Abagijimi beTurbine Yamanzi: Izinhlobo Nemininingwane Yezobuchwepheshe

Izinjini zamanzi ziyizingxenye ezibalulekile ezinhlelweni zikagesi wamanzi, eziguqula amandla amanzi agelezayo noma awe phansi abe amandla emishini. Enhliziyweni yale nqubo kukhonaumgijimi, ingxenye ejikelezayo ye-turbine exhumana ngokuqondile nokugeleza kwamanzi. Idizayini, uhlobo, kanye nokucaciswa kobuchwepheshe komgijimi kubalulekile ekunqumeni ukusebenza kahle kwe-turbine, ububanzi bekhanda lokusebenza, nezimo zohlelo lokusebenza.

1. Ukuhlelwa Kwabagijimi Benjini Yamanzi

Abagijimi be-turbine yamanzi ngokuvamile bahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko ngokusekelwe ohlotsheni lokugeleza kwamanzi ababambayo:

A. Impulse Runners

Ama-turbines asebenza ngamajethi amanzi anesivinini esiphezulu ashaya ama-runner blades kungcindezi yomoya. Laba bagijimi bakhelwehigh-head, low-flowizicelo.

• Pelton Runner:

  • Isakhiwo: Amabhakede amise okwesipuni agxunyekwe emaphethelweni esondo.

  • Ibanga LekhandaUkuphakama: 100-1800 amamitha.

  • Isivinini: Ijubane eliphansi lokujikeleza; ngokuvamile kudinga izinyusi zejubane.

  • Izinhlelo zokusebenza: Izindawo ezinezintaba, i-off-grid micro-hydropower.

B. Ukusabela Abagijimi

Izinjini zokusabela zisebenza ngomfutho wamanzi oshintsha kancane kancane njengoba edlula kumgijimi. Laba bagijimi bacwiliswa emanzini futhi basebenza ngaphansi kwengcindezi yamanzi.

• Francis Runner:

  • Isakhiwo: Ukugeleza okuxubile nokunyakaza kwe-radial yangaphakathi ne-axial.

  • Ibanga Lekhanda: 20-300 amamitha.

  • Ukusebenza kahle: Phezulu, ngokuvamile ngaphezu kuka-90%.

  • Izinhlelo zokusebenza: Isetshenziswa kakhulu eziteshini zamanzi ezinamakhanda aphakathi nendawo.

• Kaplan Runner:

  • Isakhiwo: Umgijimi ogelezayo we-Axial onama-blade alungisekayo.

  • Ibanga Lekhanda: 2-30 amamitha.

  • Izici: Izindwani ezilungisekayo zivumela ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu ngaphansi kwemithwalo ehlukahlukene.

  • Izinhlelo zokusebenza: Amakhanda aphansi, imifula egeleza kakhulu kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamagagasi.

• Umgijimi we-Propeller:

  • Isakhiwo: Ifana ne-Kaplan kodwa enama-blade angashintshi.

  • Ukusebenza kahle: Okufanelekile kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo zokugeleza okuqhubekayo.

  • Izinhlelo zokusebenza: Iziza zamanzi ezincane ezinokugeleza okuzinzile nekhanda.

C. Ezinye Izinhlobo Zomgijimi

• I-Turgo Runner:

  • Isakhiwo: Amajethi amanzi ashaya umgijimi nge-engeli.

  • Ibanga Lekhanda: 50-250 amamitha.

  • Inzuzo: Ijubane eliphezulu lokujikeleza kune-Pelton, ukwakhiwa okulula.

  • Izinhlelo zokusebenza: Iziteshi zokuphehla ugesi ezincane kuya kokumaphakathi.

• I-Cross-Flow Runner (Banki-Michell Turbine):

  • Isakhiwo: Amanzi ageleza kumgijimi ngokuphambana, kabili.

  • Ibanga Lekhanda: 2-100 amamitha.

  • Izici: Ilungele ugesi omncane wamanzi nokugeleza okuguquguqukayo.

  • Izinhlelo zokusebenza: Amasistimu angaphandle kwegridi, i-mini hydro.

2. Ukucaciswa Okubalulekile Kwezobuchwepheshe Kwabagijimi

Izinhlobo ezihlukene zabagijimi zidinga ukunakwa ngokucophelela kumingcele yabo yobuchwepheshe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle:

3. Imibandela Yokukhetha

Lapho ukhetha uhlobo lomgijimi, onjiniyela kufanele bacabangele:

• Ikhanda nokugeleza: Inquma ukuthi ikhethe umfutho noma ukusabela.

• Imibandela Yesayithi: Ukuhlukahluka komfula, ukugcwala kwentlenga, izinguquko zesizini.

• Ukusebenza Ukuvumelana nezimo: Isidingo sokulungiswa kwe-blade noma ukuzivumelanisa nokugeleza.

• Izindleko Nesondlo: Abagijimi abalula njengo-Pelton noma i-Propeller kulula ukubanakekela.

4. Amathrendi Akusasa

Ngokuthuthuka kwe-computational fluid dynamics (CFD) kanye nokuphrinta kwensimbi ye-3D, idizayini yomgijimi we-turbine ithuthukela ku:

• Ukusebenza okuphezulu kokugeleza okuguquguqukayo

• Abagijimi abangokwezifiso bezimo ezithile zesayithi

• Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto eziyinhlanganisela zama-blade alula futhi amelana nokugqwala

Isiphetho

Abagijimi bamaturbine amanzi bayinsika yokuguqulwa kwamandla kagesi wamanzi. Ngokukhetha uhlobo olufanele lomgijimi nokuthuthukisa amapharamitha ayo obuchwepheshe, izitshalo eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi zingafinyelela ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, impilo ende yesevisi, kanye nomthelela oncishisiwe kwezemvelo. Noma ngabe okokufakwa kukagesi ezindaweni zasemaphandleni ezincane noma izitshalo ezinkulu ezixhunywe kugridi, umgijimi uhlala engukhiye wokuvula amandla aphelele kagesi ngamanzi.