Umhlaba ngo-2023 usakhubeka ngenxa yokuhlolwa okunzima. Ukwenzeka njalo kwesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu, ukusabalala kwemililo yasendle ezintabeni nasemahlathini, kanye nokuzamazama komhlaba okukhulu kanye nezikhukhula… Kuyaphuthuma ukubhekana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu; Ingxabano phakathi kweRussia ne-Ukraine ayikapheli, ingxabano phakathi kwePalestine Israel isiqalile futhi, futhi inkinga yezepolitiki ibangele ukuguquguquka emakethe yamandla.
Phakathi kwezinguquko, ukuguqulwa kwamandla kweShayina kufinyelele imiphumela emangalisayo, kwenza iminikelo emihle ekuvuseleleni umnotho womhlaba kanye nentuthuko eluhlaza yomhlaba.
Umnyango wokuhlela we-China Energy Daily uhlele izindaba eziyishumi eziphezulu zamandla zomhlaba wonke zango-2023, wahlaziya isimo, futhi waqaphela ukuthambekela okuphelele.
Ukubambisana kwe-US eShayina kuhola ngenkuthalo ontanga bomhlaba wonke ekuphathweni kwesimo sezulu
Ukubambisana kwe-US eShayina kufaka umfutho omusha esenzweni somhlaba wonke mayelana nesimo sezulu. Ngomhlaka-15 Novemba, izinhloko zezwe laseShayina kanye ne-United States zahlangana ukuze zishintshane ngemibono ngezindaba ezibalulekile ezihlobene nobudlelwano phakathi kwamazwe amabili kanye nokuthula nentuthuko yomhlaba; Ngosuku olufanayo, la mazwe amabili akhiphe isitatimende seSunshine Town mayelana nokuqinisa ukubambisana ukuze kuxazululwe inkinga yesimo sezulu. Uchungechunge lwezinyathelo ezisebenzayo ludlulisela umyalezo wokubambisana okujulile phakathi kwezinhlangothi ezimbili ezindabeni zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, futhi lufaka nokuzethemba okwengeziwe ekubusweni kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni jikelele.
Kusukela mhla zingama-30 kuNovemba kuya kumhla ziyi-13 kuDisemba, iNgqungquthela yama-28 yamaqembu eSivumelwano Sohlaka Lwezizwe Ezihlangene mayelana Nokuguquka Kwesimo Sezulu yabanjwa eDubai, e-United Arab Emirates. Amaqembu ayi-198 asayine isivumelwano afinyelele esivumelwaneni esibalulekile mayelana nempahla yokuqala yomhlaba wonke yeSivumelwano saseParis, ukuxhaswa ngemali kokulahlekelwa kwesimo sezulu kanye nomonakalo, kanye noshintsho olufanele nolulinganayo. I-China ne-United States zandisa ukubambisana futhi ziqoqa amandla ezindabeni zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, zithumela izimpawu ezinhle emhlabeni.
Inkinga Yezepolitiki Iyaqhubeka, Umbono Wemakethe Yamandla Awucacile
Ingxabano phakathi kweRussia ne-Ukraine yaqhubeka, ingxabano phakathi kwePalestina ne-Israel yaqala kabusha, kanti inkinga yoLwandle Olubomvu yaqala ukuvela. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka, isimo sezwe sezombusazwe siye saqina, futhi iphethini yokuhlinzekwa kwamandla emhlabeni wonke kanye nesidingo iye yasheshisa ukwakhiwa kabusha kwayo. Indlela yokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwamandla isibe umbuzo wesikhathi.
IBhange Lomhlaba likhomba ukuthi kusukela ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka, umthelela wezingxabano zezwe emananini entengo yezimpahla ube mncane, okungase kubonise ikhono elithuthukisiwe lomnotho womhlaba lokwamukela ukushaqeka kwentengo kawoyela. Kodwa-ke, uma izingxabano zezwe ezombusazwe zikhula, umbono wamanani ezimpahla uzonyamalala ngokushesha. Izici ezifana nezingxabano zezwe ezombusazwe, ukwehla komnotho, ukukhuphuka kwamanani aphezulu kanye nezinga lenzalo kuzoqhubeka nomthelela ekuhlinzekweni kukawoyela negesi emhlabeni wonke kanye namanani kuze kube ngu-2024.
I-Great Power Diplomacy Iqokomisa Ukuthuthukiswa Kokubambisana Okuhle Nokukhanga
Kulo nyaka, izingxoxo zaseShayina njengezwe elikhulu elinezimpawu zaseShayina zikhuthazwe ngokuphelele, zibonisa ubuhle bazo, futhi zikhuthaza ukubambisana kwamandla emhlabeni wonke ngezinzuzo ezihambisanayo kanye nezinzuzo ezihambisanayo emazingeni amaningi nasezingeni elijulile. Ngo-Ephreli, iShayina neFrance basayina izivumelwano eziningi ezintsha zokubambisana ku-oyela negesi, amandla enuzi, kanye "ne-hydrogen yelanga yomoya". NgoMeyi, kwaba neNgqungquthela yokuqala yaseShayina Asia, kanti iShayina namazwe aseCentral Asia aqhubeka nokwakha ubambiswano lokuguqulwa kwamandla "kawoyela negesi kanye namandla amasha". Ngo-Agasti, iShayina neNingizimu Afrika baqhubeka nokujulisa ukubambisana ezindaweni eziningi ezibalulekile njengemithombo yamandla kanye nentuthuko eluhlaza. Ngo-Okthoba, kwaba neNgqungquthela yesithathu yeNgqungquthela Yokubambisana Yamazwe Ngamazwe ethi "iBelt and Road" eyabanjwa ngempumelelo, yakha izimpumelelo ezingu-458; Ngayo leyo nyanga, kwaba neNgqungquthela Yebhizinisi Lamandla laseShayina iRussia yesi-5, yasayina izivumelwano ezingaba ngu-20.
Kuhle ukusho ukuthi lo nyaka ugubha iminyaka eyi-10 yesinyathelo sokwakha ngokubambisana "iBelt and Road". Njengesinyathelo esibalulekile sokukhuthaza ukuvulwa kweShayina kanye nesiteji esisebenzayo sokukhuthaza ukwakhiwa komphakathi onekusasa elihlanganyelwe lesintu, impumelelo yesinyathelo sokwakha ngokubambisana "iBelt and Road" eminyakeni eyi-10 edlule idunyiswe kakhulu futhi inemiphumela efinyelela kude. Ukubambisana kwamandla ngaphansi kwesinyathelo "iBelt and Road" kuye kwajula futhi kwafeza imiphumela emihle eminyakeni eyi-10 edlule, kwazuzisa abantu bamazwe nezifunda ngokwakha ngokubambisana, futhi kwasiza ekwakheni ikusasa lamandla eliluhlaza nelibandakanya wonke umuntu.
Umphakathi wamazwe omhlaba ukhathazekile kakhulu ngokuchitheka kwamanzi angcolile enuzi eJapan olwandle
Kusukela ngomhlaka-24 Agasti, amanzi angcolile avela esiteshini samandla enuzi saseFukushima Daiichi eJapane azokhishwa olwandle, kanti kulinganiselwa ukuthi kuzokhishwa amathani angaba ngu-31200 amanzi angcolile enuzi ngo-2023. Uhlelo lwaseJapan lokukhipha amanzi angcolile enuzi olwandle seluqhubeke iminyaka engama-30 noma ngaphezulu, lubeka izingozi ezinkulu nezingozi ezifihliwe.
IJapane ishintshele ingozi yokungcoliswa okuvela engozini yenuzi yaseFukushima emazweni angomakhelwane kanye nemvelo ezungezile, okubangele ukulimala kwesibili emhlabeni, okungasizi ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla enuzi ngokuthula futhi okungenakukwazi ukulawula ukusabalala kokungcoliswa kwenuzi. Izazi zomhlaba wonke ziveze ukuthi iJapane akufanele nje ithathe ngokungathi sína ukukhathazeka kwabantu bayo, kodwa futhi ibhekane nokukhathazeka okunamandla komphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe, ikakhulukazi amazwe angomakhelwane. Ngomqondo oqotho nowakhayo, iJapane kufanele ixhumane nababambiqhaza futhi ithathe ngokungathi sína izicelo zayo ezisemthethweni zokuhlonza umonakalo kanye nesinxephezelo.
Ukwanda okusheshayo kwamandla ahlanzekile eShayina, kusebenzisa amandla ayo okuqala
Ngaphansi kwesihloko sokusetshenziswa komoya oluhlaza kanye ne-carbon ephansi, amandla ahlanzekile aqhubekile nokukhula kakhulu kulo nyaka. Ngokusho kwedatha evela kwi-International Energy Agency, amandla avuselelekayo afakiwe emhlabeni wonke kulindeleke ukuthi akhuphuke ngama-gigawatts ayi-107 ekupheleni kwalo nyaka, kanye namandla afakiwe angaphezu kwama-gigawatts angu-440, okubonisa ukwanda okukhulu emlandweni.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kulindeleke ukuthi ukutshalwa kwezimali kwamandla emhlabeni wonke kube cishe amaRandi ayizigidigidi ezingu-2.8 kulo nyaka, kanti ukutshalwa kwezimali kwezobuchwepheshe bamandla ahlanzekile kudlula amaRandi ayizigidigidi ezingu-1.7, kudlula ukutshalwa kwezimali kumafutha angaphansi komhlaba afana nowoyela.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi iShayina, ebilokhu ibekwe endaweni yokuqala emhlabeni ngokwezinga lokufakwa komoya kanye nelanga iminyaka eminingi, idlala indima yokuqala nephambili.
Kuze kube manje, ama-wind turbine aseShayina athunyelwe emazweni nasezifundeni ezingu-49, kanti ukukhiqizwa kwama-wind turbine kubalwa ngaphezu kuka-50% wesabelo semakethe yomhlaba wonke. Phakathi kwamabhizinisi ayishumi aphezulu emhlabeni wonke e-wind turbine, angu-6 avela eShayina. Imboni ye-photovoltaic yaseShayina ivelele kakhulu ezixhumanisini eziyinhloko ezifana nama-silicon wafers, amaseli ebhethri, namamojula, athatha ngaphezu kuka-80% wesabelo semakethe yomhlaba wonke, okubonisa ngempumelelo ukuqashelwa kwemakethe ubuchwepheshe baseShayina.
Imboni ibikezela ukuthi ngo-2030, uhlelo lwamandla omhlaba luzobhekana nezinguquko ezinkulu, lapho amandla avuselelekayo ebalelwa cishe ku-50% wesakhiwo sikagesi somhlaba. Emi phambili, iShayina iZhengyuanyuan iqhubeka nokuletha amandla aluhlaza ukuze kuguqulwe amandla omhlaba.
Ukuguquka kwamandla eYurophu naseMelika kubhekene nezingqinamba, izithiyo zokuhweba ziphakamisa ukukhathazeka
Nakuba amandla avuselelekayo afakiwe emhlabeni wonke akhula ngokushesha, intuthuko yemboni yamandla ahlanzekile emazweni aseYurophu naseMelika ivame ukuvinjelwa, futhi izinkinga zochungechunge lokuhlinzekwa ziyaqhubeka nokuvusa imizwa yamazwe aseYurophu naseMelika.
Izindleko eziphakeme kanye nokuphazamiseka kochungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwemishini kuholele ekulahlekelweni kwabakhiqizi bama-turbine omoya baseYurophu naseMelika, okuholele ekwandeni komthamo ohamba kancane kanye nochungechunge lwabathuthukisi abahoxayo kumaphrojekthi wamandla omoya aphesheya kwezilwandle e-United States nase-United Kingdom.
Emkhakheni wamandla elanga, ezinyangeni zokuqala eziyisishiyagalombili zalo nyaka, abakhiqizi abakhulu abayi-15 baseYurophu bakhiqize ingqikithi ye-gigawatt eyi-1 yamamojula elanga, okuyi-11% kuphela yesikhathi esifanayo ngonyaka odlule.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izikhulu ze-EU zikhulume esidlangalaleni ukuze ziqalise uphenyo oluphikisana noxhaso lwezimali olubhekiswe emikhiqizweni yamandla omoya aseShayina. UMthetho Wokunciphisa Ukwehla Kwentengo Kagesi oshaywe yi-United States uvimbela imikhiqizo yangaphandle ye-photovoltaic ukuthi ingene emakethe yase-US, okunciphisa isivinini sokutshalwa kwezimali, ukwakhiwa, kanye nokuxhumeka kwegridi yamaphrojekthi kagesi welanga e-United States.
Ukubhekana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nokufeza ukuguqulwa kwamandla akunakuhlukaniswa nokubambisana komhlaba wonke. Amazwe aseYurophu naseMelika ahlala ebeka izithiyo zokuhweba, empeleni "ezilimaza abanye kunokuba zibe nesithakazelo somuntu siqu." Kungokugcina ukuvuleka kwemakethe yomhlaba wonke kuphela lapho singakhuthaza khona ngokubambisana ukunciphisa izindleko zomoya nelanga futhi sifinyelele isimo esizuzisa wonke umuntu kuzo zonke izinhlangothi.
Isidingo esikhulu sezimbiwa siyakhuphuka, ukuphepha kokuhlinzekwa kukhathazekile kakhulu
Ukuthuthukiswa okuphezulu kwezinsizakusebenza zezimbiwa ezibalulekile kusha kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Ukukhula okukhulu ekusetshenzisweni kobuchwepheshe bamandla ahlanzekile kuholele ekukhuleni kwesidingo samaminerali abalulekile amelwe yi-lithium, i-nickel, i-cobalt, kanye nethusi. Izinga lokutshalwa kwezimali okuphezulu kwamaminerali abalulekile likhule ngokushesha, futhi amazwe asheshise kakhulu isivinini sokuthuthukiswa kwezinsizakusebenza zezimbiwa zendawo.
Uma sithatha izinto zokusetshenziswa zebhethri le-lithium njengesibonelo, kusukela ngo-2017 kuya ku-2022, isidingo se-lithium somhlaba wonke sanda cishe kathathu, isidingo se-cobalt sanda ngo-70%, kanti isidingo se-nickel sanda ngo-40%. Isidingo esikhulu esingezansi sikhuthaze intshiseko yokuhlola engenhla komfula, okwenza amachibi anosawoti, izimayini, ulwandle, ngisho nemigodi yezintaba-mlilo kube yingcebo yezinsizakusebenza.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi amazwe amaningi akhiqiza amaminerali emhlabeni wonke akhethe ukuqinisa izinqubomgomo zawo zentuthuko ezisezingeni eliphezulu. I-Chile ikhipha "i-National Lithium Strategy" yayo futhi izosungula inkampani yezimbiwa kahulumeni; isiphakamiso saseMexico sokwenza izinsiza zezimayini ze-lithium zibe ngezasekhaya; i-Indonesia iqinisa ukulawula kwayo izinsiza zezimayini ze-nickel ore eziphethwe nguhulumeni. I-Chile, i-Argentina, ne-Bolivia, ezihlanganisa ngaphezu kwengxenye yezinsiza zezimayini ze-lithium emhlabeni, ziya ngokuya zihileleka ekushintshisaneni, futhi "i-OPEC Lithium Mine" isizovela.
Imithombo yamaminerali ebalulekile isibe “uwoyela omusha” emakethe yamandla, kanti ukuphepha kokutholakala kwamaminerali nakho sekuyisihluthulelo sentuthuko eqhubekayo yamandla ahlanzekile. Ukuqinisa ukuphepha kokutholakala kwamaminerali ebalulekile kubalulekile.
Ezinye ziyashiywa, ezinye ziyakhuthazwa, futhi impikiswano ngokusetshenziswa kwenyukliya iyaqhubeka
Ngo-Ephreli walo nyaka, iJalimane yamemezela ukuvalwa kwezikhungo zayo ezintathu zokugcina zamandla enuzi, yangena ngokusemthethweni “enkathini yokukhululeka kwezikhali zenuzi” futhi yaba yisenzakalo esibalulekile embonini yamandla enuzi yomhlaba wonke. Isizathu esiyinhloko sokuyeka kweJalimane amandla enuzi ukukhathazeka ngokuphepha kwezikhali zenuzi, okubuye kube yinselele enkulu ebhekene nemboni yamandla enuzi yomhlaba wonke njengamanje. Ekuqaleni kwalonyaka, isikhungo samandla enuzi saseMonticello, esasisebenza e-United States iminyaka engaphezu kwengxenye yekhulu, naso savalwa ngenxa yezinkinga zokuphepha.
Izindleko eziphakeme zamaphrojekthi okwakha amasha nazo “ziyisivimbelo” endleleni yokuthuthukiswa kwamandla enuzi. Ukweqiwa okukhulu kwezindleko zamaphrojekthi e-Unit 3 kanye ne-Unit 4 ye-Vogt öhler Nuclear Power Plant e-United States kuyisibonelo esivamile.
Nakuba kunezinselele eziningi, izici zokukhiqizwa kwamandla enuzi ezihlanzekile nezingenakhabhoni eningi zisayenza isebenze esigabeni samandla omhlaba. Ngaphakathi kwalo nyaka, iJapane, eye yabhekana nezingozi ezinkulu zamandla enuzi, yamemezela ukuqala kabusha kwezitshalo zamandla enuzi ukuze kuzinziswe ukuphakelwa kwamandla; iFrance, ethembele kakhulu emandleni enuzi, yamemezela ukuthi izohlinzeka ngemali engaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-100 zama-euro embonini yayo yasekhaya yamandla enuzi eminyakeni eyi-10 ezayo; iFinland, i-India, ngisho ne-United States zonke zishilo ukuthi zizothuthukisa ngamandla imboni yamandla enuzi.
Amandla enuzi ahlanzekile nangenakhabhoni ephansi abelokhu ebhekwa njengethuluzi elibalulekile lokubhekana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, futhi indlela yokuthuthukisa amandla enuzi ngekhwalithi ephezulu isibe yinkinga ebalulekile ekuguqulweni kwamandla emhlabeni kwamanje.
Isikhathi sezinsalela zokuhlanganiswa okuphindaphindwayo kanye nokuthengwa kukawoyela negesi asikapheli
I-ExxonMobil, inkampani enkulu kunazo zonke kawoyela e-United States, i-Chevron, inkampani yesibili ngobukhulu kawoyela, kanye ne-Western Oil Company zonke zenze ukuhlanganiswa okukhulu kanye nokuthengwa kulo nyaka, okwenza inani eliphelele lokuhlanganiswa okukhulu kanye nokuthengwa embonini kawoyela negesi eNyakatho Melika libe yi-$124.5 billion. Imboni ilindele igagasi elisha lokuhlanganiswa kanye nokuthengwa embonini kawoyela negesi.
Ngo-Okthoba, i-ExxonMobil yamemezela ukuthengwa okuphelele komkhiqizi we-shale i-Vanguard Natural Resources ngentengo ecishe ibe yizigidigidi ezingama-60 zamaRandi, okubonisa ukuthengwa kwayo okukhulu kakhulu kusukela ngo-1999. I-Chevron yamemezela ngenyanga efanayo ukuthi izotshala imali engamaRandi ayizigidigidi ezingama-53 zamaRandi ukuze ithenge umkhiqizi kawoyela negesi waseMelika i-Hess, okuwukuthengwa kwayo okukhulu kakhulu emlandweni. NgoDisemba, izinkampani zikawoyela zaseNtshonalanga zamemezela ukuthengwa kwenkampani kawoyela negesi ye-shale yase-US ngentengo engamaRandi ayizigidigidi eziyi-12 zamaRandi.
Abakhiqizi abakhulu bakawoyela negesi baqhubeka nokwandisa indawo yabo yebhizinisi ekhuphukayo, okubangela igagasi elisha lokuhlanganiswa. Izinkampani eziningi zamandla zizoqinisa ukuncintisana kwazo ngezimpahla zikawoyela negesi ezinhle kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala okuzinzile emashumini ambalwa eminyaka ezayo. Nakuba kube nengxoxo eqhubekayo mayelana nokuthi isidingo sikawoyela esiphezulu sesifikile yini, kungaqinisekiswa ukuthi isikhathi sezinsalela asikafiki ekupheleni.
Ushintsho lomlando lwesidingo samalahle esifinyelela phezulu kakhulu lungase lufike
Ngo-2023, isidingo samalahle emhlabeni wonke safinyelela ezingeni eliphezulu elisha lomlando, lapho inani eliphelele ladlula amathani ayizigidigidi ezingu-8.5.
Sekukonke, ukugcizelelwa kwamandla ahlanzekile okwenziwa ngamazwe asezingeni lenqubomgomo kuye kwehlisa izinga lokukhula kwesidingo samalahle emhlabeni wonke, kodwa amalahle ahlala “eyitshe eliqinile” lezinhlelo zamandla zamazwe amaningi.
Ngokombono wezimo zemakethe, imakethe yamalahle ngokuyisisekelo iphumile esikhathini sokushintshashintsha okukhulu kokunikezwa okubangelwa yisimo sobhubhane, ingxabano phakathi kweRussia ne-Ukraine nezinye izici, kanti izinga elimaphakathi lamanani amalahle omhlaba wonke lehlile. Ngokombono wohlangothi lokunikezwa, amalahle aseRussia kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi angene emakethe ngentengo encishisiwe ngenxa yezijeziso ezibekwe amazwe aseYurophu naseMelika; Umthamo wokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe wamazwe akhiqiza amalahle njenge-Indonesia, iMozambique, neNingizimu Afrika ukhuphukile, njengoba umthamo wokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwamalahle e-Indonesia usondela kumathani ayizigidi ezingama-500, okubeka irekhodi elisha lomlando.
Ngokombono we-International Energy Agency, isidingo samalahle emhlabeni wonke kungenzeka ukuthi sifinyelele eqophelweni lomlando ngenxa yomthelela wezinqubo nezinqubomgomo zokunciphisa ikhabhoni emazweni ahlukahlukene. Njengoba amandla afakiwe amandla avuselelekayo edlula izinga lokukhula kwesidingo sikagesi, isidingo sikagesi wamalahle singase sibonise umkhuba wokwehla, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwamalahle njengophethiloli wezinto zasendulo kulindeleke ukuthi kube nokwehla "kwesakhiwo".
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Jan-02-2024
