ʻO ka mōʻaukala o ka hydropower ma Kina

Ua ʻike ʻia ke kahua hydropower mua loa o ka honua ma Farani i ka makahiki 1878, kahi i kūkulu ʻia ai ke kahua hydropower mua loa o ka honua.
Ua kōkua pū ka mea hana ʻo Edison i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kikowaena hydropower. I ka makahiki 1882, ua kūkulu ʻo Edison i ke kahua hydropower ʻo Abel ma Wisconsin, USA.
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana, ua liʻiliʻi loa ka mana o nā kikowaena hydropower i hoʻokumu ʻia. I ka makahiki 1889, aia ke kikowaena hydropower nui loa o ka honua ma Iapana, akā ʻo kona mana i hoʻokomo ʻia he 48 kW wale nō. Eia nō naʻe, ua nui ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia o nā kikowaena hydropower. I ka makahiki 1892, ʻo ka mana o ke kahua hydropower ʻo Niagara ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa he 44000 kW. I ka makahiki 1895, ua hiki aku ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia o ke kahua hydropower ʻo Niagara i 147000 kW.

Ma hope o ke komo ʻana i ke kenekulia 20, ua hoʻokō ka mana wai i ka hoʻomohala wikiwiki ʻana ma nā ʻāina nui i hoʻomohala ʻia. Ma ka makahiki 2021, e hōʻea ka mana hoʻokomo honua o ka mana wai i 1360GW.
Hiki ke hoʻi ʻia ka moʻolelo o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mana wai ma Kina i nā makahiki he 2000 i hala aku nei, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai e hoʻokele i nā huila wai, nā wili wai, a me nā wili wai no ka hana ʻana a me ke ola.
Ua kūkulu ʻia ke kahua hydropower mua loa ma Kina i ka makahiki 1904. ʻO ia ke kahua hydropower ʻo Guishan i kūkulu ʻia e nā poʻe hoʻouka kaua Kepani ma Taiwan, Kina.
ʻO ke kahua hydropower mua i kūkulu ʻia ma ka ʻāina nui o Kina ʻo Shilongba Hydropower Station ma Kunming, i hoʻomaka ʻia i ʻAukake 1910 a hoʻopuka i ka mana i Mei 1912, me ka huina o ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia he 489kW.
I loko o nā makahiki he iwakālua e hiki mai ana, ma muli o ke kūpaʻa ʻole o ke kūlana kūloko, ʻaʻole i holomua nui ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka mana wai o Kina, a he kakaikahi wale nō nā kikowaena mana wai liʻiliʻi i kūkulu ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi ke kahua mana wai ʻo Dongwo ma ke Kalana ʻo Luxian, Sichuan, ke kahua mana wai ʻo Duodi ma Tibet, a me nā kahua mana wai ʻo Xiadao, Shunchang, a me Longxi ma Fujian.
Ua hiki mai ka manawa i ke Kaua Anti-Kepani, i ka wā i hoʻohana nui ʻia ai nā kumuwaiwai kūloko e pale aku i ka hoʻouka kaua, a ua kūkulu wale ʻia nā kikowaena mana liʻiliʻi ma ka ʻaoʻao hema hema, e like me ke kahua hoʻomehana wai ʻo Taohuaxi ma Sichuan a me ke kahua hoʻomehana wai ʻo Nanqiao ma Yunnan; Ma ka ʻāina i noho ʻia e Iapana, ua kūkulu ʻo Iapana i kekahi mau kikowaena hoʻomehana wai nui, ʻo ia hoʻi ke kahua hoʻomehana wai ʻo Fengman ma ka muliwai ʻo Songhua ma ka ʻākau hikina o Kina.
Ma mua o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka Repubalika o Kina, ua hiki aku ka nui o ka mana hydropower ma Kina i 900,000 kW. Eia naʻe, ma muli o nā pohō i hana ʻia e ke kaua, i ka wā i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ka Repubalika o Kina, ʻo ka nui o ka mana hydropower ma Kina he 363,300 kW wale nō.
Ma hope o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o Kina Hou, ua loaʻa i ka hydropower ka nānā a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i manaʻo ʻole ʻia. ʻO ka mea mua, ua hoʻoponopono ʻia a kūkulu hou ʻia kekahi mau papahana hydropower i koe mai nā makahiki kaua; I ka hopena o ka hoʻolālā ʻelima makahiki mua, ua kūkulu a kūkulu hou ʻo Kina i 19 mau kikowaena hydropower, a hoʻomaka i ka hoʻolālā a me ke kūkulu ʻana i nā papahana hydropower nui ma kāna iho. Ua kūkulu ʻia ke kahua hydropower Zhejiang Xin'anjiang me ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia o 662500 kilowatts i loko o kēia wā, a ʻo ia hoʻi ke kahua hydropower nui mua i hoʻolālā ʻia, hana ʻia, a kūkulu ʻia e Kina ponoʻī.
I ka wā o ka "Great Leap Forward", ua hōʻea nā papahana hydropower hou a Kina i 11.862 miliona kW. ʻAʻole i hōʻike piha ʻia kekahi mau papahana, a ua koi ʻia kekahi mau papahana e hoʻōki i ke kūkulu ʻana ma hope o ko lākou hoʻomaka ʻana. I nā makahiki ʻekolu ma hope o nā pōʻino kūlohelohe, ua hoʻōki ʻia a hoʻopanee ʻia paha ka nui o nā papahana. I ka pōkole, mai 1958 a 1965, ua paʻakikī loa ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka hydropower ma Kina. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻokomo ʻia he 31 mau kikowaena hydropower, me Xin'anjiang ma Zhejiang, Xinfengjiang ma Guangdong, a me Xijin ma Guangxi, no ka hana mana. Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, ua hoʻokō ka ʻoihana hydropower o Kina i kahi pae o ka hoʻomohala ʻana.
Ua hiki mai ka manawa no ka wā "Cultural Revolution". ʻOiai ua ʻeha hou ke kūkulu ʻana i ka hydropower i ke komo ʻana a me ka luku nui ʻia, ua hāʻawi pū ka hoʻoholo hoʻolālā ma ke kūkulu ʻana i ke kolu o ka laina i kahi manawa kūikawā no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hydropower ma ke komohana o Kina. I loko o kēia wā, ua hoʻokomo ʻia he 40 mau kikowaena hydropower, me Liujiaxia ma Gansu Province a me Gongzui ma Sichuan Province, no ka hana mana. Ua hōʻea ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia o Liujiaxia Hydropower Station i 1.225 miliona kW, e lilo ana ia i kikowaena hydropower mua ma Kina me ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia ma mua o hoʻokahi miliona kW. I loko o kēia wā, ua kūkulu ʻia ke kikowaena mana mālama mua o Kina, ʻo Gangnan, Hebei. I ka manawa like, ua hoʻomaka ʻia a hoʻomaka hou ʻia paha he 53 mau papahana hydropower nui a me waena i kēia wā. I ka makahiki 1970, ua hoʻomaka ka Papahana Gezhouba me ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia o 2.715 miliona kW, e hōʻailona ana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kūkulu ʻana i nā kikowaena hydropower ma ke kahawai nui o ka muliwai ʻo Yangtze.
Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka "Cultural Revolution", ʻoi aku hoʻi ma hope o ke kolu o ka hālāwai kūkā o ke Komite Waena 11, ua komo hou ka ʻoihana hydropower o Kina i kahi pae o ka ulu wikiwiki. Ua wikiwiki kekahi mau papahana hydropower e like me Gezhouba, Wujiangdu, a me Baishan, a ua hoʻomaka kūhelu ke kūkulu ʻana o ke kahua hydropower Longyangxia me ka mana o 320000 kW. Ma hope mai, i ka makani puna o ka hoʻoponopono a me ka wehe ʻana, ua loli mau a me ka hana hou ka ʻōnaehana kūkulu hydropower o Kina, e hōʻike ana i ka ikaika nui. I loko o kēia wā, ua hoʻokō pū nā kikowaena mana mālama i hoʻoulu ʻia, me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pae mua o ka pamu a me ka mālama ʻana ma Panjiakou, Hebei, a me Guangzhou; Ke ulu nei hoʻi ka hydropower liʻiliʻi, me ka hoʻokō ʻana o ka pūʻulu mua o 300 mau kalana uila hydropower kuaʻāina; Ma ke ʻano o ka mana wai nui, ua hoʻomaka ke kūkulu ʻana o kekahi mau kikowaena mana wai nui, e like me Tianshengqiao Class II me ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia o 1.32 miliona kW, ʻo Guangxi Yantan me ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia o 1.21 miliona kW, ʻo Yunnan Manwan me ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia o 1.5 miliona kW, a me ke kahua mana wai ʻo Lijiaxia me ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia o 2 miliona kW. I ka manawa like, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā loea kūloko e hōʻike i nā kumuhana 14 o ke kahua mana wai ʻo Three Gorges, a ua kau ʻia ke kūkulu ʻana o ka Papahana ʻo Three Gorges ma ka papahana.
I nā makahiki he ʻumi hope loa o ke kenekulia 20, ua ulu wikiwiki ke kūkulu ʻana i ka mana wai o Kina. I Kepakemapa 1991, ua hoʻomaka ke kūkulu ʻana o ke kahua mana wai ʻo Ertan ma Panzhihua, Sichuan. Ma hope o ka nui o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa a me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana, i Dekemaba 1994, ua hoʻomaka kūhelu ʻia ka Papahana Mana Wai ʻo Three Gorges kiʻekiʻe. Ma ke ʻano o nā kikowaena mana mālama i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, ua hoʻomaka pū ʻia nā hale kupapaʻu Ming o Beijing (800000kW), Tianhuangping o Zhejiang (1800000kW), a me ka pae mālama i hoʻopaʻa ʻia o Guangzhou (12000000kW); Ma ke ʻano o ka mana wai liʻiliʻi, ua hoʻokō ʻia ke kūkulu ʻana o ka lua a me ke kolu o nā papa o nā kalana uila wai ma nā wahi kuaʻāina. I nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala iho nei, ua piʻi ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia o ka mana wai ma Kina ma 38.39 miliona kW.
I loko o nā makahiki mua o ke kenekulia 21, aia he 35 mau kikowaena mana wai nui e kūkulu ʻia nei, me ka huina o ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia ma kahi o 70 miliona kW, me nā kikowaena mana wai nui he nui e like me ka 22.4 miliona kW o ka Papahana ʻEkolu Gorges a me 12.6 miliona kW o Xiluodu. I loko o kēia wā, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka awelika o 10 miliona kW i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻO ka makahiki mōʻaukala loa ʻo 2008, i ka wā i hoʻopili kūhelu ʻia ai ka ʻāpana hope loa o ke kikowaena mana ʻākau o ka Papahana ʻEkolu Gorges i ka pūnaewele no ka hana mana, a ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻāpana 26 a pau o nā kikowaena mana hema a ʻākau o ka Papahana ʻEkolu Gorges i hoʻolālā mua ʻia.
Mai ka makahiki ʻelua o ke kenekulia 21, ua hoʻomohala mau ʻia nā kikowaena hydropower nui ma ke kahawai nui o ka muliwai ʻo Jinsha a ua hoʻomau ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana no ka hana mana. ʻO ke kahua hydropower Xiluodu me ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia he 12.6 miliona kW, ʻo Xiangjiaba me ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia he 6.4 miliona kW, ʻo Baihetan Hydropower Station me ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia he 12 miliona yuan, ʻo Wudongde Hydropower Station me ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia he 10.2 miliona yuan, a me nā kikowaena hydropower nui ʻē aʻe i hoʻokomo ʻia no ka hana mana. I waena o lākou, ua hōʻea ka mana hoʻokahi o ke kahua hydropower Baihetan i 1 miliona kW, e hōʻea ana i ka pae kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka honua. No nā kikowaena mana mālama i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, e like me ka makahiki 2022, he 70 wale nō kikowaena mana mālama i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka wahi hana o ka State Grid o Kina, me ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia he 85.24 miliona kilowatts, ʻo ia hoʻi he 3.2 manawa a me 4.1 manawa o 2012. I waena o lākou, ʻo Hebei Fengning Pumped Storage Power Station ka hale mana mālama pumped nui loa i hoʻokomo ʻia ma ka honua, me ka huina o ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia he 3.6 miliona kilowatts.
Me ka hoʻolaha mau ʻana o ka pahuhopu "kalapona pālua" a me ka hoʻoikaika mau ʻana i ka palekana o ke kaiapuni, ke kū nei ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hydropower o Kina i kekahi mau kūlana hou. ʻO ka mea mua, e hoʻomau ka haʻalele ʻana a me ka pani ʻana o nā kikowaena hydropower liʻiliʻi i loaʻa i nā wahi i pale ʻia, a ʻo ka lua, e hoʻomau ka piʻi ʻana o ka hapa o ka ikehu lā a me ka makani i loko o ka mana i hoʻokomo hou ʻia, a e emi pū ka hapa o ka hydropower; ʻO ka hope loa, e kālele mākou i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā papahana hydropower nui, a e hoʻomau ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻepekema a me ka noʻonoʻo o nā papahana kūkulu.