Iyiphi indima edlalwa amandla amancane okusebenzisa amanzi ekufezeni imigomo yokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni

Izinga eliphakathi lokuthuthukiswa kwezinsizakusebenza ezincane zamanzi eShayina lifinyelele ku-60%, kanti ezinye izindawo zisondela ku-90%. Ukuhlola ukuthi amandla amancane amanzi angabamba iqhaza kanjani ekuguqulweni okuluhlaza kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo ezintsha zamandla ngaphansi kwesizinda se-carbon peak kanye nokungathathi hlangothi kwe-carbon.
Amandla kagesi amancane asebenzisa amanzi adlale indima ebalulekile ekuxazululeni inkinga yokusetshenziswa kukagesi ezindaweni zasemakhaya zaseShayina, esekela intuthuko yezomnotho neyezenhlalo yasemakhaya, kanye nokubhekana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Njengamanje, izinga eliphakathi lokuthuthukiswa kwezinsizakusebenza ezincane zamanzi eShayina lifinyelele ku-60%, kanti ezinye izifunda zisondela ku-90%. Ukugxila kokuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi amancane kushintshe kusukela ekuthuthukisweni okuqhubekayo kuya ekumbiweni nasekuphathweni kwempahla. Muva nje, intatheli ixoxe noDkt. Xu Jincai, uMqondisi we-International Small Hydropower Center yoMnyango Wezinsizakusebenza Zamanzi kanye noMqondisi weKomiti Yokukhiqiza Amandla kagesi Asebenzisa Amanzi ye-Chinese Water Conservancy Society, ukuze ihlole ukuthi amandla kagesi amancane angabamba iqhaza kanjani ekuguqulweni okuluhlaza nasekuthuthukisweni kohlelo olusha lwamandla ngaphansi kwesizinda se-carbon peak kanye nokungathathi hlangothi kwe-carbon.
Iyiphi indima edlalwa amandla amancane okusebenzisa amanzi ekufezeni imigomo yokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni?
Ekupheleni konyaka odlule, amazwe ayi-136 aphakamise imigomo yokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni, ehlanganisa u-88% wokukhishwa kwekhabhoni dioksijini emhlabeni wonke, u-90% we-GDP, kanye no-85% wabantu. Umkhuba wokuguqulwa kwesimo sezulu esiluhlaza kanye nesokushisa okuphansi emhlabeni wonke awunakuvinjelwa. I-China iphinde yaphakamisa ukwamukela izinqubomgomo nezinyathelo eziqinile, izama ukuphakamisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni dioksijini ngaphambi kuka-2030 kanye nokufinyelela ukungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni ngaphambi kuka-2060.
Ngaphezu kwama-70% okukhishwa kwegesi ebanga ukushisa emhlabeni kuhlobene namandla, futhi inkinga yesimo sezulu idinga ukuthi silawule ngokuqinile ukukhishwa kwegesi ebanga ukushisa. I-China ingumkhiqizi wamandla omkhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni kanye nomthengi, ephethe cishe i-1/5 kanye ne-1/4 yokukhiqizwa kwamandla kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo emhlabeni, ngokulandelana. Izici zamandla zicebile ngamalahle, zimbi ngowoyela, futhi ziphansi ngogesi. Ukuncika kwangaphandle kukawoyela kanye negesi yemvelo kudlula ama-70% kanye nama-40%, ngokulandelana.
Kodwa-ke, isivinini sokuthuthuka kwamandla avuselelekayo eShayina eminyakeni yamuva nje sisobala kubo bonke. Ekupheleni konyaka odlule, amandla avuselelekayo afakiwe adlule ama-kilowatts ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1.2, kanti amandla avuselelekayo afakiwe emhlabeni wonke ayengaba ama-kilowatts ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-3.3. Kungashiwo ukuthi ngaphezu kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yamandla avuselelekayo afakiwe avela eShayina. Imboni yamandla ahlanzekile yaseShayina yakhe inzuzo ehamba phambili emhlabeni wonke, enezingxenye ezibalulekile ze-photovoltaic kanye namandla omoya ezibalelwa ku-70% wesabelo semakethe yomhlaba wonke.
Ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwamandla avuselelekayo kuzoholela ekufuneni okwandayo kwezinsizakusebenza zokulawula, futhi izinzuzo zokulawula zamandla avuselelekayo nazo zizogqama kakhulu. Amandla avuselelekayo ayindlela yobuchwepheshe yamandla avuselelekayo evuthiwe kakhulu futhi izodlala indima enhle ekungathathini uhlangothi kwekhabhoni emhlabeni jikelele. Ngenxa yalokho, uhulumeni wase-US uhlela ukutshala imali eyizigidi ezingama-630 zamaRandi ekwenzeni kube sesimanje nasekuthuthukiseni amayunithi kagesi avuselelekayo ezweni lonke, kugxilwe kakhulu ekugcinweni kwamandla kagesi avuselelekayo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kahle.
Nakuba ugesi omncane wamanzi uyingxenye encane kakhulu embonini yamandla kagesi aseShayina, usabaluleke kakhulu. Kuneziteshi zamandla kagesi zamanzi ezingaphezu kuka-10000 eShayina ezinomthamo wokugcina ongu-100000 cubic metres noma ngaphezulu, okuyizinsiza zokugcina amandla ezihlukile kanye nemithethonqubo ezingasekela ingxenye ephezulu yokuhlanganiswa nokusetshenziswa kwamandla amasha esifundeni.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi amancane kanye nokuhlala ndawonye ngokuvumelana nendawo ezungezile
Uma kubhekwa ukuphakama kwekhabhoni kanye nokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni, indlela yokuthuthukiswa kwamandla amancane kagesi asebenzisa amanzi isishintshele ekuzivumelaniseni nokwakhiwa kwezinhlelo zamandla amasha kanye nokufeza ukuhlala ndawonye okuvumelanayo phakathi kokuthuthukiswa kwamandla amancane kagesi asebenzisa amanzi kanye nemvelo yemvelo. Uhlelo Lokusebenza Lwe-Carbon Peak ngaphambi kuka-2030 luphakamisa ngokusobala ukusheshisa ukuthuthukiswa okuluhlaza kwamandla amancane kagesi asebenzisa amanzi njengengxenye ebalulekile yesenzo sokuguqula amandla asebenzisa amanzi ...
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, iShayina yenze umkhuba omkhulu ekuguqulweni nasekuthuthukisweni kogesi omncane wamanzi. Esinye ukulungiswa kokusebenza kahle kanye nokwandiswa kwamandla kagesi omncane wamanzi. Ngesikhathi soHlelo lweMinyaka Emihlanu lwe-12, uhulumeni ophakathi utshale ama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-8.5 ukuze aqedele ukulungiswa kokusebenza kahle kanye nokwandiswa kweziteshi zamanzi zasemakhaya ezingu-4300. Ngesikhathi soHlelo lweMinyaka Emihlanu lwe-13, uhulumeni ophakathi utshale ama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4.6. Iziteshi zamanzi ezincane ezingaphezu kuka-2100 ezifundazweni ezingu-22 ziqede ukulungiswa kokusebenza kahle kanye nokwandiswa, kanye nemifula engaphezu kuka-1300 iqede ukuguqulwa nokuvuselelwa kwemvelo. Ngo-2017, i-International Small Hydropower Center yahlela futhi yaqalisa iphrojekthi ethi “Global Environment Fund” i-China Small Hydropower Efficiency Efficiency Efficiency, Expansion and Transformation Value Added Project. Njengamanje, umsebenzi wokuhlola usuqediwe kumaphrojekthi angu-19 ezifundazweni ezingu-8, futhi okuhlangenwe nakho kuyafingqwa futhi kwabelwana ngakho emhlabeni jikelele.
Okwesibili ukuhlanzwa nokulungiswa kwamandla kagesi amancane asebenza ngamanzi okwenziwa yi-Ministry of Water Resources, okuhlanganisa nokubuyisela ukuxhumana kwemifula nokulungisa izingxenye zomfula eziphelelwe amanzi. Kusukela ngo-2018 kuya ku-2020, i-Yangtze River Economic Belt yahlanza futhi yalungisa iziteshi zamandla kagesi ezincane ezingaphezu kuka-25000, kanye neziteshi zamandla kagesi ezingaphezu kuka-21000 zasebenzisa ukugeleza kwemvelo ngokwemigomo, futhi zixhunywe emazingeni ahlukahlukene ezinkundla zomthetho. Njengamanje, ukuhlanzwa nokulungiswa kweziteshi zamandla kagesi ezincane ezingaphezu kuka-2800 e-Yellow River Basin kuyaqhubeka.
Okwesithathu ukudala iziteshi zamandla kagesi ezincane eziluhlaza okotshani. Selokhu kwasungulwa ugesi omncane oluhlaza okotshani ngo-2017, ekupheleni konyaka odlule, iShayina idale iziteshi zamandla kagesi ezincane eziluhlaza okotshani ezingaphezu kuka-900. Namuhla, ukuguqulwa nokuthuthukiswa kogesi omncane oluhlaza okotshani sekuyinqubomgomo kazwelonke. Iziteshi eziningi zamandla kagesi ezincane ezifundazweni nasemadolobheni ahlukahlukene zilungise amazinga kagesi omncane oluhlaza okotshani, zathuthukisa izindawo zokukhipha nokugada ukugeleza kwemvelo, futhi zasebenzisa ukubuyiselwa kwemvelo emfuleni. Ngokudala imibukiso eminingi evamile yamandla kagesi amancane oluhlaza okotshani, sihlose ukusheshisa intuthuko yekhwalithi ephezulu yokuguqulwa kogesi oluhlaza ezigodini zemifula, ezifundeni, ngisho nasembonini encane yamandla kagesi.
Okwesine ukwenza iziteshi ezincane zamandla kagesi zibe zesimanje. Njengamanje, iziteshi eziningi ezincane zamandla kagesi kagesi zishintshe indlela evamile yokusebenza ngokuzimela nangokungaguquki kweziteshi ezizodwa, futhi zisungula indlela yokusebenza ehlangene yamaqoqo eziteshi zamandla kagesi ngokwesifunda noma ngokwesifunda.
Siza ekufezeni imigomo "yekhabhoni ephindwe kabili"
Sekukonke, esikhathini esidlule, ukwakhiwa kukagesi omncane wamanzi kwakuhloswe ukuhlinzeka ngogesi kanye nokufeza ugesi wasemakhaya. Ukuvuselelwa kwamanje kukagesi omncane wamanzi kuhloswe ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle, ukuphepha, kanye nemiphumela yemvelo yeziteshi zikagesi, kanye nokufeza uguquko oluluhlaza olusezingeni eliphezulu. Intuthuko eqhubekayo kagesi omncane wamanzi esikhathini esizayo izodlala indima eyingqayizivele ekulawulweni kokugcinwa kwamandla, kusize ekufezeni imigomo "yekhabhoni ephindwe kabili".
Uma sibheka phambili esikhathini esizayo, iziteshi zamandla kagesi ezincane ezikhona zingaguqulwa zibe iziteshi zamandla okugcina amanzi ukuze kukhuthazwe ukusetshenziswa kwamandla avuselelekayo okungahleliwe futhi kufezwe ukuguqulwa okuluhlaza kwamandla kagesi amancane. Isibonelo, ngoMeyi ngonyaka odlule, ngemuva kokuvuselelwa kweSiteshi Sikagesi Sokugcina Amanzi saseChunchangba eXiaojin County, eSifundazweni sase-Aba, eSifundazweni saseSichuan, kwasungulwa uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe lwamandla kagesi, i-photovoltaics, kanye nesitoreji esiphampe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ugesi wamanzi kanye namandla amasha anokuhambisana okuqinile. Iziteshi ezincane zikagesi wamanzi zinebanga elibanzi nenani elikhulu, futhi inani elikhulu lazo alizange lidlale indima enhle ekulawuleni ukunikezwa kukagesi. Iziteshi ezincane zikagesi wamanzi zingabamba iqhaza ezitshalweni zikagesi ezingokoqobo ukuze kufezwe ukwenziwa ngcono kokubambisana kokulawulwa kokusebenza kanye nokuthengiselana kwemakethe, kuhlinzekwe ngezinsizakalo ezisizayo njengokushefa okuphezulu, ukulawulwa kwemvamisa, kanye nokusekela igridi kagesi.
Elinye ithuba elingenakulibaleka ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi nezitifiketi eziluhlaza, ugesi oluhlaza, kanye nokuhweba ngekhabhoni kuzoletha inani elisha. Uma sithatha izitifiketi eziluhlaza zomhlaba wonke njengesibonelo, ngo-2022, saqala ukuthuthukiswa kwezitifiketi eziluhlaza zomhlaba wonke zamandla amancane asebenzisa amanzi. Sakhetha iziteshi zamandla eziyi-19 eLishui Demonstration Zone ye-International Small Hydropower Center njengemiboniso yokuthuthukiswa kwezitifiketi eziluhlaza zomhlaba wonke, futhi saqeda ukubhaliswa, ukukhishwa, kanye nokuhweba kwezitifiketi eziluhlaza zomhlaba wonke eziyi-140000 zeqembu lokuqala leziteshi zamandla eziyi-6. Njengamanje, phakathi kwazo zonke izitifiketi eziluhlaza zomhlaba wonke ezifana namandla omoya, ama-photovoltaic, kanye namandla asebenzisa amanzi, amandla asebenzisa amanzi yiphrojekthi enomthamo omkhulu wokukhishwa, lapho amandla amancane asebenzisa amanzi angaba ngu-23%. Izitifiketi eziluhlaza, ugesi oluhlaza, kanye nokuhweba ngekhabhoni zibonisa inani lemvelo lamaphrojekthi amasha wamandla, okusiza ekwakheni uhlelo lwemakethe kanye nendlela yesikhathi eside yokukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwamandla aluhlaza.
Okokugcina, kufanele kugcizelelwe ukuthi intuthuko eluhlaza yamandla amancane angaphansi kwamanzi eShayina ingasiza nasekuvuseleleni izindawo zasemakhaya. Kulo nyaka, iShayina isebenzisa "Isenzo Samandla Omoya Sezinkulungwane Zamadolobhana Namadolobha" kanye "Nesenzo Se-Photovoltaic Sezinkulungwane Zemizi Nemizi", ikhuthaza kancane kancane intuthuko yokuhlola ama-photovoltaic ophahleni olusatshalaliswe kulo lonke isifunda, ikhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ahlanzekile ezindaweni zasemakhaya, futhi yenza ukwakhiwa kokuhlola koguquko lwamandla asemakhaya. Amandla amancane angaphansi kwamanzi angumthombo wamandla avuselelekayo onemisebenzi eyingqayizivele yokugcina amandla kanye nokulawula, futhi futhi ungumkhiqizo wemvelo okulula ukuwufinyelela ekuguqulweni kwenani ezindaweni ezinezintaba. Ingakhuthaza ukuguqulwa kwamandla asemakhaya ahlanzekile futhi aphansi kwekhabhoni futhi isize ukukhuthaza ukuchuma okuvamile.