Isilinganiso sokuthuthuka kwezinga lokuphehla ugesi emincane e-China sesifinyelele ku-60%, kanti ezinye izindawo sezisondele ku-90%. Ukuhlola ukuthi ugesi omncane wamanzi ungabamba iqhaza kanjani ekuguquleni okuluhlaza nasekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlelo zamandla amasha ngaphansi kwesizinda se-carbon peak kanye nokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni.
Ugesi omncane ophehlwa ngamanzi udlale indima ebalulekile ekuxazululeni inkinga yokusetshenziswa kukagesi ezindaweni zasemakhaya zaseShayina, ukweseka ukuthuthukiswa komnotho wasemakhaya kanye nenhlalakahle yomphakathi, kanye nokubhekana nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. Njengamanje, izinga lokuthuthukiswa kwezinsiza ezincane eziphehlwa ngamanzi e-China selifinyelele ku-60%, kanti ezinye izifunda zisondela ku-90%. Ukugxila ekuthuthukisweni kukagesi omncane ophehlwa ngamanzi sekushintshile ekuthuthukisweni okungeziwe kuya ekumbiweni nasekuphathweni kwesitoko. Muva nje, intatheli ixoxisane noDkt. Xu Jincai, uMqondisi we-International Small Hydropower Centre yoMnyango Wezamanzi kanye noMqondisi weKomidi Lokukhiqiza Amandla Amanzi we-Chinese Water Conservancy Society, ukuhlola ukuthi ugesi omncane ophehlwa ngamanzi ungabamba iqhaza kanjani ekuguquleni okuluhlaza nasekuthuthukisweni kwesistimu entsha yamandla ngaphansi kwesizinda se-carbon peak nokungathathi hlangothi kwe-carbon.
Iyiphi indima edlalwa amandla kagesi amancane ekufinyeleleni izinjongo zokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni?
Ekupheleni konyaka odlule, amazwe angu-136 ahlongoze imigomo yokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni, ehlanganisa ama-88% okukhishwa kwesikhutha emhlabeni jikelele, amaphesenti angama-90 e-GDP, kanye nama-85% abantu. Ukuthambekela kokuguqulwa komhlaba okuluhlaza kanye nekhabhoni ephansi akunakumiswa. I-China iphinde yahlongoza ukwamukela izinqubomgomo nezinyathelo eziqinile, ilwela ukukhipha ukukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide ngaphambi kuka-2030 kanye nokuzuza ukungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni ngaphambi kuka-2060.
Ngaphezu kuka-70% wesisi esingcolisa umoya emhlabeni wonke sihlobene namandla, futhi inkinga yesimo sezulu idinga ukuthi silawule ngokuqinile ukukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa. I-China ingumkhiqizi nomthengi omkhulu wamandla emhlabeni, ebala cishe i-1/5 kanye ne-1/4 yokukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwamandla emhlabeni, ngokulandelana. Izici zamandla zicebile ngamalahle, awanawo uwoyela, negesi encane. Ukuncika kwangaphandle kukawoyela negesi yemvelo kudlula ama-70% nama-40%, ngokulandelana.
Kodwa-ke, isivinini sokuthuthukiswa kwamandla avuselelekayo e-China eminyakeni yamuva sibonakala kubo bonke. Ekupheleni konyaka odlule, umthamo ofakiwe wamandla avuselelekayo wedlula ama-kilowatts ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1.2, futhi amandla afakiwe emhlabeni wonke wamandla avuselelekayo ayengaba ama-kilowatts ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-3.3. Kungashiwo ukuthi ngaphezu kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yamandla afakiwe wamandla avuselelekayo avela eChina. Imboni yamandla ahlanzekile yaseShayina yenze inzuzo ehamba phambili emhlabeni jikelele, enezingxenye ezibalulekile ze-photovoltaic namandla omoya ezibalelwa ku-70% wesabelo semakethe yomhlaba wonke.
Ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwamandla avuselelekayo nakanjani kuzoholela ekwandeni kwesidingo sezinsiza zokulawula, futhi izinzuzo zokulawula ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi nazo zizogqama kakhulu. I-Hydropower iwubuchwepheshe bamandla avuselelekayo asebekhulile futhi buzodlala indima enhle ekungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni emhlabeni jikelele. Ukuphendula, uhulumeni wase-US uhlela ukutshala izigidi ezingama-630 zamaRandi ekwenzeni kube yisimanje kanye nokuthuthukisa amayunithi kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi ezweni lonke, ngokugxila kakhulu ekunakekeleni ugesi ngamanzi kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle.
Nakuba amandla amancane aphehlwa ngamanzi enza ingxenye encane yemboni yokuphehlwa ngamanzi yaseChina, kusabaluleke kakhulu. Kuneziteshi zikagesi ezincane ezingaphezu kwe-10000 e-China ezinamandla okugcina ama-cubic metres ayi-100000 noma ngaphezulu, okuyimithombo yamandla esabalalisiwe eyingqayizivele nezinsiza zokulawula ezingase zisekele ingxenye ephezulu yokuhlanganiswa nokusetshenziswa kwamandla amasha esifunda.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi amancane kanye nokuhlalisana okuvumelana nendawo ezungezile
Esimeni sokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni kanye nokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni, indlela yokuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi amancane isishintshele ekuzivumelaniseni nokwakhiwa kwezinhlelo zamandla amasha kanye nokuzuza ukuphilisana okuvumelanayo phakathi kokuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi amancane kanye nendawo ezungezile. I-Action Plan ye-Carbon Peak ngaphambi kuka-2030 iphakamisa ngokucacile ukusheshisa ukuthuthukiswa kohlaza kwamandla amancane aphehlwa ngamanzi njengengxenye ebalulekile yesenzo sokuguqula amandla aluhlaza kanye nekhabhoni ephansi.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, i-China yenze inani elikhulu lomkhuba ekuguquleni okuluhlaza kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamandla amancane wamanzi. Okunye ukusebenza kahle kanye nokuvuselelwa komthamo wamandla kagesi amancane. Ngesikhathi soHlelo Lweminyaka Eyi-12 Lweminyaka Emihlanu, uhulumeni omkhulu utshale izigidigidi ezingama-yuan eziyisi-8.5 ukuze kuphothulwe ukusebenza kahle nokunwetshwa kweziteshi zasemaphandleni eziphehlwa ngamanzi angama-4300. Ngesikhathi soHlelo Lweminyaka Emihlanu lwe-13, uhulumeni omkhulu utshale isamba semali eyizigidigidi ezi-4.6 zamayuan. Iziteshi eziphehla ugesi ezincane ezingaphezu kuka-2100 ezifundazweni ezingama-22 ziqede ukusebenza kahle nokulungiswa kabusha kokunwetshwa, futhi imifula engaphezu kuka-1300 iqede uguquko nokuvuselelwa kwemvelo. Ngo-2017, Isikhungo Somhlaba Wonke Samandla Kagesi Amancane Sahlela futhi sasebenzisa “Isikhwama Somhlaba Wonke Sendawo Ezungezile” Iphrojekthi Yase-China Encane Yokuthuthukiswa Kokusebenza Kwamandla Kagesi Wamanzi, Ukunwetshwa kanye Nenguquko Yephrojekthi Yokwengezwa Kwenani. Njengamanje, umsebenzi wokuhlola usuphothuliwe wamaphrojekthi ayi-19 ezifundazweni eziyi-8, futhi ulwazi luyafingqwa futhi kwabelwane ngalo emazweni omhlaba.
Okwesibili ukuhlanzwa nokulungisa ugesi omncane ophehlwa ngamanzi okwenziwa uMnyango Wezamanzi, okuhlanganisa nokubuyisela ukuxhuma emfuleni nokulungisa izingxenye zemifula ephelelwe amanzi. Kusukela ngo-2018 kuya ku-2020, i-Yangtze River Economic Belt yasula futhi yalungisa iziteshi zikagesi ezincane ezingaphezu kuka-25000, futhi iziteshi zikagesi ezingaphezu kuka-21000 zasebenzisa ukuhamba kwemvelo ngokuvumelana nemithethonqubo, futhi zixhunywe emazingeni ahlukahlukene ezinkundla zokulawula. Njengamanje, ukuhlanzwa nokulungiswa kweziteshi zikagesi ezincane ezingaphezu kuka-2800 e-Yellow River Basin kuyaqhubeka.
Okwesithathu ukwakha iziteshi zamandla kagesi ezincane eziluhlaza okotshani. Kusukela kwasungulwa ugesi omncane ophehlwa ngamanzi ngo-2017, ekupheleni konyaka odlule, i-China isidale iziteshi ezincane eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi aluhlaza ezingaphezu kwama-900. Namuhla, uguquko oluluhlaza kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamandla amancane aphehlwa ngamanzi sekuyinqubomgomo kazwelonke. Iziteshi eziningi zikagesi ezincane eziphehla ugesi ezifundazweni nasemadolobheni ahlukahlukene ziye zalungisa izindinganiso zamandla kagesi amancane aluhlaza, zathuthukisa ukugeleza kokugeleza kwemvelo kanye nezindawo zokuqapha, futhi zaqalisa ukubuyiselwa kwemvelo emfuleni. Ngokwenza imibukiso emincane evamile yokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi, sihlose ukusheshisa ukuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi ephezulu yokuguqulwa kokuluhlaza emifuleni, ezifundeni, kanye nasembonini encane yokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi.
Okwesine wukwenza iziteshi ezincane eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi zibe zesimanje. Njengamanje, iziteshi eziningi zikagesi ezincane eziphehla ugesi zishintshe indlela evamile yokusebenza okuzimele kanye nokwahlukaniswa kwesiteshi esisodwa, futhi zisungula indlela yokusebenza ehlangene yamaqoqo eziteshi zikagesi ngokwesifunda noma emanzini.
Siza ekufinyeleleni izinjongo “zekhabhoni embaxambili”
Sekukonke, esikhathini esidlule, ukwakhiwa kwamandla amancane aphehlwa ngamanzi kwakuhloswe ngawo ukuhlinzeka ngogesi kanye nokufeza ukufakwa kukagesi ezindaweni zasemakhaya. Ukulungiswa kwamanje kwamandla amancane aphehlwa ngamanzi kuhloswe ngawo ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle, ukuphepha, kanye nemiphumela yemvelo yeziteshi zikagesi, kanye nokuzuza uguquko oluluhlaza olusezingeni eliphezulu. Ukuthuthukiswa okusimeme kokuphehlwa kwamanzi amancane esikhathini esizayo kuzodlala indima eyingqayizivele ekulawuleni ukugcinwa kwamandla, kusize ukufeza imigomo "yekhabhoni emibili".
Uma sibheka phambili esikhathini esizayo, iziteshi zamandla kagesi ezincane ezikhona zingashintshwa zibe iziteshi zamandla ampontshwayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusetshenziswa kwamandla avuselelekayo okungahleliwe futhi kuzuze uguquko oluluhlaza lwamandla kagesi amancane. Ngokwesibonelo, ngoMeyi wonyaka odlule, ngemva kokulungiswa kweSiteshi Samandla Seziphampu Sase-Chunchangba Esifundeni Sase-Xiaojin, eSifundazweni Sase-Aba, Esifundazweni saseSichuan, kwasungulwa uhlelo oludidiyelwe lwamandla aphehlwa ngamanzi, ama-photovoltaics, kanye nendawo yokugcina amanzi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla kagesi namandla amasha anokuhambisana okuqinile. Iziteshi zokuphehla ugesi ezincane zinenani elibanzi futhi elikhulu, futhi inani elikhulu lazo alizange libe nendima enhle ekulawuleni ukuphakelwa kukagesi. Iziteshi ezincane eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi zingabamba iqhaza ezimbonini zamandla abonakalayo ukuze zizuze ukuthuthukiswa okuhlanganyelwe kokulawulwa kokusebenza kanye nokuthengiselana kwemakethe, ukuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo ezisizayo njengokushefa okuphezulu, ukulawulwa kwemvamisa, kanye nekhophi yasenqolobaneni yegridi yamandla.
Elinye ithuba elingeke lishaywe indiva elokuthi ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla kagesi kanye nezitifiketi eziluhlaza, ugesi oluhlaza, kanye nokuhweba ngekhabhoni kuzoletha inani elisha. Sithatha izitifiketi eziluhlaza zamazwe ngamazwe njengesibonelo, ngo-2022, saqala ukuthuthukiswa kwezitifiketi eziluhlaza zamazwe ngamazwe zokuphehla amandla amancane. Sikhethe iziteshi zikagesi ezingu-19 e-Lishui Demonstration Zone ye-International Small Hydropower Centre njengemibukiso yokuthuthukiswa kwezitifiketi eziluhlaza emhlabeni wonke, futhi saqeda ukubhaliswa, ukukhishwa, nokuhweba kwezitifiketi eziluhlaza zamazwe ngamazwe ezingu-140000 zeqoqo lokuqala leziteshi zikagesi eziyisi-6. Njengamanje, phakathi kwazo zonke izitifiketi eziluhlaza zamazwe ngamazwe njengamandla omoya, i-photovoltaics, namandla aphehlwa ngamanzi, amandla kagesi iphrojekthi enomthamo omkhulu wokukhishwa, lapho ugesi omncane uthatha cishe u-23%. Izitifiketi eziluhlaza, ugesi oluhlaza, nokuhweba ngekhabhoni kubonisa inani lemvelo lamaphrojekthi wamandla amasha, okusiza ukwakha uhlelo lwemakethe nendlela yesikhathi eside yokukhiqiza nokusebenzisa amandla aluhlaza.
Okokugcina, kufanele kugcizelelwe ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa okuluhlaza kokuphehlwa kwamanzi amancane e-China nakho kungaba nomthelela ekuvuseleleni izindawo zasemakhaya. Kulo nyaka, i-China isebenzisa "Isenzo Samandla Omoya Ezinkulungwaneni Zezindawo Zasemakhaya Namadolobhakazi" kanye "Nesenzo Se-Photovoltaic Sezinkulungwane Zemindeni Nemizi", ikhuthaza kancane kancane ukuthuthukiswa kokuhlolwa kokusatshalaliswa kwama-photovoltaics ophahleni kulo lonke isifunda, ikhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ahlanzekile ezindaweni zasemakhaya, nokwenza uhlolo lokwakha uguquko lwamandla asemaphandleni. I-hydropower encane ingumthombo wamandla avuselelekayo onokugcinwa kwamandla okuyingqayizivele nemisebenzi yokulawula, futhi iphinde ibe umkhiqizo wemvelo okulula ukuzuza ukuguqulwa kwenani ezindaweni ezinezintaba. Ingakhuthaza ukuguqulwa kwekhabhoni ehlanzekile nephansi yamandla asezindaweni zasemakhaya futhi isize ukukhuthaza ukuchuma okufanayo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jan-04-2024
