Imifula endalweni yonke inomthambeka othile. Amanzi ageleza eduze kosebe lomfula ngaphansi kwesenzo samandla adonsela phansi. Amanzi ezindaweni eziphakeme aqukethe insada yamandla angaba khona. Ngosizo lwezakhiwo ze-hydraulic kanye nemishini ye-electromechanical, amandla wamanzi angaguqulwa abe amandla kagesi, okungukuthi, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi. Umgomo wokukhiqiza amandla kagesi ukungeniswa kwethu kwe-electromagnetic, okungukuthi, lapho umqhubi wegundane esika imigqa ye-magnetic flux endaweni kazibuthe, izokhiqiza yamanje. Phakathi kwazo, "ukunyakaza" komqhubi endaweni yamagnetic kufinyelelwa ngokugeleza kwamanzi okuthinta i-turbine ukuguqula amandla amanzi abe amandla ajikelezayo; futhi insimu kazibuthe cishe njalo yakhiwe yi-excitation yamanje eyenziwa yi-excitation system egeleza nge-generator rotor winding, okungukuthi, i-magnetism ikhiqizwa ugesi.
1. Luyini uhlelo lokuvusa amadlingozi? Ukuze ubone ukuguqulwa kwamandla, ijeneretha yokuvumelanisa idinga inkambu kazibuthe ye-DC, futhi i-DC yamanje ekhiqiza le nkambu kazibuthe ibizwa ngokuthi i-excitation current ye-generator. Ngokuvamile, inqubo yokwenza insimu kazibuthe ku-rotor ye-generator ngokomgomo wokungeniswa kwe-electromagnetic ibizwa ngokuthi i-excitation. Isistimu ye-excitation isho okokusebenza okuhlinzeka ngesasasa elijabulisayo lejeneretha ehambisanayo. Iyingxenye ebalulekile yejeneretha ye-synchronous. Ngokuvamile iqukethe izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko: iyunithi yamandla e-excitation kanye nesilawuli sokuvusa. Iyunithi yamandla avusa amadlingozi ihlinzeka ngesasasa elivusa amadlingozi ku-rotor yejeneretha evumelanisiwe, futhi isilawuli esivusa amadlingozi silawula okukhiphayo kweyunithi yamandla ashukumisayo ngokuya ngesignali yokufaka kanye nenqubo yokulawula enikeziwe.
2. Umsebenzi wesistimu evusa amadlingozi Uhlelo lwe-excitation lunemisebenzi eyinhloko elandelayo: (1) Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile zokusebenza, lunikeza i-excitation current ye-generator, futhi lulungise i-excitation current ngokomthetho onikeziwe ngokuvumelana nezimo ze-terminal ye-generator kanye nezimo zokulayisha ukuze kugcinwe ukuqina kwamandla kagesi. Kungani ukuzinza kwe-voltage kungagcinwa ngokulungisa i-excitation current? Kukhona ubudlelwano obuseduze phakathi kwamandla akhangiwe (okungukuthi amandla angalayishi) I-Ed ye-stator stator winding, i-terminal voltage Ug, i-Ir yamanje yokulayisha esebenzayo, kanye nokusabela kokuvumelanisa kwe-longitudinal Xd:
I-Ed engase ibe khona ilingana ne-flux kazibuthe, futhi ukugeleza kazibuthe kuncike kubukhulu bamanje obuvusa amadlingozi. Lapho i-excitation current ihlala ingashintshile, i-flux kazibuthe kanye ne-Ed engaba khona engaba khona kuhlala kungashintshile. Kusukela kufomula engenhla, kungabonakala ukuthi i-voltage yokugcina yejeneretha izokwehla ngokunyuka kwamandla asebenzayo. Nokho, ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zomsebenzisi zekhwalithi yamandla, i-voltage yetheminali yejeneretha kufanele ihlale ingashintshile. Ngokusobala, indlela yokufeza le mfuneko iwukuba ulungise ukuvuswa kwamanje kwejeneretha njengoba i-Ir yamanje esebenzayo ishintsha (okungukuthi, umthwalo uyashintsha). (2) Ngokwezimo zomthwalo, i-excitation current ilungiswa ngokuvumelana nomthetho onikeziwe ukuze kulungiswe amandla asebenzayo. Kungani kudingekile ukulungisa amandla asebenzayo? Izinto eziningi zikagesi zisebenza ngokusekelwe kumgomo wokungeniswa kukazibuthe, njengeziguquli, izinjini, imishini yokushisela, njll. Zonke zincike ekusungulweni kwendawo kazibuthe eshintshanayo ukuze iguqule futhi idlulise amandla. Amandla kagesi adingekayo ukuze kusungulwe inkambu kazibuthe eshintshanayo kanye nokuguquguquka kazibuthe okubangelwa amandla abizwa ngokuthi amandla asebenzayo. Zonke izinto zikagesi ezinamakhoyili kagesi zisebenzisa amandla asebenzayo ukusungula inkambu kazibuthe. Ngaphandle kwamandla asebenzayo, injini ngeke ijikeleze, i-transformer ngeke ikwazi ukuguqula i-voltage, futhi imishini eminingi kagesi ngeke isebenze. Ngakho-ke, amandla asebenzayo awawona neze amandla angenamsebenzi. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, izinto zikagesi azitholi nje amandla asebenzayo kujeneretha, kodwa futhi zidinga ukuthola amandla asebenzayo avela kujeneretha. Uma amandla asebenzayo kugridi yamandla eshoda, okokusebenza kukagesi ngeke kube namandla anele asebenzayo ukusungula inkambu evamile kazibuthe. Khona-ke le mishini kagesi ayikwazi ukugcina ukusebenza okulinganiselwe, futhi i-voltage yokugcina yempahla kagesi izokwehla, ngaleyo ndlela ithinte ukusebenza okuvamile kwempahla kagesi. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukulungisa amandla asebenzayo ngokusho komthwalo wangempela, futhi ukukhishwa kwamandla okusebenzayo yi-generator kuhlobene nobukhulu be-excitation current. Umgomo othize ngeke uchazwe lapha. (3) Uma kwenzeka ingozi yesekethe emfishane ohlelweni lwamandla noma ezinye izizathu zenza ukuthi i-voltage yesiphetho se-generator yehle kakhulu, ijeneretha ingajabula ngenkani ukuze ithuthukise umkhawulo wokuzinza oguqukayo wesistimu yamandla kanye nokunemba kwesenzo sokuvikela i-relay. (4) Lapho i-generator overvoltage yenzeka ngenxa yokucisha ugesi kungazelelwe nezinye izizathu, ijeneretha ingenziwa ngenkani ukuze kukhawulwe ukwanda okweqile kwetheminali yesiphetho se-generator. (5) Thuthukisa ukuzinza kwesistimu yamandla. (6) Uma isekethe yesigaba nesigaba yenzeka ngaphakathi kwejeneretha futhi ezintanjeni zayo zokuhola noma i-voltage yetheminali ekhiqiza ugesi iphezulu kakhulu, ukukhishwa kazibuthe kwenziwa ngokushesha ukuze kukhawulwe ukunwetshwa kwengozi. (7) Amandla asebenzayo wamajeneretha afanayo angasatshalaliswa ngokufanelekile.
3. Ukuhlelwa kwezinhlelo ezivusa amadlingozi Ngokwendlela ijeneretha ethola ngayo amandla ashukumisayo (okungukuthi, indlela yokunikeza amandla okunikezwa kwamandla okuvusa amadlingozi), uhlelo lokuvuselela lungahlukaniswa lube yinjabulo yangaphandle kanye nokuzikhukhumeza ngokwalo: i-excitation current etholakala kwezinye izinto zikagesi ibizwa ngokuthi i-excitation yangaphandle; i-excitation current etholakala kujeneretha ngokwayo ibizwa nge-self-excitation. Ngokwendlela yokulungisa, ingahlukaniswa ibe i-rotary excitation kanye ne-static excitation. Isistimu ye-excitation emile ayinawo umshini okhethekile wokuvusa amadlingozi. Uma ithola amandla e-excitation kujeneretha ngokwayo, ibizwa ngokuthi i-self-excitation static excitation. I-self-excitation static excitation ingahlukaniswa ibe i-self-parallel excitation kanye ne-self-compounding excitation.
Indlela evame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu yokuvusa amadlingozi i-self-parallel excitation static excitation, njengoba kuboniswe esithombeni esingezansi. Ithola amandla e-excitation nge-transformer rectifier exhunywe ku-outlet ye-generator, futhi inikeze amandla okuvuselela i-generator ngemva kokulungiswa.
Umdwebo wezintambo wesistimu ye-excitation ye-self-parallel excitation rectifier
Isistimu ye-self-parallel excitation static excitation ikakhulukazi iqukethe izingxenye ezilandelayo: i-excitation transformer, i-rectifier, idivayisi ye-demagnetization, isilawuli sokulawula kanye nedivayisi yokuvikela ukugeleza kwe-overvoltage. Lezi zingxenye ezinhlanu ngokulandelana kwazo ziqedela le misebenzi elandelayo:
(1) I-Excitation Transformer: Yehlisa i-voltage ekugcineni komshini ibe i-voltage ehambisana nesilungisisi.
(2) Isilungisi: Yingxenye ewumgogodla yalo lonke uhlelo. Isekhethi yebhuloho enezigaba ezintathu elawulwa ngokugcwele ivamise ukusetshenziselwa ukuqedela umsebenzi wokuguqula ukusuka ku-AC ukuya ku-DC.
(3) Idivayisi ye-Demagnetization: Idivayisi yokuqeda uzibuthe inezingxenye ezimbili, okuyiswishi yokukhipha uzibuthe kanye nesiphikisayo sokususa uzibuthe. Lolu cingo lubophezelekile ekususweni kukazibuthe ngokushesha kweyunithi uma kuba nengozi.
(4) Isilawuli sokulawula: Idivayisi yokulawula yesistimu evusa amadlingozi ishintsha i-excitation yamanje ngokulawula i-engeli yokuqhuba ye-thyristor yedivayisi yokulungisa ukuze kuzuzwe umphumela wokulawula amandla asebenzayo kanye ne-voltage ye-generator.
(5) Ukuvikelwa kwe-overvoltage: Uma isekethe ye-rotor ye-generator ine-overvoltage, isekethe iyavulwa ukuze kudle amandla e-overvoltage, kukhawulelwe inani le-overvoltage, nokuvikela ukujika kwe-rotor ye-generator kanye nemishini yayo exhunyiwe.
Izinzuzo ze-self-parallel excitation static excitation system yilezi: isakhiwo esilula, okokusebenza okuncane, ukutshalwa kwezimali okuphansi kanye nokugcinwa okuncane. Okubi ukuthi uma ijeneretha noma isistimu ine-short-circuited, i-excitation current izonyamalala noma yehle kakhulu, kuyilapho i-excitation current kufanele inyuke kakhulu (okungukuthi ukuvuswa okuphoqelelwe) ngalesi sikhathi. Kodwa-ke, uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi amayunithi amakhulu esimanje asebenzisa kakhulu amabhasi avaliwe, futhi amagridi kagesi ane-voltage ephezulu ngokuvamile afakwe ukuvikela okusheshayo nokuthembeka okuphezulu, inani lamayunithi asebenzisa le ndlela yokuvusa liyakhula, futhi lena kuyindlela yokuzijabulisa enconywa yimithetho kanye nokucaciswa. 4. Ukubhuleka kagesi kweyunithi Lapho iyunithi ithululwa futhi ivalwa, ingxenye yamandla emishini igcinwa ngenxa ye-inertia enkulu yokujikeleza kwe-rotor. Le ngxenye yamandla ingamiswa ngokuphelele kuphela ngemva kokuba iguqulelwe amandla okushisa okungqubuzana kwe-thrust bear, i-guide bear kanye nomoya. Njengoba ukulahlekelwa komoya komoya kuhambisana nesikwele sejubane lomugqa we-circumference, isivinini se-rotor sehla ngokushesha kakhulu ekuqaleni, bese singenzi lutho isikhathi eside ngesivinini esiphansi. Uma iyunithi igijima isikhathi eside ngesivinini esiphansi, i-thrust bush ingase ishise ngoba ifilimu yamafutha phakathi kwepuleti lesibuko ngaphansi kwekhanda le-thrust kanye ne-bearing bush ayikwazi ukusungulwa. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, phakathi nenqubo yokuvala shaqa, lapho ijubane leyunithi lehla liye kunani elithile elishiwo, isistimu yokubhuleka iyunithi idinga ukusetshenziswa. I-unit braking ihlukene nge-braking kagesi, i-mechanical braking kanye ne-combined braking. I-braking kagesi iwukuzulazula i-stator yezigaba ezintathu generator endaweni yokugcina umshini ngemva kokuthi ijeneretha isinqanyuliwe futhi ingasebenzi uzibuthe, bese ulinda ijubane leyunithi lehle lifike cishe ku-50% ukuya ku-60% wejubane elilinganiselwe. Ngochungechunge lwemisebenzi enengqondo, amandla okubhuleka anikezwa, futhi isilawuli esivusa amadlingozi sishintshela kumodi yokubhuleka kagesi ukuze sengeze injabulo yamanje ekujikeni kwe-rotor ye-generator. Ngenxa yokuthi i-generator iyajikeleza, i-stator ifaka i-current-circuit current ngaphansi kwesenzo se-rotor magnetic field. I-torque ye-electromagnetic ekhiqizwe ihluke kakhulu ekuqondeni kwe-inertial ye-rotor, edlala indima yokubhuleka. Enqubweni yokuqaphela ukubhuleka kagesi, amandla okubhuleka adinga ukuhlinzekwa ngaphandle, okuhlobene eduze nesakhiwo esiyinhloko sesifunda sesistimu ye-excitation. Izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuthola amandla kagesi e-brake excitation zikhonjisiwe esithombeni esingezansi.
Izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuthola amandla kagesi wamabhuleki avusa amandla
Ngendlela yokuqala, idivaysi evusa amadlingozi iyindlela ye-wiring ye-self-parallel excitation. Lapho ukuphela komshini kufushane, i-transformer evusa amadlingozi ayinawo amandla. Ukunikezwa kwamandla okubhuleka kuvela ku-transformer yebhuleki ezinikele, futhi i-transformer yebhuleki ixhunywe emandleni esitshalo. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, amaphrojekthi amaningi kagesi wamanzi asebenzisa isistimu yokuvuselela i-self-parallel excitation static rectifier, futhi ukonga kakhulu ukusebenzisa ibhuloho lokulungisa uhlelo lwe-excitation kanye nesistimu yamabhuleki kagesi. Ngakho-ke, le ndlela yokuthola amandla kagesi we-brake excitation ivame kakhulu. I-electric braking workflow yale ndlela imi kanje:
(1) I-unit outlet circuit breaker iyavulwa futhi uhlelo lunqanyuliwe.
(2) Amajika e-rotor akhishwe uzibuthe.
(3) Iswishi yamandla ohlangothini lwesibili lwe-excitation transformer ivuliwe.
(4) Iswishi ye-short-circuit ye-brake yeyunithi ivaliwe.
(5) Iswishi yamandla ohlangothini lwesibili lwe-transformer yebhuleki kagesi ivaliwe.
(6) I-thyristor yebhuloho le-rectifier iqala ukuqhuba, futhi iyunithi ingena esimweni sokubhuleka kagesi.
(7) Uma isivinini seyunithi siyiziro, ibhuleki likagesi liyakhululwa (uma kusetshenziswa i-braking ehlanganisiwe, lapho isivinini sifinyelela ku-5% kuya ku-10% wejubane elilinganiselwe, i-mechanical braking isetshenziswa). 5. Uhlelo oluhlakaniphile lokuvusa amandla Isitshalo samandla kagesi esihlakaniphile sibhekisela embonini yokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi noma iqembu lesiteshi sokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi esinokwaziswa kwedijithali, inethiwekhi yokuxhumana, ukumisa okudidiyelwe okudidiyelwe, ukusebenzisana kwebhizinisi, ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza, kanye nokuthatha izinqumo ezihlakaniphile. Izitshalo ezihlakaniphile zokuphehla amandla ngamanzi zihlukaniswa ngokumayo zibe isendlalelo senqubo, isendlalelo seyunithi, nesendlalelo sokulawula isiteshi, kusetshenziswa uhlaka olu-3 lwesendlalelo esi-2 senethiwekhi ye-process layer (inethiwekhi ye-GOOSE, inethiwekhi ye-SV) kanye nenethiwekhi yesilawuli sesiteshi (inethiwekhi ye-MMS). Izitshalo ezihlakaniphile zokuphehla amandla ngamanzi zidinga ukusekelwa imishini ehlakaniphile. Njengohlelo lokulawula oluwumongo lwesethi yejeneretha ye-hydro-turbine, ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bohlelo lokuvusa amadlingozi kudlala indima ebalulekile esekelayo ekwakhiweni kwezitshalo ezihlakaniphile zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi.
Ezitshalweni ezihlakaniphile zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi, ngaphezu kokuqedela imisebenzi eyisisekelo njengokuqala nokumisa isethi ye-turbine generator, ukwandisa nokunciphisa amandla asebenzayo, nokuvalwa okuphuthumayo, uhlelo lokuvusa amadlingozi kufanele futhi lukwazi ukuhlangabezana nemisebenzi yedatha ye-IEC61850 yokumodela kanye zokuxhumana, kanye nokwesekwa kokuxhumana nenethiwekhi yongqimba yokulawula isiteshi (inethiwekhi ye-MMS) kanye nenethiwekhi yongqimba yenqubo (inethiwekhi ye-SVOSE). Idivayisi yesistimu ye-excitation ihlelwa kungqimba yeyunithi yesakhiwo sesistimu yesiteshi samandla kagesi ohlakaniphile, futhi iyunithi yokuhlanganisa, i-terminal ehlakaniphile, iyunithi yokulawula eyisiza kanye namanye amadivaysi noma izinto zokusebenza ezihlakaniphile zihlelwa kusendlalelo senqubo. Isakhiwo sesistimu siboniswa esithombeni esingezansi.
Isistimu yokuvuselela ehlakaniphile
Ikhompuyutha engumsingathi yongqimba lokulawula isiteshi sesikhungo sokuphehla amandla ngamanzi ahlakaniphile ihlangabezana nezimfuneko zezinga lokuxhumana le-IEC61850, futhi ithumela isignali yesistimu evusa amadlingozi kukhompuyutha engusokhaya yesistimu yokuqapha ngenethiwekhi ye-MMS. Uhlelo oluhlakaniphile lokuvusa amadlingozi kufanele lukwazi ukuxhuma nenethiwekhi ye-GOOSE kanye namaswishi enethiwekhi ye-SV ukuze kuqoqwe idatha kusendlalelo senqubo. Isendlalelo senqubo sidinga ukuthi ukukhishwa kwedatha nge-CT, PT kanye nezingxenye zasendaweni zonke zibe sesimweni sedijithali. I-CT ne-PT ixhunywe kuyunithi yokuhlanganisa (ama-electronic transformers axhunywe ngezintambo ze-optical, futhi ama-electromagnetic transformers axhunywe ngezintambo). Ngemuva kokuthi idatha yamanje kanye ne-voltage yenziwe idijithali, ixhunywe kuswishi yenethiwekhi ye-SV ngamakhebula okubona. Izingxenye zasendaweni zidingeka ukuthi zixhunywe kutheminali ehlakaniphile ngamakhebuli, futhi iswishi noma amasiginali e-analog aguqulwa abe amasignali edijithali futhi adluliselwe kuswishi yenethiwekhi ye-GOOSE ngamakhebuli abonakalayo. Njengamanje, uhlelo lokuvusa amadlingozi lunomsebenzi wokuxhumana nenethiwekhi ye-MMS yesendlalelo sesiteshi kanye nenethiwekhi yenqubo ye-GOOSE/SV. Ngokungeziwe ekuhlangabezaneni nokusebenzelana kolwazi lwenethiwekhi lwezinga lokuxhumana le-IEC61850, uhlelo oluhlakaniphile lokuvusa amadlingozi kufanele futhi lube nokuqapha okuku-inthanethi okuphelele, ukuhlonzwa kwamaphutha okukhaliphile kanye nokusebenza okulula kokuhlola nokugcinwa. Ukusebenza nomthelela wokusetshenziswa kwedivayisi evusa amadlingozi ehlakaniphile esebenza ngokugcwele kumele ihlolwe ezinhlelweni zokusebenza zangempela zobunjiniyela ezizayo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Oct-09-2024
