Esimweni esishintsha njalo somkhakha wamandla, ukuphishekela ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza amandla obusebenza kahle sekube yinto ebaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Njengoba umhlaba ubhekene nezinselele ezimbili zokuhlangabezana nezidingo zamandla ezikhulayo nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni, imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo iye yaba phambili. Phakathi kwalokhu, amandla kagesi aphuma emanzini avelele njengendlela ethembekile neqhubekayo, ehlinzeka ngengxenye enkulu kagesi womhlaba.
I-turbine kaFrancis, ingxenye ebalulekile ezitshalweni zikagesi wamanzi, idlala indima ebalulekile kulolu guquko lwamandla ahlanzekile. Yasungulwa nguJames B. Francis ngo-1849, lolu hlobo lwe-turbine selube ngenye yezindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni. Ukubaluleka kwayo endaweni yamandla wamanzi akunakuphikiswa, njengoba ikwazi ukuguqula ngempumelelo amandla amanzi agelezayo abe amandla omshini, abese eguqulwa abe amandla kagesi yijeneretha. Ngezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi, kusukela kumaphrojekthi amancane kagesi wamanzi asemakhaya kuya ezitshalweni zamandla ezinkulu zezentengiselwano, i-turbine kaFrancis ibonakale iyisisombululo esiguquguqukayo nesithembekile sokusebenzisa amandla amanzi.
Ukusebenza Kahle Kakhulu Ekuguqulweni Kwamandla
I-turbine kaFrancis idume ngokusebenza kwayo kahle kakhulu ekuguquleni amandla amanzi agelezayo abe amandla omshini, abese eguqulwa abe amandla kagesi yijeneretha. Lokhu kusebenza kahle kakhulu kuwumphumela womklamo wayo oyingqayizivele kanye nezimiso zokusebenza.
1. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Kinetic kanye ne-Potential Energy
Ama-turbine kaFrancis aklanyelwe ukusebenzisa ngokugcwele amandla amanzi e-kinetic kanye ne-potential. Uma amanzi engena ku-turbine, aqala adlule ku-spiral casing, ehambisa amanzi ngokulinganayo nxazonke komgijimi. Ama-runner blades abunjwe ngokucophelela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukugeleza kwamanzi kunokuxhumana okubushelelezi nokusebenzayo nawo. Njengoba amanzi ehamba esuka kububanzi bangaphandle bomgijimi eya enkabeni (ngephethini yokugeleza kwe-radial - axial), amandla amanzi angase avele ngenxa yekhanda lawo (umehluko wokuphakama phakathi komthombo wamanzi kanye ne-turbine) aguqulwa kancane kancane abe amandla e-kinetic. Lawa mandla e-kinetic abe esedluliselwa kumgijimi, okwenza ajikeleze. Indlela yokugeleza eklanywe kahle kanye nesimo sama-runner blades kuvumela i-turbine ukukhipha inani elikhulu lamandla emanzini, kufezwe ukuguqulwa kwamandla okusebenza kahle kakhulu.
2. Ukuqhathaniswa Nezinye Izinhlobo Ze-Turbine
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zama-turbine amanzi, njenge-Pelton turbine kanye ne-Kaplan turbine, i-Francis turbine inezinzuzo ezihlukile ngokusebenza kahle ngaphakathi kwezimo ezithile zokusebenza.
I-Pelton Turbine: I-Pelton turbine ifaneleka kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwe-high-head. Isebenza ngokusebenzisa amandla e-kinetic e-water jet enejubane eliphezulu ukushaya amabhakede kumgijimi. Nakuba isebenza kahle kakhulu ezimweni ze-high-head, ayisebenzi kahle njenge-Francis turbine ekusetshenzisweni kwe-medium-head. I-Francis turbine, enekhono layo lokusebenzisa amandla e-kinetic kanye nekhono kanye nezici zayo zokugeleza ezifanele kangcono imithombo yamanzi ye-medium-head, ingafinyelela ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kulolu hlu. Isibonelo, esitshalweni samandla esinomthombo wamanzi we-medium-head (ake sithi, amamitha angu-50 - 200), i-Francis turbine ingaguqula amandla amanzi abe amandla omshini ngokusebenza kahle okungaba ngu-90% noma ngaphezulu kwezinye izimo eziklanywe kahle, kuyilapho i-Pelton turbine esebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ze-head ezifanayo ingaba nokusebenza kahle okuphansi.
I-Kaplan Turbine: I-Kaplan turbine yenzelwe ukusetshenziswa kokugeleza okuphansi – ikhanda kanye nokuphezulu. Nakuba isebenza kahle kakhulu ezimweni eziphansi – ikhanda, lapho ikhanda likhuphuka liye ebangeni eliphakathi – ikhanda, i-Francis turbine iyidlula ngokwezinga lokusebenza kahle. Ama-runner blades e-Kaplan turbine ayakwazi ukulungiswa ukuze athuthukise ukusebenza kahle ezimweni eziphansi – ikhanda kanye nokugeleza okuphezulu, kodwa ukwakheka kwayo akukhuthazi ukuguqulwa kwamandla okuphumelelayo ezimweni eziphansi – ikhanda kanye nokugeleza okuphezulu njenge-Francis turbine. Esitshalweni samandla esinobubanzi obungamamitha angu-30 – 50, i-Kaplan turbine ingaba yisinqumo esingcono kakhulu sokusebenza kahle, kodwa njengoba ikhanda lidlula amamitha angu-50, i-Francis turbine iqala ukukhombisa ukuphakama kwayo ekusebenzeni kahle kwamandla nokuguqulwa.
Ngamafuphi, ukwakheka kwe-turbine kaFrancis kuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwamandla amanzi ngendlela ephumelela kakhulu kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezicelo ezisetshenziswayo ezisezingeni eliphakathi nendawo, okwenza kube ukukhetha okuthandwayo kumaphrojekthi amaningi kagesi wamanzi emhlabeni jikelele.
Ukuzivumelanisa Nezimo Zamanzi Ezihlukene
Esinye sezici eziphawulekayo ze-turbine kaFrancis ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zayo eziphakeme nezimo eziningi zamanzi, okwenza kube ukukhetha okuguquguqukayo kwamaphrojekthi kagesi wamanzi emhlabeni jikelele. Lokhu kuzivumelanisa nezimo kubalulekile njengoba izinsiza zamanzi zihluka kakhulu ngokwekhanda (ibanga eliqondile amanzi awela ngalo) kanye nesivinini sokugeleza ezindaweni ezahlukene zezwe.
1. Ukuzivumelanisa Nezinga Lekhanda Nokugeleza
Ububanzi Bekhanda: Ama-turbine e-Francis angasebenza kahle kakhulu ebangeni elibanzi lekhanda. Avame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ezinhlotsheni eziphakathi nendawo, ngokuvamile anamakhanda asukela kumamitha angama-20 kuya kwangu-300. Kodwa-ke, ngokuguqulwa okufanele komklamo, angasetshenziswa ezimweni zekhanda eliphansi noma eliphakeme. Isibonelo, esimweni sekhanda eliphansi, ake sithi cishe amamitha angama-20 kuya kwangu-50, i-turbine ye-Francis ingaklanywa ngezimo ezithile ze-runner blade kanye nama-geometri okuhamba ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhishwa kwamandla. Ama-runner blade aklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukugeleza kwamanzi, okunejubane eliphansi ngenxa yekhanda eliphansi, kusengadlulisela amandla awo ngempumelelo kumgijimi. Njengoba ikhanda likhula, umklamo ungalungiswa ukuze uphathe ukugeleza kwamanzi okuphezulu. Ezinhlotsheni eziphakeme ezisondela kumamitha angama-300, izingxenye ze-turbine zakhiwe ukuze zimelane namanzi acindezelwe kakhulu futhi ziguqule inani elikhulu lamandla angaba khona abe amandla emishini ngempumelelo.
Ukuguquguquka Kwezinga Lokugeleza: I-turbine ye-Francis ingaphatha futhi amazinga okugeleza ahlukene. Ingasebenza kahle ngaphansi kwezimo zokugeleza ezihlala njalo - ukugeleza kanye nokuguquguquka -. Kwezinye izitshalo zamandla kagesi, izinga lokugeleza kwamanzi lingahluka ngokwezinkathi ngenxa yezici ezifana namaphethini emvula noma ukuncibilika kweqhwa. Ukwakheka kwe-turbine ye-Francis kuyivumela ukuthi igcine ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu ngisho nalapho izinga lokugeleza lishintsha. Isibonelo, lapho izinga lokugeleza liphezulu, i-turbine ingazivumelanisa nomthamo okhuphukile wamanzi ngokuqondisa amanzi ngempumelelo ngezingxenye zawo. I-spiral casing kanye ne-guide vanes zenzelwe ukusabalalisa amanzi ngokulinganayo nxazonke kwe-runner, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ama-runner blades angasebenzisana kahle namanzi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinga lokugeleza linjani. Lapho izinga lokugeleza lehla, i-turbine isengasebenza ngokuzinzile, yize ukuphuma kwamandla kuzoncishiswa ngokwemvelo ngokulingana nokwehla kokugeleza kwamanzi.
2. Izibonelo Zokusetshenziswa Ezindaweni Ezihlukene Zezindawo
Izifunda Ezinezintaba: Ezindaweni ezinezintaba, njengeHimalayas e-Asia noma i-Andes eNingizimu Melika, kunezinhlelo eziningi zikagesi wamanzi ezisebenzisa ama-turbine e-Francis. Lezi zifunda zivame ukuba nemithombo yamanzi ephezulu ngenxa yendawo ende. Isibonelo, iDamu lase-Nurek eTajikistan, elisezintabeni zasePamir, linomthombo wamanzi ophezulu. Ama-turbine e-Francis afakwe e-Nurek Hydropower Station aklanyelwe ukusingatha umehluko omkhulu wekhanda (idamu linokuphakama okungaphezu kwamamitha angu-300). Ama-turbine aguqula ngempumelelo amandla aphezulu amanzi abe amandla kagesi, okunegalelo elikhulu ekuhlinzekweni kwamandla ezweni. Ukushintsha kokuphakama okukhulu ezintabeni kunikeza ikhanda elidingekayo ukuze ama-turbine e-Francis asebenze kahle kakhulu, futhi ukuzivumelanisa kwawo nezimo eziphezulu kwenza kube ukukhetha okuhle kwamaphrojekthi anjalo.
Amathafa Omfula: Emathafeni aseceleni komfula, lapho ikhanda liphansi khona kodwa izinga lokugeleza lingaba likhulu, ama-turbine e-Francis nawo asetshenziswa kabanzi. Idamu i-Three Gorges eShayina liyisibonelo esihle. EliseMfuleni iYangtze, leli damu linekhanda eliwela ngaphakathi kobubanzi obufanele ama-turbine e-Francis. Ama-turbine ase-Three Gorges Hydropower Station adinga ukuphatha izinga elikhulu lokugeleza kwamanzi avela eMfuleni iYangtze. Ama-turbine e-Francis aklanyelwe ukuguqula ngempumelelo amandla okugeleza kwamanzi amakhulu - omthamo, ophansi - abe amandla kagesi. Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kwama-turbine e-Francis ukuze ahambisane nezinga lokugeleza elihlukile kuwavumela ukuthi asebenzise kahle imithombo yamanzi yomfula, akhiqize inani elikhulu likagesi ukuze ahlangabezane nezidingo zamandla zengxenye enkulu yeShayina.
Izindawo Zeziqhingi: Iziqhingi zivame ukuba nezici ezihlukile zemithombo yamanzi. Isibonelo, kwezinye iziqhingi zasePacific, lapho kunemifula emincane kuya kwephakathi enobukhulu obuhlukahlukene bokugeleza kuye ngezinkathi zemvula nezomile, ama-turbine e-Francis asetshenziswa ezitshalweni zamandla kagesi ezincane. Lawa ma-turbine angazivumelanisa nezimo zamanzi ezishintshayo, anikeze umthombo kagesi othembekile emiphakathini yendawo. Esikhathini semvula, lapho izinga lokugeleza liphezulu, ama-turbine angasebenza ngamandla aphezulu, futhi ngenkathi yesomiso, asengasebenza ngokugeleza kwamanzi okuncishisiwe, yize ezingeni lamandla eliphansi, okuqinisekisa ukutholakala kwamandla okuqhubekayo.
Ukuthembeka kanye nokusebenza kwesikhathi eside
I-turbine kaFrancis ihlonishwa kakhulu ngenxa yokwethembeka kwayo kanye namakhono okusebenza isikhathi eside, okubalulekile ezindaweni zokuphehla ugesi ezidinga ukugcina ukunikezwa kukagesi okuzinzile isikhathi eside.
1. Umklamo Oqinile Wesakhiwo
I-turbine kaFrancis inesakhiwo esiqinile nesiklanywe kahle. I-runner, okuyiyona ngxenye ejikelezayo ephakathi ye-turbine, ngokuvamile yenziwe ngezinto ezinamandla aphezulu njengensimbi engagqwali noma ama-alloy akhethekile. Lezi zinto zikhethwa ngenxa yezakhiwo zazo ezinhle kakhulu zemishini, okuhlanganisa amandla aphezulu okudonswa, ukumelana nokugqwala, kanye nokumelana nokukhathala. Isibonelo, kuma-turbine amakhulu kaFrancis asetshenziswa ezitshalweni ezinkulu zamandla kagesi, ama-runner blades aklanyelwe ukumelana nokugeleza kwamanzi okucindezela okuphezulu kanye nokucindezeleka kwemishini okubangelwa ukujikeleza. Umklamo we-runner wenziwe ngcono ukuqinisekisa ukusatshalaliswa kokucindezeleka okufanayo, kunciphisa ingozi yamaphuzu okuhlushwa kokucindezeleka angaholela ekuqhekekeni noma ukwehluleka kwesakhiwo.
I-spiral casing, eqondisa amanzi aye kumgijimi, nayo yakhiwe ngokucabangela ukuqina. Ngokuvamile yenziwe ngamapuleti ensimbi aqinile abiyelwe ngodonga angamelana nokugeleza kwamanzi okucindezela okuphezulu okungena ku-turbine. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-spiral casing nezinye izingxenye, njenge-stay vanes kanye ne-guide vanes, kuklanyelwe ukuba kuqine futhi kuthembeke, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi isakhiwo sonke singasebenza kahle ngaphansi kwezimo zokusebenza ezahlukahlukene.
2. Izidingo Zokulungisa Eziphansi
Enye yezinzuzo ezibalulekile ze-turbine kaFrancis izidingo zayo zokulungisa eziphansi kakhulu. Ngenxa yokwakheka kwayo okulula nokusebenza kahle, kunezingxenye ezimbalwa ezihambayo uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zama-turbine, okunciphisa amathuba okwehluleka kwezingxenye. Isibonelo, ama-guide vanes, alawula ukugeleza kwamanzi angene ku-runner, anohlelo lokuxhumanisa oluqondile lwemishini. Lolu hlelo kulula ukulufinyelela ukuze luhlolwe futhi lulungiswe. Imisebenzi yokulungisa ejwayelekile ifaka phakathi ukugcotshwa kwezingxenye ezihambayo, ukuhlolwa kwezivalo ukuvimbela ukuvuza kwamanzi, kanye nokuqapha isimo semishini se-turbine iyonke.
Izinto ezisetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwe-turbine nazo zinegalelo ezidingweni zayo zokunakekelwa eziphansi. Izinto ezingamelani nokugqwala ezisetshenziswa kumgijimi nezinye izingxenye ezivezwe emanzini zinciphisa isidingo sokufakwa kabusha njalo ngenxa yokugqwala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-turbine esimanje e-Francis afakwe izinhlelo zokuqapha ezithuthukisiwe. Lezi zinhlelo zingaqapha njalo amapharamitha afana nokudlidliza, izinga lokushisa, kanye nengcindezi. Ngokuhlaziya le datha, abaqhubi bangathola izinkinga ezingaba khona kusenesikhathi futhi benze ukulungiswa kokuvimbela, okuncishisa kakhulu isidingo sokuvalwa okungalindelekile kokulungiswa okukhulu.
3. Impilo Ende Yenkonzo
Ama-turbine e-Francis aphila isikhathi eside, ngokuvamile athatha amashumi eminyaka ambalwa. Ezitshalweni eziningi zamandla kagesi emhlabeni jikelele, ama-turbine e-Francis afakwa amashumi eminyaka ambalwa edlule asasebenza futhi akhiqiza ugesi ngendlela ephumelelayo. Isibonelo, amanye ama-turbine e-Francis afakwe ekuqaleni e-United States naseYurophu abesebenza iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-50. Ngokunakekelwa okufanele kanye nokuthuthukiswa ngezikhathi ezithile, la ma-turbine angaqhubeka nokusebenza ngokwethembeka.
Impilo ende yenkonzo ye-turbine kaFrancis ayizuzisi nje kuphela embonini yokuphehla ugesi ngokwezindleko zokusebenza kodwa futhi nasekuzinzeni okuphelele kokuphakelwa kukagesi. I-turbine ehlala isikhathi eside isho ukuthi izitshalo zikagesi zingagwema izindleko eziphakeme kanye nokuphazamiseka okuhambisana nokufakwa kabusha kwe-turbine njalo. Iphinde ifake isandla ekusebenzeni kahle kwesikhathi eside kukagesi wamanzi njengomthombo wamandla othembekile noqhubekayo, okuqinisekisa ukuthi ugesi ohlanzekile ungakhiqizwa njalo iminyaka eminingi.
Izindleko - ukusebenza kahle esikhathini eside
Uma kucatshangelwa izindleko nokusebenza kahle kobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza ugesi, i-turbine kaFrancis izibonakalisa iyindlela enhle ekusebenzeni kwesikhathi eside kwezitshalo zikagesi zamanzi.
1. Ukutshalwa Kwezimali Kokuqala kanye Nezindleko Zokusebenza Zesikhathi Eside
Ukutshalwa Kwezimali Kokuqala: Nakuba ukutshalwa kwezimali kokuqala kuphrojekthi yamandla kagesi asekelwe ku-Francis turbine kungaba phezulu kakhulu, kubalulekile ukucabangela umbono wesikhathi eside. Izindleko ezihambisana nokuthengwa, ukufakwa, kanye nokusetha kokuqala kwe-Francis turbine, kufaka phakathi i-runner, i-spiral casing, nezinye izingxenye, kanye nokwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda yesitshalo samandla kagesi, zibalulekile. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kusetshenziswa kokuqala kuqhathaniswa nezinzuzo zesikhathi eside. Isibonelo, esitshalweni samandla kagesi esiphakathi nendawo esinamandla angu-50 - 100 MW, ukutshalwa kwezimali kokuqala kwesethi yama-turbine kaFrancis kanye nemishini ehlobene nakho kungaba sebangeni elingamashumi ezigidi zamaRandi. Kodwa uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza amandla kagesi, njengokwakha isitshalo samandla kagesi esisha esisebenza ngamalahle esidinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okuqhubekayo ekuthengweni kwamalahle kanye nemishini yokuvikela imvelo eyinkimbinkimbi ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezindinganiso zokukhishwa komoya, isakhiwo sezindleko zesikhathi eside sephrojekthi yamandla kagesi asekelwe ku-Francis turbine sizinzile kakhulu.
Izindleko Zokusebenza Zesikhathi Eside: Izindleko zokusebenza kwe-turbine kaFrancis ziphansi kakhulu. Uma i-turbine isifakiwe futhi isitshalo sikagesi sisebenza, izindleko eziyinhloko eziqhubekayo zihlobene nabasebenzi bokuqapha nokulungisa, kanye nezindleko zokushintsha ezinye izingxenye ezincane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukusebenza kahle kakhulu kwe-turbine kaFrancis kusho ukuthi ingakhiqiza ugesi omningi ngenani elincane lokufakwa kwamanzi. Lokhu kunciphisa izindleko ngeyunithi ngayinye kagesi okhiqizwayo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izitshalo zikagesi ezishisayo, njengezitshalo ezishisayo zamalahle noma ezishisayo ngegesi, zinezindleko zikaphethiloli ezinkulu ezikhuphuka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngenxa yezici ezifana nokwenyuka kwamanani kaphethiloli kanye nokushintshashintsha emakethe yamandla omhlaba. Isibonelo, isitshalo sikagesi esishisayo ngamalahle singase sibone izindleko zaso zikaphethiloli zikhuphuka ngamaphesenti athile minyaka yonke njengoba amanani amalahle encike ekunikezelweni nasekudingeni, izindleko zezimayini, kanye nezindleko zokuhamba. Esitshalo sikagesi esishisayo esisebenza nge-turbine kaFrancis, izindleko zamanzi, okuyi-"phethiloli" ye-turbine, empeleni zimahhala, ngaphandle kwanoma yiziphi izindleko ezihlobene nokuphathwa kwamanzi kanye nezimali zamalungelo amanzi, ezivame ukuba ziphansi kakhulu kunezindleko zikaphethiloli zezitshalo zikagesi ezishisayo.
2. Ukunciphisa Izindleko Zokukhiqiza Ugesi Ngokusebenza Kahle Kakhulu Nokulungisa Okuphansi
Ukusebenza Okuhle Kakhulu: Amandla okuguqula amandla angcono kakhulu e-turbine ye-Francis anegalelo ngqo ekunciphiseni izindleko. I-turbine esebenza kahle kakhulu ingakhiqiza ugesi owengeziwe ngenani elifanayo lemithombo yamanzi. Isibonelo, uma i-turbine ye-Francis inamandla angu-90% ekuguquleni amandla amanzi abe amandla omshini (okuguqulwa abe amandla kagesi), uma kuqhathaniswa ne-turbine engasebenzi kahle ene-80%, ngokugeleza kwamanzi athile kanye nenhloko, i-turbine ye-Francis esebenza kahle engu-90% izokhiqiza ugesi owengeziwe ongu-12.5%. Lokhu kukhishwa kwamandla okwandisiwe kusho ukuthi izindleko ezizinzile ezihlobene nokusebenza kwesitshalo sikagesi, njengezindleko zengqalasizinda, abaphathi, kanye nabasebenzi, zisakazeke enanini elikhulu lokukhiqizwa kukagesi. Ngenxa yalokho, izindleko ngeyunithi ngayinye kagesi (izindleko zikagesi ezilinganisiwe, i-LCOE) ziyancipha.
Ukugcinwa Okuphansi: Ukugcinwa okuphansi kwe-turbine ye-Francis nakho kudlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwezindleko. Njengoba kunezingxenye ezimbalwa ezihambayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezihlala isikhathi eside, imvamisa yokugcinwa okukhulu kanye nokufakwa kwezingxenye kuphansi. Imisebenzi yokugcinwa evamile, njengokugcoba nokuhlola, ayibizi kakhulu. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ezinye izinhlobo zama-turbine noma imishini yokukhiqiza amandla ingadinga ukulungiswa okuvamile nokubiza kakhulu. Isibonelo, i-turbine yomoya, yize ingumthombo wamandla ovuselelekayo, inezingxenye ezifana nebhokisi lamagiya ezivame ukuguguleka futhi zingadinga ukulungiswa okubizayo noma ukushintshwa njalo eminyakeni embalwa. Esikhungweni sikagesi samanzi esisekelwe ku-Francis - turbine, izikhawu ezinde phakathi kwemisebenzi emikhulu yokugcinwa kusho ukuthi izindleko zokugcinwa zizonke esikhathini sokuphila kwe-turbine ziphansi kakhulu. Lokhu, kuhlanganiswe nokuphila kwayo isikhathi eside, kunciphisa kakhulu izindleko zokukhiqiza ugesi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okwenza i-turbine ye-Francis ibe ukukhetha okusebenzayo kwezindleko zokukhiqiza amandla isikhathi eside.
Ubungane Bemvelo
Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi asebenzisa i-turbine kaFrancis kunikeza izinzuzo ezinkulu zemvelo uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela eziningi zokukhiqizwa kwamandla, okwenza kube yingxenye ebalulekile ekuguqukeleni ekusaseni lamandla elihlala isikhathi eside.
1. Ukukhishwa Kwekhabhoni Okuncishisiwe
Enye yezinzuzo ezivelele kakhulu zemvelo zama-turbine aseFrancis ukuthi aphansi kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwamandla kagesi asekelwe ezintweni ezingaphili – uphethiloli, njengezitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa amalahle – ezisebenzisa amagesi, izitshalo zamandla asebenzisa ama-turbine aseFrancis azishisi uphethiloli ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Izitshalo zamandla ezisebenzisa amalahle ziyizinto ezikhipha kakhulu i-carbon dioxide (\(CO_2\)), lapho isitshalo esivame ukusetshenziswa ngamalahle esikhulu – sikhipha izigidi zamathani e-\(CO_2\) ngonyaka. Isibonelo, isitshalo samandla asebenzisa amalahle esingu-500 – MW – singakhipha cishe amathani ayizigidi ezintathu e-\(CO_2\) ngonyaka. Uma kuqhathaniswa, isitshalo samandla asebenzisa amanzi esinekhono elifanayo esihlonyiswe ngama-turbine aseFrancis asikhiphi cishe ukukhishwa okuqondile kwe-\(CO_2\) ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Lesi sici sezitshalo zamandla asebenzisa i-turbine sikaFrancis – sidlala indima ebalulekile emizamweni yomhlaba wonke yokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa kanye nokunciphisa ushintsho lwesimo sezulu. Ngokushintsha ukukhiqizwa kwamandla asebenzisa izinto ezingaphili – uphethiloli ngamandla asebenzisa amanzi, amazwe angasiza kakhulu ekuhlangabezaneni nezinhloso zawo zokunciphisa i-carbon. Isibonelo, amazwe afana neNorway, athembele kakhulu kumandla kagesi (kanye nama-turbine kaFrancis asetshenziswa kabanzi), anokukhishwa kwekhabhoni okuphansi ngomuntu ngamunye uma kuqhathaniswa namazwe athembele kakhulu emithonjeni yamandla esekelwe ezintweni zasendulo - uphethiloli.
2. Ukukhishwa Okungcolile Komoya Ophansi
Ngaphezu kokukhishwa kwekhabhoni, izitshalo zamandla ezisekelwe ezintweni zasendulo – uphethiloli nazo zikhipha izinhlobo ezahlukene zokungcola komoya, njenge-sulfur dioxide (\(SO_2\)), ama-nitrogen oxides (\(NO_x\)), kanye nezinto ezincane. Lokhu kungcola kunemiphumela emibi kakhulu ekhwalithini yomoya kanye nempilo yabantu. \(SO_2\) kungabangela imvula ene-asidi, elimaza amahlathi, amachibi, kanye nezakhiwo. \(NO_x\) kunegalelo ekwakhekeni kwentuthu futhi kungabangela izinkinga zokuphefumula. Izinto ezincane, ikakhulukazi izinto ezincane (PM2.5), zihlotshaniswa nezinkinga ezahlukene zezempilo, okuhlanganisa izifo zenhliziyo namaphaphu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izitshalo zamandla kagesi ezisebenzisa i-turbine zikaFrancis azikhiphi lezi zingcolisi zomoya eziyingozi ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izifunda ezinezitshalo zamandla kagesi zingajabulela umoya ohlanzekile, okuholela empilweni yomphakathi ethuthukisiwe. Ezindaweni lapho amandla kagesi asebenzisa i-hydro ethathe indawo yengxenye enkulu yokukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi asebenzisa i-fossil – fuel –, kube nokuthuthuka okubonakalayo kwekhwalithi yomoya. Isibonelo, kwezinye izifunda zaseShayina lapho amaphrojekthi amakhulu kagesi asebenzisa i-turbine zikaFrancis ethuthukisiwe khona, amazinga e-(SO_2\), \(NO_x\), kanye nezinto ezincane emoyeni anciphile, okuholele ekutheni kube namacala ambalwa ezifo zokuphefumula nezenhliziyo phakathi kwabantu bendawo.
3. Umthelela Omncane Kuhlelo Lwezinto Eziphilayo
Uma zaklanywa futhi ziphathwa kahle, izitshalo zamandla kagesi ezisebenzisa i-turbine zikaFrancis zingaba nomthelela omncane kakhulu ohlelweni lwemvelo oluzungezile uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa amandla.
Indlela Yokudlula Izinhlanzi: Izitshalo eziningi zanamuhla zamandla kagesi anezinjini zikaFrancis zakhiwe ngezindawo zokudlula izinhlanzi. Lezi zindawo, njengezitebhisi zezinhlanzi kanye nezilifti zezinhlanzi, zakhiwe ukusiza izinhlanzi zithuthele phezulu naphansi komfula. Isibonelo, eMfuleni iColumbia eNyakatho Melika, izitshalo zamandla kagesi zifake izinhlelo zokudlula izinhlanzi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Lezi zinhlelo zivumela i-salmon nezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezifudukayo ukuba zidlule amadamu nama-turbine, okuzenza zikwazi ukufinyelela ezindaweni zazo zokuzalela. Ukwakheka kwalezi zindawo zokudlula izinhlanzi kubheka ukuziphatha kanye namakhono okubhukuda ezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinhlanzi, okuqinisekisa ukuthi izinga lokusinda kwezinhlanzi ezifudukayo liyakhuliswa.
Ukugcinwa Kwekhwalithi Yamanzi: Ukusebenza kwama-turbine kaFrancis akuvamile ukubangela izinguquko ezinkulu ekhwalithini yamanzi. Ngokungafani neminye imisebenzi yezimboni noma izinhlobo ezithile zokukhiqizwa kwamandla ezingangcolisa imithombo yamanzi, izitshalo zamandla asebenzisa ama-turbine kaFrancis ngokuvamile zigcina ikhwalithi yemvelo yamanzi. Amanzi adlula kuma-turbine awashintshwa ngamakhemikhali, futhi izinguquko zokushisa zivame ukuba zincane. Lokhu kubalulekile ekugcineni impilo yezindawo zemvelo zasemanzini, njengoba izinto eziningi zasemanzini zizwela izinguquko ekhwalithini yamanzi kanye nokushisa. Emifuleni lapho kutholakala khona izitshalo zamandla asebenzisa ama-turbine kaFrancis, ikhwalithi yamanzi ihlala ifanelekela izinhlobo ezahlukene zokuphila kwasemanzini, okuhlanganisa izinhlanzi, izilwane ezingenamgogodla, kanye nezitshalo.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Feb-21-2025
