Imifula ngokwemvelo yonke inomthambeka othile. Amanzi ageleza eceleni komfula ngaphansi kwesenzo samandla adonsela phansi. Amanzi ezindaweni eziphakeme aqukethe amandla amaningi angaba khona. Ngosizo lwezakhiwo ze-hydraulic kanye nemishini ye-electromechanical, amandla amanzi angaguqulwa abe amandla kagesi, okungukuthi, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi. Umgomo wokukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi ngamanzi ukungeniswa kwethu kwamandla kagesi, okungukuthi, lapho umqhubi esika imigqa ye-magnetic flux ensimini yamagnetic, uzokhiqiza ugesi. Phakathi kwazo, "ukunyakaza" komqhubi ensimini yamagnetic kufezwa ngokugeleza kwamanzi okuthinta i-turbine ukuguqula amandla amanzi abe amandla omshini ajikelezayo; futhi insimu yamagnetic cishe njalo yakhiwa ugesi we-excitation okhiqizwa uhlelo lwe-excitation ogeleza nge-generator rotor winding, okungukuthi, i-magnetism ikhiqizwa ugesi.
1. Luyini uhlelo lokuvusa? Ukuze kufezwe ukuguqulwa kwamandla, ijeneretha ehambisanayo idinga insimu yamagnetic ye-DC, kanti i-DC current ekhiqiza le nsimu yamagnetic ibizwa ngokuthi i-excitation current yejeneretha. Ngokuvamile, inqubo yokwakha insimu yamagnetic ku-rotor yejeneretha ngokwesimiso sokungeniswa kwe-electromagnetic ibizwa ngokuthi i-excitation. Uhlelo lokuvusa lubhekisela emishinini enikeza i-excitation current yejeneretha ehambisanayo. Iyingxenye ebalulekile yejeneretha ehambisanayo. Ngokuvamile inezingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko: iyunithi yamandla okuvusa kanye nomlawuli wokuvusa. Iyunithi yamandla okuvusa inikeza i-excitation current ku-rotor yejeneretha ehambisanayo, kanti i-excitation regulator ilawula ukuphuma kweyunithi yamandla okuvusa ngokwesignali yokufaka kanye nemigomo yokulawula enikeziwe.
2. Umsebenzi wohlelo lokuvuselela Uhlelo lokuvuselela lunemisebenzi eyinhloko elandelayo: (1) Ngaphansi kwezimo zokusebenza ezijwayelekile, luhlinzeka ngogesi wokuvuselela, futhi lulungisa ugesi wokuvuselela ngokomthetho onikeziwe ngokwemigomo ye-voltage yesiphetho sejeneretha kanye nezimo zomthwalo ukuze kulondolozwe ukuqina kwe-voltage. Kungani ukuqina kwe-voltage kungagcinwa ngokulungisa ugesi wokuvuselela? Kukhona ubudlelwano obulinganiselwe phakathi kwamandla abangelwayo (okungukuthi amandla angenamthwalo) i-Ed ye-generator stator winding, i-terminal voltage Ug, i-reactive load current Ir yejeneretha, kanye ne-longitudinal synchronous reactance Xd:
I-Ed enamandla abangelwayo ilingana ne-magnetic flux, futhi i-magnetic flux incike ngobukhulu bomsinga wokuvuselela. Uma umsinga wokuvuselela uhlala ungashintshi, i-magnetic flux kanye ne-Ed enamandla abangelwayo zihlala zingashintshi. Kusukela kufomula engenhla, kungabonakala ukuthi i-terminal voltage yejeneretha izoncipha ngokwanda komsinga ophendulayo. Kodwa-ke, ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zomsebenzisi zekhwalithi yamandla, i-terminal voltage yejeneretha kufanele ihlale ingashintshi. Ngokusobala, indlela yokufeza lesi sidingo ukulungisa umsinga wokuvuselela wejeneretha njengoba i-reactive current Ir ishintsha (okungukuthi, umthwalo ushintsha). (2) Ngokwezimo zomthwalo, umsinga wokuvuselela ulungiswa ngokomthetho onikeziwe ukuze kulungiswe amandla aphendulayo. Kungani kudingeka ukulungisa amandla aphendulayo? Imishini eminingi kagesi isebenza ngokusekelwe esimisweni sokungeniswa kwe-electromagnetic, njenge-transformers, ama-motor, imishini yokushisela, njll. Zonke zithembele ekusungulweni kwensimu yamagnetic eshintshanayo ukuguqula nokudlulisa amandla. Amandla kagesi adingekayo ukusungula insimu yamagnetic eshintshanayo kanye ne-induced magnetic flux ibizwa ngokuthi amandla aphendulayo. Yonke imishini kagesi enama-electromagnetic coil isebenzisa amandla aphendulayo ukuze kusungulwe insimu yamagnetic. Ngaphandle kwamandla asebenzayo, injini ngeke ijikeleze, i-transformer ngeke ikwazi ukuguqula i-voltage, futhi imishini eminingi kagesi ngeke isebenze. Ngakho-ke, amandla asebenzayo awawona amandla angenamsebenzi nhlobo. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, imishini kagesi ayitholi nje amandla asebenzayo kujeneretha, kodwa futhi idinga ukuthola amandla asebenzayo kujeneretha. Uma amandla asebenzayo kugridi yamandla entuleka, imishini kagesi ngeke ibe namandla anele asebenzayo okusungula insimu evamile ye-electromagnetic. Khona-ke le mishini kagesi ayikwazi ukugcina ukusebenza okulinganiselwe, futhi i-voltage yokugcina yemishini kagesi izokwehla, ngaleyo ndlela ithinte ukusebenza okuvamile kwemishini kagesi. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukulungisa amandla asebenzayo ngokuya ngomthwalo wangempela, futhi ukuphuma kwamandla asebenzayo yijeneretha kuhlobene nobukhulu bomsinga wokuvuselela. Isimiso esithile ngeke sichazwe lapha. (3) Lapho kwenzeka ingozi yesekethe emfushane ohlelweni lwamandla noma ezinye izizathu ezibangela ukuthi i-voltage yokugcina yejeneretha yehle kakhulu, ijeneretha ingashukunyiswa ngamandla ukuthuthukisa umkhawulo wokuzinza oguquguqukayo wesistimu yamandla kanye nokunemba kwesenzo sokuvikela i-relay. (4) Uma kwenzeka ugesi ongaphezu kwamandla kagesi ngenxa yokuphela komthwalo okungazelelwe kanye nezinye izizathu, umshini ungasuswa ngamandla ukuze unciphise ukwanda ngokweqile kogesi wesiteshi sejeneretha. (5) Thuthukisa ukuzinza okungaguquki kohlelo lwamandla. (6) Uma kwenzeka i-phase-to-phase circuit short ngaphakathi komshini wejeneretha futhi ezintanjeni zawo eziholayo noma ugesi wesiteshi sejeneretha uphakeme kakhulu, ukususwa kwamandla kagesi kwenziwa ngokushesha ukuze kuncishiswe ukwanda kwengozi. (7) Amandla asebenzayo omshini wejeneretha ohambisanayo angasatshalaliswa ngokufanele.
3. Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlelo zokuvuselela Ngokwendlela ijeneretha ethola ngayo ugesi wokuvuselela (okungukuthi, indlela yokuphakelwa kogesi wokuvuselela), uhlelo lokuvuselela lungahlukaniswa lube ugesi wangaphandle kanye nogesi ozivuselelayo: ugesi wokuvuselela otholakala kwezinye izinsiza zamandla ubizwa ngokuthi ugesi wangaphandle; ugesi wokuvuselela otholakala kujeneretha uqobo ubizwa ngokuthi ugesi ozivuselelayo. Ngokwendlela yokulungisa, lungahlukaniswa lube ugesi ojikelezayo kanye nogesi ozivuselelayo. Uhlelo lokuvuselela oluqhubekayo alunawo umshini okhethekile wokuvuselela. Uma luthola amandla okuvuselela kujeneretha uqobo, lubizwa ngokuthi ugesi ozivuselelayo ozivuselelayo. Ugesi ozivuselelayo ongaguquki ongaguquki ungahlukaniswa ube ugesi ozivuselelayo ozihlanganisayo kanye nogesi ozihlanganisayo.
Indlela yokuvuselela esetshenziswa kakhulu ukuvuselela okuzihambelayo, njengoba kuboniswe esithombeni esingezansi. Ithola amandla okuvuselela nge-rectifier transformer exhunywe ku-outlet yejeneretha, futhi ihlinzeka ngogesi wokuvuselela ngemva kokulungisa.
Umdwebo wokuxhumanisa wesistimu yokuvuselela i-static rectifier ehambisana nayo
Uhlelo lokuvusa oluzihambelayo oluzimele luqukethe izingxenye ezilandelayo: i-excitation transformer, i-rectifier, idivayisi ye-demagnetization, isilawuli sokulawula kanye nedivayisi yokuvikela i-overvoltage. Lezi zingxenye ezinhlanu ngokulandelana ziqedela imisebenzi elandelayo:
(1) I-Excitation transformer: Yehlisa i-voltage ekugcineni komshini ibe yi-voltage ehambisana ne-rectifier.
(2) I-Rectifier: Iyingxenye eyinhloko yesistimu yonke. Isekethe yebhuloho elilawulwa ngokugcwele elinezigaba ezintathu ivame ukusetshenziswa ukuqedela umsebenzi wokuguqula kusuka ku-AC kuya ku-DC.
(3) Idivayisi yokususa umagnetization: Idivayisi yokususa umagnetization inezingxenye ezimbili, okuyi-demagnetization switch kanye ne-demagnetization resistor. Le divayisi inesibopho sokususa umagnetization ngokushesha kweyunithi uma kwenzeka ingozi.
(4) Isilawuli sokulawula: Idivayisi yokulawula yesistimu yokuvuselela ishintsha ugesi ngokulawula i-engeli yokuqhuba ye-thyristor yedivayisi yokulungisa ukuze kufezwe umphumela wokulawula amandla asabelayo kanye ne-voltage yejeneretha.
(5) Ukuvikelwa kwamandla kagesi angaphezulu: Uma isekethe ye-generator rotor ine-overvoltage, isekethe iyavulwa ukuze idle amandla e-overvoltage, inciphise inani le-overvoltage, futhi ivikele i-generator rotor winding kanye nemishini yayo exhunyiwe.
Izinzuzo zesistimu yokuvuselela ezenzakalelayo ezihambisana nayo yilezi: isakhiwo esilula, imishini emincane, ukutshalwa kwezimali okuphansi kanye nokugcinwa okuncane. Ububi ukuthi lapho ijeneretha noma uhlelo lufinyezwa, ugesi wokuvuselela uzonyamalala noma wehle kakhulu, kuyilapho ugesi wokuvuselela kufanele wande kakhulu (okungukuthi ugesi ophoqelelwe) ngalesi sikhathi. Kodwa-ke, uma ubheka ukuthi amayunithi amakhulu anamuhla asebenzisa kakhulu ama-busbars avaliwe, futhi amagridi kagesi aphezulu ngokuvamile ahlonyiswe ngokuvikelwa okusheshayo nokuthembeka okuphezulu, inani lamayunithi asebenzisa le ndlela yokuvuselela liyanda, futhi lena futhi yindlela yokuvuselela enconywa yimithethonqubo kanye nezincazelo. 4. Ukubhuleka kukagesi kweyunithi Lapho iyunithi ilayishwa futhi ivaliwe, ingxenye yamandla omshini igcinwa ngenxa ye-inertia enkulu yokujikeleza kwe-rotor. Le ngxenye yamandla ingamiswa ngokuphelele kuphela ngemva kokuba iguqulwe ibe amandla okushisa okungqubuzana kwe-bearing yokusunduza, i-guide bearing kanye nomoya. Njengoba ukulahlekelwa komoya okungqubuzana kuhambisana nesikwele sejubane eliqondile le-circumference, ijubane le-rotor lehla ngokushesha kakhulu ekuqaleni, bese lizosebenza isikhathi eside ngesivinini esiphansi. Uma iyunithi isebenza isikhathi eside ngesivinini esiphansi, isihlahla sokusunduza singasha ngoba ifilimu kawoyela phakathi kwepuleti lesibuko ngaphansi kwekhanda lokusunduza kanye nesihlahla sokuthwala ayikwazi ukuqinisekiswa. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ngesikhathi senqubo yokuvala, lapho ijubane leyunithi lehla liye enanini elithile elicacisiwe, uhlelo lokusunduza lweyunithi ludinga ukusetshenziswa. Ukusunduza kweyunithi kuhlukaniswe ukusunduza kagesi, ukusunduza komshini kanye nokusunduza okuhlanganisiwe. Ukusunduza kagesi kuwukusunduza i-stator yejeneretha yezigaba ezintathu endaweni yokukhipha umshini ngemuva kokuba ijeneretha ihlukaniswe futhi ikhishwe kumagnethi, bese ilinda ijubane leyunithi lehle liye cishe ku-50% kuya ku-60% wejubane elilinganisiwe. Ngochungechunge lwemisebenzi enengqondo, amandla okusunduza ayanikezwa, futhi umlawuli wokusunduza ushintshela kwimodi yokusunduza kagesi ukuze angeze amandla okusunduza ku-rotor winding yejeneretha. Ngenxa yokuthi ijeneretha iyajikeleza, i-stator ibangela amandla okusunduza kagesi ngaphansi kwesenzo sensimu yamagnetic ye-rotor. I-torque ye-electromagnetic ekhiqizwayo iphambene kakhulu nesiqondiso se-inertial se-rotor, edlala indima yokusunduza. Enkambisweni yokubhuleka ngogesi, ukunikezwa kwamandla okubhuleka kudingeka kuhlinzekwe ngaphandle, okuhlobene eduze nesakhiwo sesekethe esiyinhloko sohlelo lokuvusa. Izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuthola ukunikezwa kwamandla okuvusa amabhuleki ngogesi ziboniswe esithombeni esingezansi.
Izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuthola ugesi oshukumisayo wamabhuleki kagesi
Okokuqala, idivayisi yokuvuselela iyindlela yokuxhumanisa izintambo zokuvuselela ezihambisanayo. Lapho ukuphela komshini kufinyeziwe, i-transformer yokuvuselela ayinawo ugesi. Ugesi wokuvimbela uvela ku-transformer yebhuleki ezinikele, futhi i-transformer yebhuleki ixhunywe kumandla esitshalo. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, amaphrojekthi amaningi kagesi asebenzisa uhlelo lokuvuselela oluhambisanayo lokuvuselela ugesi oluhambisanayo, futhi kuyonga kakhulu ukusebenzisa ibhuloho lokuvuselela uhlelo lokuvuselela ugesi kanye nohlelo lwamabhuleki kagesi. Ngakho-ke, le ndlela yokuthola ugesi wokuvuselela ugesi webhuleki kagesi ivame kakhulu. Ukuhamba komsebenzi wokuvimbela ugesi kwale ndlela kungokulandelayo:
(1) I-unit outlet circuit breaker iyavulwa bese uhlelo luhlukaniswa.
(2) Ukugoqa kwe-rotor akusebenzi kumagnethi.
(3) Iswishi yamandla ohlangothini lwesibili lwe-transformer yokuvuselela iyavulwa.
(4) Iswishi ye-electric brake short-circuit ivaliwe.
(5) Iswishi kagesi ohlangothini lwesibili lwe-transformer yamabhuleki kagesi ivaliwe.
(6) I-thyristor yebhuloho lokulungisa iyacutshungulwa ukuthi iqhube, bese iyunithi ingena esimweni sokubhuleka kukagesi.
(7) Uma ijubane leyunithi liyi-zero, ibhuleki kagesi liyakhululwa (uma kusetshenziswa ibhuleki elihlanganisiwe, lapho ijubane lifinyelela ku-5% kuya ku-10% wejubane elilinganiselwe, kusetshenziswa ibhuleki lomshini). 5. Uhlelo lokuvuselela oluhlakaniphile Isitshalo samandla kagesi esihlakaniphile sibhekisela esiteshini samandla kagesi noma eqenjini lesiteshi samandla kagesi esinolwazi lwedijithali, ukuxhumana kwenethiwekhi, ukuhlanganiswa okuhlanganisiwe, ukusebenzisana kwebhizinisi, ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza, kanye nokwenza izinqumo ezihlakaniphile. Izitshalo zamandla kagesi ezihlakaniphile zihlukaniswe ngokuqondile zibe ungqimba lwenqubo, ungqimba lweyunithi, kanye nongqimba lokulawula isiteshi, kusetshenziswa isakhiwo senethiwekhi esinezingqimba ezintathu esinezingqimba ezimbili senethiwekhi yengqimba yenqubo (inethiwekhi ye-GOOSE, inethiwekhi ye-SV) kanye nenethiwekhi yengqimba yokulawula isiteshi (inethiwekhi ye-MMS). Izitshalo zamandla kagesi ezihlakaniphile zidinga ukusekelwa yimishini ehlakaniphile. Njengesistimu yokulawula eyinhloko yesethi yejeneretha ye-hydro-turbine, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe yesistimu yokuvuselela idlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwezitshalo zamandla kagesi ezihlakaniphile.
Ezitshalweni zikagesi ezihlakaniphile, ngaphezu kokuqeda imisebenzi eyisisekelo njengokuqala nokumisa isethi yejeneretha ye-turbine, ukwandisa nokunciphisa amandla asebenzayo, kanye nokuvalwa okuphuthumayo, uhlelo lokuvusa kufanele futhi lukwazi ukuhlangabezana nemisebenzi yokumodela idatha ye-IEC61850 kanye nokuxhumana, futhi lusekele ukuxhumana nenethiwekhi yengqimba yokulawula isiteshi (inethiwekhi ye-MMS) kanye nenethiwekhi yengqimba yenqubo (inethiwekhi ye-GOOSE kanye nenethiwekhi ye-SV). Idivayisi yesistimu yokuvusa ihlelwe kungqimba yeyunithi yesakhiwo sesistimu yesiteshi sikagesi esihlakaniphile, kanti iyunithi yokuhlanganisa, i-terminal ehlakaniphile, iyunithi yokulawula eyisizayo kanye namanye amadivayisi noma imishini ehlakaniphile ihlelwe kungqimba yenqubo. Isakhiwo sesistimu siboniswe esithombeni esingezansi.
Uhlelo lokuvusa oluhlakaniphile
Ikhompyutha ephethe ungqimba lokulawula isiteshi sesitshalo sikagesi esihlakaniphile ihlangabezana nezidingo zendinganiso yokuxhumana ye-IEC61850, futhi ithumela isignali yesistimu yokuvuselela kukhompyutha ephethe uhlelo lokuqapha ngenethiwekhi ye-MMS. Uhlelo lokuvuselela oluhlakaniphile kufanele lukwazi ukuxhumana nenethiwekhi ye-GOOSE kanye nezishintshi zenethiwekhi ye-SV ukuze kuqoqwe idatha kungqimba yenqubo. Ingqimba yenqubo idinga ukuthi okukhipha idatha yi-CT, i-PT kanye nezingxenye zasendaweni konke kube sefomini yedijithali. I-CT ne-PT zixhunywe kuyunithi yokuhlanganisa (ama-transformer kagesi axhunywe ngezintambo ezibonakalayo, kanti ama-transformer kagesi axhunywe ngezintambo). Ngemva kokuthi idatha yamanje kanye ne-voltage yenziwe idijithali, zixhunywe kushintshi yenethiwekhi ye-SV ngezintambo ezibonakalayo. Izingxenye zasendaweni kudingeka zixhunywe ku-terminal ehlakaniphile ngezintambo, futhi izimpawu zokushintsha noma ze-analog ziguqulwa zibe izimpawu zedijithali futhi zidluliselwe kushintshi yenethiwekhi ye-GOOSE ngezintambo ezibonakalayo. Njengamanje, uhlelo lokuvuselela lunomsebenzi wokuxhumana nenethiwekhi ye-MMS yengqimba yokulawula isiteshi kanye nenethiwekhi yengqimba yenqubo ye-GOOSE/SV. Ngaphezu kokuhlangabezana nokusebenzisana kolwazi lwenethiwekhi lwendinganiso yokuxhumana ye-IEC61850, uhlelo lokuvuselela oluhlakaniphile kufanele futhi lube nokuqapha okuphelele ku-inthanethi, ukuxilongwa kwamaphutha okuhlakaniphile kanye nokusebenza okulula kokuhlola nokulungisa. Ukusebenza kanye nomphumela wokusetshenziswa kwedivayisi yokuvuselela ehlakaniphile esebenza ngokugcwele kudingeka kuhlolwe ezinhlelweni zokusebenza zobunjiniyela zangempela zesikhathi esizayo.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Okthoba-09-2024
