ʻO ka mōʻaukala o ka hydropower ma Kina

Ua ʻike ʻia ka hale mana wai wai mua loa o ka honua ma Farani i ka makahiki 1878, kahi i kūkulu ʻia ai ka hale mana wai wai mua o ka honua.
Ua hāʻawi pū ka mea hana ʻo Edison i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kikowaena hydropower. I ka makahiki 1882, kūkulu ʻo Edison i ka Abel Hydropower Station ma Wisconsin, USA.
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana, liʻiliʻi loa ka mana o nā kikowaena hydropower i hoʻokumu ʻia. I ka makahiki 1889, aia ma Iapana ka hale mana wai nui loa o ka honua, akā ʻo 48 kW wale nō kona mana hoʻokomo. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻomohala koʻikoʻi ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia o nā kikowaena hydropower. I ka makahiki 1892, ʻo ka mana o ka Niagara Hydropower Station ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa he 44000 kW. Ma ka makahiki 1895, ua hiki i ka 147000 kW ka mana hoʻokomo o ka Niagara Hydropower Station.

Ma hope o ke komo ʻana i ke kenekulia 20, ua hoʻokō wikiwiki ka hydropower i nā ʻāina kūkulu nui. I ka makahiki 2021, hiki i ka 1360GW ka mana o ka hydropower.
Hiki ke huli ʻia ka mōʻaukala o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mana wai ma Kina ma mua o 2000 mau makahiki i hala, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai e hoʻokele i nā huila wai, nā wili wai, a me nā wili wai no ka hana a me ke ola.
Ua kūkulu ʻia ka hale mana wai wai mua loa ma Kina i ka makahiki 1904. ʻO ia ka Guishan Hydropower Station i kūkulu ʻia e ka poʻe Kepani hoʻouka kaua ma Taiwan, Kina.
ʻO ke kahua wai wai mua i kūkulu ʻia ma ka ʻāina ʻo Kina ʻo Shilongba Hydropower Station ma Kunming, i hoʻomaka ʻia ma ʻAukake 1910 a hana i ka mana ma Mei 1912, me ka nui o ka mana o 489kW.
I loko o nā makahiki he iwakālua e hiki mai ana, ma muli o ka paʻa ʻole o ke kūlana kūloko, ʻaʻole i holomua nui ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka wai wai o Kina, a ua kūkulu ʻia kekahi mau hale wai wai liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi ka Dongwo Hydropower Station ma Luxian County, Sichuan, ka Duodi Hydropower Station ma Tibet, a me nā Xiadao, Shunchang, a me Longxi Hydropower Stations ma Fujian.
Ua hiki mai ka manawa i ka wā o ka Anti Japanese War, i ka wā i hoʻohana nui ʻia ai nā kumuwaiwai kūloko e kūʻē i ka huhū, a ua kūkulu ʻia nā hale mana liʻiliʻi ma ke komohana hema, e like me Taohuaxi Hydropower Station ma Sichuan a me Nanqiao Hydropower Station ma Yunnan; Ma ka ʻāina i noho ʻia e Iapana, ua kūkulu ʻo Iapana i kekahi mau kikowaena wai nui, ʻo ia hoʻi ka Fengman Hydropower Station ma ka muliwai Songhua ma ka ʻākau hikina o Kina.
Ma mua o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka People's Republic of Kina, ua hiki i ka 900000 kW ka nui o ka hydropower ma Kina Mainland. Eia naʻe, ma muli o nā poho i hoʻoili ʻia e ke kaua, i ka wā i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ka People's Republic of Kina, ʻo 363300 kW wale nō ka mana o ka hydropower i Kina Mainland.
Ma hope o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o New China, ua loaʻa i ka hydropower ka nānā ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana. ʻO ka mea mua, ua hoʻoponopono ʻia a kūkulu hou ʻia kekahi mau hana wai wai i koe mai nā makahiki kaua; I ka pau ʻana o ka hoʻolālā mua ʻelima makahiki, ua kūkulu ʻo Kina a kūkulu hou i 19 mau kikowaena wai wai, a hoʻomaka i ka hoʻolālā ʻana a me ke kūkulu ʻana i nā papahana hydropower nui nona iho. Ua kūkulu ʻia ka Zhejiang Xinʻanjiang Hydropower Station me ka mana o 662500 kilowatts i kēia manawa, a ʻo ia hoʻi ke kahua wai wai nui nui i hoʻolālā ʻia, hana ʻia a kūkulu ʻia e Kina ponoʻī.
I loko o ka manawa "Great Leap Forward", ua hōʻea nā papahana hydropower hou o Kina i 11.862 miliona kW. ʻAʻole i hōʻike piha ʻia kekahi mau papahana, no laila ua koi ʻia kekahi mau papahana e hoʻōki i ke kūkulu ʻana ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana. I loko o ʻekolu mau makahiki o nā pōʻino kūlohelohe, ua hoʻopanee a hoʻopaneʻe ʻia ka nui o nā papahana. I ka pōkole, mai ka makahiki 1958 a hiki i ka makahiki 1965, ʻo ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka hydropower ma Kina he ʻano nui loa. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻokomo pū ʻia nā kikowaena hydropower 31, me Xinʻanjiang ma Zhejiang, Xinfengjiang ma Guangdong, a me Xijin ma Guangxi, no ka hana mana. ʻO ka holoʻokoʻa, ua loaʻa i ka ʻoihana hydropower Kina i kahi pae o ka hoʻomohala ʻana.
Ua hiki mai ka manawa no ka wā "Cultural Revolution". ʻOiai ua pilikia hou ka hana ʻana o ka hydropower a me ka luku ʻana, ʻo ka hoʻoholo hoʻoholo ma ke kūkulu ʻana i ke kolu o ka laina i hāʻawi i kahi manawa kakaikahi no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hydropower ma ke komohana o Kina. I loko o kēia manawa, ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā kikowaena hydropower 40, me Liujiaxia ma Gansu Province a me Gongzui ma Sichuan Province, no ka hana mana. ʻO ka mana hoʻokomo o Liujiaxia Hydropower Station i hōʻea i ka 1.225 miliona kW, ʻo ia ke kahua wai wai mua ma Kina me ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia ma mua o hoʻokahi miliona kW. I loko o kēia manawa, ua kūkulu pū ʻia ka hale mana mālama puna mua o Kina, ʻo Gangnan, Hebei. Ma ka manawa like, ua hoʻomaka ʻia a hoʻomaka hou ʻia nā papahana hydropower nui a me waena o 53 i kēia manawa. I ka makahiki 1970, ua hoʻomaka ka Gezhouba Project me kahi mana hoʻokomo o 2.715 miliona kW, e hōʻailona ana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kūkulu ʻana i nā kikowaena hydropower ma ke kahawai nui o ka muliwai ʻo Yangtze.
Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka "Cultural Revolution", ʻoi aku ka nui ma hope o ke kolu o ka hui ʻekolu o ka 11th Central Committee, ua komo hou ka ʻoihana hydropower o Kina i kahi pae o ka hoʻomohala wikiwiki. ʻO kekahi mau papahana hydropower e like me Gezhouba, Wujiangdu, a me Baishan ua wikiwiki, a ʻo ka Longyangxia Hydropower Station me ka mana o 320000 kW ua hoʻomaka i ka hana. Ma hope mai, i ka makani puna o ka hoʻoponopono a me ka wehe ʻana, ua hoʻololi mau ʻia ka ʻōnaehana hana hydropower o Kina a me nā mea hou, e hōʻike ana i ka ikaika nui. I loko o kēia manawa, ua hoʻokō ʻia nā hale mana hoʻopaʻa paʻa i ka hoʻomohala koʻikoʻi, me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pae mua o ka pumping a me ka waiho ʻana ma Panjiakou, Hebei, a me Guangzhou; Ke ulu nei ka mana wai liʻiliʻi, me ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka pūʻulu mua o 300 hydropower kuaʻāina electrification kalana; Ma ke ʻano o ka hydropower nui, ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o kekahi mau kikowaena hydropower nui, e like me Tianshengqiao Class II me ka mana o 1.32 miliona kW, ʻo Guangxi Yantan me kahi mana hoʻokomo o 1.21 miliona kW, ʻo Yunnan Manwan me ka mana hoʻokomo o 1.5 miliona kW, a me Lijiaxia Hydropower Station me ka mana hoʻokomo o 2 miliona kW. Ma ka manawa like, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā loea kūloko e hōʻike i nā kumuhana 14 o ka Three Gorges Hydropower Station, a ua kau ʻia ke kūkulu ʻana o ka Three Gorges Project ma ka papa kuhikuhi.
I nā makahiki he ʻumi hope loa o ke kenekulia 20, ua ulu wikiwiki ka hana ʻana o ka hydropower o Kina. I Kepakemapa 1991, hoʻomaka ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o Ertan Hydropower Station ma Panzhihua, Sichuan. Ma hope o ka nui o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa a me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana, i Dekemaba 1994, ua hoʻomaka ʻia ka papahana kiʻekiʻe ʻo Three Gorges Hydropower Station Project. Ma ke ʻano o nā wahi mana hoʻopaʻa paʻa, ua hoʻomaka ʻia nā halekupapaʻu Ming o Beijing (800000kW), ʻo Zhejiang's Tianhuangping (1800000kW), a me ka pae hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻana o Guangzhou II (12000000kW); Ma ke ʻano o ka hydropower liʻiliʻi, ua hoʻokō ʻia ke kūkulu ʻana i ka lua a me ke kolu o nā kalana electrification kuaʻāina hydropower. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka mana o ka hydropower i Kina e 38.39 miliona kW.
I ka makahiki mua o ke kenekulia 21, aia he 35 mau kikowaena wai wai nui e kūkulu ʻia ana, me ka nui o ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia ma kahi o 70 miliona kW, me ka nui o nā kikowaena wai nui nui e like me ka Three Gorges Project's 22.4 miliona kW a me Xiluodu's 12.6 miliona kW. I loko o kēia manawa, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka awelika ma mua o 10 miliona kW i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻO ka makahiki koʻikoʻi loa ʻo 2008, i ka manawa i hoʻohui ʻia ai ka ʻāpana hope loa o ka ʻEkolu Gorges Project o ka mana mana panakō akau i ka pahu no ka hana mana, a ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻāpana he 26 a pau o ka Three Gorges Project i hoʻolālā ʻia i ka hema a me ka ʻākau ʻākau.
Mai ka makahiki ʻelua o ke kenekulia 21, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā kikowaena wai nui ma ke kahawai nui o ka muliwai ʻo Jinsha a hoʻomau ʻia i ka hana no ka hana mana. ʻO ka Xiluodu Hydropower Station me 12.6 miliona kW, ʻo Xiangjiaba me 6.4 miliona kW, Baihetan Hydropower Station me 12 miliona yuan, Wudongde Hydropower Station me 10.2 miliona yuan, a ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā kikowaena wai nui ʻē aʻe no ka hana mana. Ma waena o lākou, ua hiki i ka mana hoʻokahi o Baihetan Hydropower Station i 1 miliona kW, hiki i ka pae kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka honua. E like me nā hale mana mālama pahū, e like me 2022, aia wale nō he 70 mau hale mana mālama i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana ma ka wahi hana o ka State Grid o Kina, me ka mana hoʻokomo o 85.24 miliona kilowatts, ʻo ia ka 3.2 mau manawa a me 4.1 mau manawa o 2012, kēlā me kēia. Ma waena o lākou, ʻo Hebei Fengning Pumped Storage Power Station ka mea nui loa o ka honua i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka mana hoʻopaʻa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, me ka nui o 3.6 miliona kilowatts.
Me ka hoʻomau mau ʻana o ka pahuhopu "ʻelua kalapona" a me ka hoʻoikaika mau ʻana i ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni, ke kū nei ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka hydropower o Kina i kekahi mau kūlana hou. ʻO ka mea mua, e hoʻomau ka haʻalele ʻana a pani ʻia nā kikowaena wai liʻiliʻi ma nā wahi i pale ʻia, a ʻo ka lua, e hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o ka ikehu o ka lā a me ka makani i ka mana hou i hoʻokomo ʻia, a e emi pū ana ka nui o ka hydropower; ʻO ka hope, e kālele mākou i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā papahana hydropower nunui, a e hoʻomau ka ʻepekema a me ka noʻonoʻo o nā hana kūkulu.