 4.1MW wale nō a me 6 sets. Ua hoʻomaka ka hana i ka makahiki 1985.
Ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka mea hana mua o ke kahawai tidal o ka North American Rock Tidal Power Demonstration Project ma Vancouver Island, Kanada, i Kepakemapa 2006.
I kēia manawa, ke kūkulu ʻia nei ka pāhana mana kai nui loa o ka honua, ʻo MeyGen (MeyGen tidal energy project), ma Pentland Firth, ʻĀkau ʻEkokia, me ka mana o 398MW a manaʻo ʻia e hoʻopau ʻia i 2021.
Ke hoʻolālā nei ʻo Gujarat, India e kūkulu i ka hale mana o ke kai kūʻai mua ma Asia Hema. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia kahi mea mana me ka mana o 50MW ma ke Kaiwa o Kutch ma ke kahakai komohana o India, a ua hoʻomaka ke kūkulu ʻana i ka makahiki 2012.
ʻO ka Penzhin Tidal Power Plant Project i hoʻolālā ʻia ma Kamchatka Peninsula ma Rūsia he 87100MW ka mana a me ka mana hoʻomohala makahiki o 200TWh, ʻo ia ka mea kanu mana kai nui loa o ka honua. Ke hoʻopau ʻia, loaʻa ʻehā mau manawa o ka Pinrenna Bay Tidal Power Station i ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia o ke kahua mana ʻekolu Gorges i kēia manawa.