amandla kagesi wezwe lami ikakhulukazi akhiwe amandla ashisayo, amandla aphehlwa ngamanzi, amandla enuzi namandla amasha. Iwuhlelo lokukhiqiza amandla kagesi olusekelwe emalahleni, olusebenzisa amandla amaningi. ukusetshenziswa kwamalahle kwezwe lami kufinyelela ku-27% wengqikithi yomhlaba, futhi ukukhishwa kwayo kwe-carbon dioxide kukleliswe endaweni yesibili emhlabeni ngemuva kwe-United States. Ingomunye wabathengi abambalwa abakhulu bamandla wamalahle emhlabeni. NgoSepthemba 2015, “Iforamu Yendima Yendima Yezemvelo Yamanzi Encane” yenza isiphakamiso esiqotho sokuthi ugesi omncane ophehlwa ngamanzi ungumthombo wamandla ahlanzekile novuselelekayo obalulekile. Ngokwezibalo zamandla kagesi, ekupheleni konyaka wezi-2014, izinga lokuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi amancane ezweni lami lalicishe libe ngama-41%, liphansi kakhulu izinga lokuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi emazweni asethuthukile e-Europe nase-United States. Njengamanje, izinga lentuthuko eSwitzerland naseFrance lingama-97%, iSpain ne-Italy ngama-96%, iJapan ngama-84%, kanti i-United States ingama-73%.
(Umthombo: I-akhawunti yomphakathi ye-WeChat ethi “E Small Hydropower” ID: exshuidian Umbhali: Ye Xingdi, ilungu leqembu lochwepheshe le-International Small Hydropower Center kanye nomongameli weGuizhou Private Hydropower Industry Chamber of Commerce)
Njengamanje, umthamo omncane wezwe lami ofakwe ngamanzi ungama-kilowatts ayizigidi eziyi-100, futhi ukukhiqizwa kukagesi ngonyaka kungama-kilowatt-hora ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-300. Uma ngempela ungekho ugesi omncane, izwe lami lizothembela kakhulu emandleni ezinto ezimbiwa phansi, okuzokwenza nakanjani kube nokulahlekelwa okukhulu ekongiweni kwamandla ezwe lami, ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa, ukunciphisa ukungcoliswa komoya kwemvelo, ukuthuthukiswa kwemvelo, ukwenziwa ngcono kwesakhiwo samasu kagesi, ukongiwa kwezinsiza zokuhambisa amandla kanye nokunciphisa izindawo zokuthutha ugesi kanye nokunciphisa ukulahlekelwa komnotho wendawo, ukugqugquzela ukuthuthukiswa komnotho, ukukhushulwa komnotho wendawo, ukugqugquzela ukuthuthukiswa komnotho, ukugqugquzela ukuthuthukiswa komnotho. inqubekelaphambili kagesi omncane wamanzi emhlabeni.
1. Uma izwe lami lingenawo amandla amancane aphehlwa ngamanzi, lizolahlekelwa amandla angcono kakhulu avuselelekayo
Emizamweni yanamuhla yokubhekana nenkinga yamandla, inkinga yezemvelo kanye nenkinga yesimo sezulu, uma ungekho ugesi omncane wamanzi, izwe lami lizolahlekelwa amandla angcono kakhulu avuselelekayo.
Umbiko Womhlaba Wonke Wokuthuthukisa Amandla Ahlanzekile usho ngokusobala ukuthi “Ukuhlolwa Komjikelezo Wempilo Yemithwalo Yemvelo Yezinhlelo Ezihlukene Zokukhiqiza Amandla” kufinyelele iziphetho zesayensi ezilandelayo kusukela ekuhlaziyeni uchungechunge oluphelele lomjikelezo olusungulwe izimayini zamandla, ezokuthutha, ukuphehlwa kukagesi, kanye nemfucuza:
Okokuqala, ku-“Power Generation System Emission Pollution Output List”, amandla kagesi anenkomba engcono kakhulu (inkomba ephansi kakhulu ebanzi ekhipha ukungcola);
Okwesibili, ku- "Impact of Different Energy Generation Systems on Human Health ngesikhathi se-Life Cycle", amandla kagesi anomthelela omncane kakhulu (amandla ashisayo angu-49.71%, amandla amasha angu-3.36%, amandla kagesi angu-0.25%);
Okwesithathu, “Kumthelela Wezinhlelo Ezihlukene Zokukhiqiza Amandla Kukhwalithi Ye-Ecosystem phakathi Nomjikelezo Wokuphila”, amandla kagesi anomthelela omncane kakhulu (amandla ashisayo angu-5.11%, amandla amasha angu-0.55%, amandla aphehlwa ngamanzi angu-0.07%);
Okwesine, kokuthi “Impact of Different Energy Generation Systems on Resource Consumption during Life Cycle”, ugesi wamanzi unomthelela omncane kunawo wonke (thEmbikweni wokuhlola, izinkomba ezihlukahlukene zamandla aphehlwa ngamanzi aziphakeme kakhulu nje kuphela kumandla ensalela evamile kanye namandla enuzi, kodwa futhi ziphakeme kakhulu kunemithombo yamandla emisha ehlukahlukene njengamandla omoya namandla aphakathi nendawo amandla aphakathi nendawo kukhona inkomba yamandla kagesi aphakathi nendawo kanye ne-hydro enkulu. Ngakho-ke, phakathi kwayo yonke imithombo yamandla, amandla kagesi amancane njengamanje angamandla angcono kakhulu.
2. Uma ungekho ugesi omncane ophehlwa ngamanzi ezweni lami, isamba esikhulu semithombo yamalahle kanye nabasebenzi bazomoshwa.
Ngokwezibalo, phakathi nesikhathi “soHlelo Lweminyaka Emihlanu”, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi amancane asezindaweni zasemakhaya kudlule i-1 trillion kWh, okulingana nokonga amathani ayizigidi ezingu-320 zamalahle avamile, okungukuthi, isilinganiso saminyaka yonke sikagesi esiphehla amandla angaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-200 kWh, okungagcini nje ukongiwa amathani angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-64 ngonyaka, ukonga amathani amancane kanye nokongiwa kwamandla amancane ngonyaka. kulawa malahle, ukonga amandla adingekayo ekuphehleni ugesi, ukunyuka nokuwa kwamandla kagesi, kanye nokwakhiwa, ukufakwa nokusebenza kwempahla yokuthutha yala malahle, nokonga amandla adingekayo okudla, izingubo zokugqoka, izindlu kanye nokuthuthwa kwezisebenzi ezihilelekile kuyo yonke le misebenzi engenhla. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okubanzi okongiwe kukhulu kakhulu kunesilinganiso semithombo yamalahle yonyaka elondoloziwe.
NgoHlelo Lweminyaka Eyi-13 Lweminyaka Emihlanu, ukuphehlwa kwamandla kagesi amancane ngonyaka kukhuphuke kwafinyelela cishe kuma-kilowatt-awa ayizigidigidi ezingama-300. Uma konke ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kucatshangelwa, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphelele konyaka okulondoloziwe kulingana namathani ayizigidi eziyi-100 zamalahle ajwayelekile. Uma ungekho ugesi omncane ophehlwa ngamanzi, “uHlelo Lweminyaka Emihlanu Lweminyaka Engu-12” kanye “noHlelo Lweminyaka Emihlanu Lweminyaka Emihlanu” luzodla amathani acishe abe yizigidi ezingu-900 zamalahle ajwayelekile, kanye nesithembiso emhlabeni sokuthi “ngowezi-2020, ingxenye yamandla angewona awezinsalela ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla okuyinhloko ezweni lami izofinyelela cishe ku-15%” izoba yinkulumo eyize.
3. Uma ungekho ugesi omncane ezweni lami, ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa kanye nokungcoliswa kwemvelo kuzokwanda kakhulu
Ngokwe-“2017 National Rural Hydropower Statistical Bulletin”, ukuphehlwa kwamandla onyaka kagesi wasemaphandleni ngo-2017 kulingana nokonga amathani ayizigidi ezingu-76 zamalahle ajwayelekile, ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide amathani ayizigidi ezingu-190, nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwesulfure dioxide ngamathani angaphezu kwesigidi esisodwa. Idatha efanelekile ikhombisa ukuthi ukulinga kanye nomsebenzi wokuhlola owandisiwe wokushintsha uphethiloli omncane wamanzi owenziwe kusukela ngo-2003 kuya ku-2008 kwenze abalimi abangaphezu kuka-800,000 bakwazi ukuzuza esikhundleni esincane sikaphethiloli ophehlwa ngamanzi nokuvikela ama-mu ayizigidi ezi-3.5 wendawo yehlathi. Kungabonakala ukuthi amandla amancane aphehlwa ngamanzi anezinzuzo ezibalulekile zemvelo futhi adlala indima enkulu ekwehliseni ukukhishwa kwegesi engcolile kanye nokungcoliswa kwemvelo.
Uma ungekho ugesi omncane ophehlwa ngamanzi, ama-kilowatts kagesi ayizigidi eziyi-100 azothathelwa indawo inqwaba yezitshalo zamandla ashisayo noma izizinda zamandla enuzi ezinamandla afakiwe angama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezimbalwa. Inqubo yokuqhekeka kwe-nuclear yezimboni zamandla enyukliya ihambisana nokukhiqizwa kwama-nuclide anemisebe, futhi kunezingozi nemiphumela yokudedelwa ngezinga elikhulu emvelweni. Kukhona nezinkinga ezinjengokushoda kwezinto zokusetshenziswa zenuzi, imfucumfucu yenuzi, nokulahlwa kwezikhungo zikagesi ezilahliwe ngemva kokuphela kokuphila kwazo. Ngenxa yokushiswa kwenani elikhulu lamalahle, amandla ashisayo azokhipha inani elikhulu le-SO2, i-NOx, uthuli, amanzi angcolile, nezinsalela zemfucumfucu, imvula ene-asidi izokwenyuka kakhulu, imithombo yamanzi izodliwa kakhulu, futhi indawo ehlala abantu izosongelwa kakhulu.
Okwesine, uma ungekho ugesi omncane ophehlwa ngamanzi ezweni lami, uzokhulisa utshalomali lwengqalasizinda, wenze buthaka ikhono lamandla kagesi ukumelana nezimpi nezinhlekelele zemvelo, futhi kwandise ukulimala kokunqamuka kukagesi okukhulu.
Amandla kagesi amancane angamandla asabalalisiwe avuthiwe futhi asebenza ngempumelelo. Iseduze kakhulu nomthwalo, okungukuthi, ukuphela kwegridi yamandla. Ayidingi ukwakha igridi yamandla enkulu yebanga elide le-high-voltage noma i-ultra-high-voltage transmission. Inganciphisa kakhulu ukulahleka kolayini, yonge ukudluliswa kwamandla kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kokwakhiwa kokusabalalisa kanye nezindleko zokusebenza, futhi izuze izinga eliphezulu eliphelele lokusebenzisa amandla.
Uma ungekho ugesi omncane ophehlwa ngamanzi, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla omdabu nakanjani kuzothatha indawo yama-kilowatts acishe abe yizigidi eziyi-100 ophehlwa ngamanzi asakazwa ekupheleni kwabasebenzisi abangaphezu kwezi-47,000 ezweni lonke. Kudingeka futhi ukuthi kwakhiwe iziteshi eziningi ezihambisanayo zokukhuphuka nezokuhla kanye nemigqa yokudlulisa nokusabalalisa yamazinga kagesi ahlukene, okuzodala ukusetshenziswa okukhulu komhlaba, ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, ukusetshenziswa kwabasebenzi, ukulahlekelwa kokudluliswa nokuguqulwa, kanye nokumoshakala kokutshalwa kwezimali.
Lapho uhlangabezana nokuhluleka kwezobuchwepheshe, izinhlekelele zemvelo, izimpi zabantu kanye nezinye izici, amagridi amakhulu kagesi avame ukuba ntekenteke kakhulu futhi ukunqamuka kwamandla amakhulu kungase kwenzeke nganoma isiphi isikhathi. Ngalesi sikhathi, ugesi omncane osakazwa ngamanzi ungakha inqwaba yamandla kagesi azimele, anokuqina okungenakuqhathaniswa nokuqina kunegridi yamandla amakhulu kanye ne-ultra-high voltage, futhi abe nokuphepha okungcono nokuthembeka. Ingakhulisa ukufezeka kokuphakelwa kukagesi esimeme, okubaluleke kakhulu ngamasu.
Ezinhlekeleleni zeqhwa neqhwa zango-2008 kanye nokuzamazama komhlaba kwe-Wenchuan kanye ne-Yushu, umthamo wamandla wezimo eziphuthumayo wamandla kagesi amancane wawuvelele, waba "umdlalo wokugcina" wokukhanyisa igridi yamandla wesifunda. Lawo madolobha namadolobhana anqanyuliwe kugridi enkulu kagesi futhi acwila ebumnyameni wonke athembele kumandla kagesi amancane ukuze agcine ugesi futhi asekele ukulwa neqhwa nokuzamazama komhlaba, okufakazela ukuthi ugesi omncane wasemaphandleni udlala indima engenakuthathelwa indawo ekuphenduleni izinhlekelele zemvelo, izinsongo zempi nezinye izimo eziphuthumayo.
5. Uma ungekho ugesi omncane ophehlwa ngamanzi ezweni lami, uzoba nomthelela omkhulu ku-ecology yendawo, ukuvimbela izikhukhula kanye nokunciphisa izinhlekelele, kanye nomnotho wezenhlalakahle, futhi kwandise ubunzima bokuqeda ubumpofu ezindaweni ezimpofu zezintaba.
Ugesi omncane ophehlwa ngamanzi “uhlakazekile” ezweni lonke ngezimpawu “zokumaningi, amancane, futhi aguquguqukayo”. Eziningi zazo zakhiwe ezindaweni ezimpofu ezisezintabeni, ezindaweni eziphakeme zemifula enemiqansa nemifula enyakazayo. Ukugcinwa kukagesi kwamadamu abo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla okukhiqiza amandla kunganciphisa kakhulu izinga lokugeleza kwemifula emincane nephakathi nendawo, kunciphise ukugwazwa kwamanzi emifula nhlangothi zombili, futhi kuthuthukise umthamo wokugcinwa kwezikhukhula, okuvikela kahle imvelo nhlangothi zombili futhi kunciphisa izinhlekelele zezikhukhula nhlangothi zombili zomfula. Isibonelo, indawo encane yamanzi yasePanxi eSifundazweni saseJinyun, eSifundazweni saseZhejiang inendawo ebamba amanzi engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-97. Ngenxa yomqansa nokugeleza okusheshayo, ukuguguleka kodaka nezikhukhula kanye nesomiso kwenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile. Kusukela ngawo-1970, ngemva kokwakhiwa kweziteshi eziyisikhombisa ze-Panxi cascade hydropower ezaziwa kakhulu ekhaya naphesheya, ukongiwa kwenhlabathi namanzi kuye kwafezwa ngokuphumelelayo, futhi izinhlekelele emfuleni omncane wamanzi ziye zancipha kakhulu.
Ikakhulukazi kuleli khulu leminyaka elisha, ugesi omncane usuke kancane kancane usuka ekuxazululeni inkinga yokungabibikho kukagesi ezindaweni zasemakhaya ezisezintabeni wathuthukisa izinga lokufakwa kukagesi ezindaweni zasemaphandleni, ukusheshisa ijubane lokuqeda ubumpofu ezindaweni ezimpofu, ukushayela ukuthuthukiswa komnotho nenhlalakahle ezindaweni zasemakhaya ezinezintaba, ukuvikela ngenkuthalo imvelo ezungezile, kanye nokukhuthaza ukongiwa kwamandla kanye nokunciphisa ukungcola. Imodeli yomjikelezo wemvelo yokugcinwa kwamanzi ehlathi, ukuphehlwa kwamandla amanzi, nokugcinwa kwehlathi likagesi kuye kwasungulwa kancane kancane, ukuvikela ngokuphumelelayo imithombo yamahlathi endawo ukuthi ingabhubhi. IZizwe Ezihlangene kanye nenani elikhulu lamazwe asathuthuka lilazisa kakhulu iqhaza elikhulu lokuphehlwa ngamanzi kwezwe lami ekuxazululeni izinkinga zobumpofu zasemakhaya. Kuyaziwa ngokuthi "i-night pearl", "ilanga elincane" kanye "nomsebenzi onomusa ovutha ithemba lezintaba" ezindaweni zezintaba. Izimboni ezisezintabeni ngokuvamile zisemuva kakhulu. Ugesi omncane ophehlwa ngamanzi ungaxazulula ngempumelelo izinkinga zokuqashwa kwabantu bendawo. Kuhlanganiswe nenqubomgomo kazwelonke “yokuqeda ubuphofu ngogesi omncane owenziwe ngamanzi,” izakhamuzi eziningi seziphenduke abanikazi bamasheya abancane. Ugesi omncane ophehlwa ngamanzi ubaluleke kakhulu ekuqedeni ubumpofu nasekuchumeni ezindaweni ezinezintaba. Ngemva kokuba isifunda esiseSifundazweni sase-Anhui siphoqelele ukuvalwa kweziteshi ezithile zikagesi ngo-2017, izakhamuzi eziningi ezingasebenzi zakhala, abanye abalimi babuyela ebumpofu ngobusuku obubodwa, futhi abanye baze baphelelwa yithemba futhi imindeni yabo yehla.
6. Uma ungekho ugesi omncane ophehlwa ngamanzi ezweni lami, isithombe sezwe lami eliholayo futhi elikhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla amancane emhlabeni wonke sizolimala kakhulu.
Ngokomlando, impumelelo kanye nolwazi lweShayina ekuthuthukisweni kukagesi omncane ophehlwa ngamanzi kunconywe kakhulu futhi kwanconywa kakhulu wumphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe. Ukuze senze ulwazi lwezwe lami ekuthuthukisweni kukagesi omncane ophehlwa ngamanzi lube nomthelela omkhulu emazweni omhlaba, ikakhulukazi emazweni asathuthuka, iNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene Yamazwe Ngamazwe Ngamandla Kagesi Ophehla Ugesi Omincane imise indlunkulu yayo, Isikhungo Somhlaba Wonke samandla kagesi amancane, eHangzhou, eChina.
Selokhu yasungulwa, i-International Small Hydropower Centre idlulisele ngenkuthalo ulwazi oluvuthiwe nobuchwepheshe baseShayina emazweni asathuthuka, yathuthukisa izinga lokuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi amancane kanye nokwakhiwa kwamakhono kulawa mazwe, yakhuthaza kakhulu ukubambisana kweShayina kwamanye amazwe kanye nokuhwebelana ngogesi omncane ophehlwa ngamanzi, futhi yaba negalelo elihle ekuthuthukiseni izinga lokuphila kwezakhamuzi zendawo, ukuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa nokuvikela indawo ezungezile, futhi ibe nomthelela omkhulu emhlabeni jikelele. Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kukagesi ngokweqile, eminye iminyango kanye nohulumeni basekhaya abakawulungisi ngokwesayensi amandla endabuko asebenzisa amandla amaningi futhi angcolisa kakhulu, kodwa basebenzise ukuvikelwa kwemvelo njengezaba zokudicilela phansi igama lami, ukucindezela, ngisho nokulahla nokuvala ugesi omncane, okube nomthelela omkhulu ekusindeni nasekuthuthukisweni kwamandla kagesi amancane emhlabeni jikelele kanye nentuthuko yezwe lami elincane. wamandla aphehlwa ngamanzi kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamandla avuselelekayo.
Kafushane, amandla amancane aphehlwa ngamanzi angamandla asebenza kahle kakhulu, ahlanzekile futhi aluhlaza kakhulu avuselelekayo kokubili ekhaya naphesheya; kuwumsebenzi oqotho wombono kaNobhala Jikelele u-Xi wokuthi “amanzi aluhlaza nezintaba eziluhlaza yizintaba zegolide nesiliva”; iguqula ngempela amanzi aluhlaza nezintaba eziluhlaza zibe izintaba zegolide nezesiliva ezonga izinsiza, ezivikela imvelo, zisuse ubumpofu futhi zicebe, futhi zikhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa komnotho; “ungumqaphi” wendawo ezungezile! Amandla kagesi amancane adlala indima enkulu ekwehliseni umonakalo endaweni ezungezile obangelwa ukuthuthukiswa nokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamandla evamile, ikakhulukazi ukunciphisa umthelela wamandla endabuko kubantu ngokwabo nasezilwaneni nasezitshalweni ezingandile. Izinzuzo zokwakhiwa kwamandla kagesi amancane zidlula kakhulu ukuntula okuhle. Ngakho-ke, izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe ezifana neZizwe Ezihlangene ziye zacela kaningi ukuthi "ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi kudlale indima engenakuthathelwa indawo ekuthuthukisweni okusimeme komhlaba", futhi umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe uhlola futhi ukhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kokuphehlwa kwamanzi. Ngamafuphi, indima ebalulekile kanye nokubaluleka kwamasu okuphehlwa ngamanzi amancane kukhulu kakhulu, okungenakuqhathaniswa futhi okungenakuthathelwa indawo kunoma yiluphi olunye uhlobo lwamandla.
Namuhla, izwe lami alikwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwamandla kagesi amancane, futhi umhlaba wanamuhla awukwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwamandla amancane!
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jan-22-2025
