Ukukhiqizwa kukagesi ngamanzi, njengomthombo wamandla ovuselelekayo, ongenangcoliso futhi ohlanzekile, sekuyisikhathi eside abantu bewazisa. Namuhla, iziteshi zikagesi zamanzi ezinkulu neziphakathi nendawo zisetshenziswa kabanzi futhi zivuthwe kakhulu ubuchwepheshe bamandla avuselelekayo emhlabeni jikelele. Isibonelo, isiteshi sikagesi samanzi saseThree Gorges eShayina yisona siteshi sikagesi samanzi esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Kodwa-ke, iziteshi zikagesi zamanzi ezinkulu neziphakathi zinemiphumela eminingi emibi emvelweni, njengamadamu avimba ukugeleza okubushelelezi kwemifula yemvelo, avimba ukukhishwa kwendle, futhi ashintshe indawo yemvelo; Ukwakhiwa kweziteshi zikagesi zamanzi kudinga nokugcwala komhlaba okukhulu, okuholela enanini elikhulu labokufika.
Njengomthombo omusha wamandla, amandla amancane okusebenzisa amanzi anomthelela omncane kakhulu endaweni ezungezile, ngakho-ke aya ngokuya ehlonishwa ngabantu. Iziteshi ezincane zamandla okusebenzisa amanzi, njengeziteshi ezinkulu neziphakathi nendawo zamandla okusebenzisa amanzi, zombili ziyiziteshi zamandla okusebenzisa amanzi. Okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi “amandla amancane okusebenzisa amanzi” kubhekisela eziteshini zamandla okusebenzisa amanzi noma iziteshi zamandla okusebenzisa amanzi kanye nezinhlelo zamandla ezinomthamo omncane kakhulu ofakiwe, futhi umthamo wazo ofakiwe uyahlukahluka kuye ngezimo zezwe ngalinye.
EShayina, “ugesi omncane wamanzi” ubhekisela eziteshini zikagesi zamanzi futhi usekela amagridi kagesi endawo anomthamo ofakiwe ongu-25MW noma ngaphansi, axhaswa futhi aqhutshwa yizinhlangano zasendaweni, ezihlangene, noma ngazinye. Ugesi omncane wamanzi ungowamandla ahlanzekile angewona ikhabhoni, angenankinga yokuphela kwezinsizakusebenza futhi angabangela ukungcola emvelweni. Uyingxenye ebalulekile ekuqalisweni kwesu lentuthuko esimeme laseShayina.
Ukuthuthukisa amandla avuselelekayo njengamandla amancane okusebenzisa amanzi ngokwezimo zendawo nokuguqula izinsiza zamandla okusebenzisa amanzi zibe ugesi osezingeni eliphezulu kudlale indima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni intuthuko yezomnotho neyenhlalo kazwelonke, ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokuphila kwabantu, ukuxazulula inkinga yokusetshenziswa kukagesi ezindaweni ezingenawo ugesi kanye nokuntuleka kukagesi, ukukhuthaza ukuphathwa kwemifula, ukuthuthukiswa kwemvelo, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo, kanye nentuthuko yezenhlalo nezomnotho wendawo.
IShayina inemithombo eminingi yamandla amancane angaphansi kwamanzi, enesilinganiso esilinganiselwe se-kW yezigidi eziyi-150 kanye nomthamo ongase ufakwe ongaphezu kuka-70000 MW wokuthuthukiswa. Kuyisinqumo esingenakugwenywa ukuthuthukisa ngamandla amandla amancane angaphansi kwamanzi ukuze kuthuthukiswe isakhiwo samandla ngokwesimo sokuvikelwa kwemvelo okungenakhabhoni eningi, ukongiwa kwamandla kanye nokunciphisa ukukhishwa komoya, kanye nentuthuko eqhubekayo. Ngokusho kohlelo loMnyango Wezinsiza Zamanzi, ngo-2020, iShayina izokwakha izifundazwe ezincane eziyi-10 zamandla angaphansi kwamanzi ezinomthamo ofakiwe ongaphezu kwezigidi ezi-5 kW, izisekelo ezinkulu zamandla angaphansi kwamanzi eziyi-100 ezinkulu ezinomthamo ofakiwe ongaphezu kuka-200000 kW, kanye nezifunda ezincane zamandla angaphansi kwamanzi ezingama-300 ezinomthamo ofakiwe ongaphezu kuka-100000 kW. Ngo-2023, njengoba kuhlelwe yiMnyango Wezinsiza Zamanzi, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla amancane angaphansi kwamanzi ngeke kugcine ngokufeza umgomo ka-2020, kodwa futhi kuzoba nentuthuko enkulu ngalesi sisekelo.
Isiteshi sikagesi samanzi siyisistimu yokuphehla ugesi eguqula amandla amanzi abe ugesi nge-turbine yamanzi, kanti isethi yejenereyitha ye-turbine yamanzi iyithuluzi eliyinhloko lokufeza ukuguqulwa kwamandla ezinhlelweni ezincane zikagesi wamanzi. Inqubo yokuguqulwa kwamandla yesethi yejenereyitha yamanzi ihlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili.
Isigaba sokuqala siguqula amandla angase abe ngamanzi abe amandla omshini we-turbine yamanzi. Ukugeleza kwamanzi kunamandla angase abe khona ahlukene ezindaweni eziphakeme nasezindaweni ezahlukene. Lapho ukugeleza kwamanzi kusuka endaweni ephakeme kuthinta i-turbine endaweni ephansi, amandla angase abe khona akhiqizwa ukushintsha kwezinga lamanzi aguqulwa abe amandla omshini we-turbine.
Esigabeni sesibili, amandla omshini we-turbine yamanzi aguqulwa kuqala abe amandla kagesi, abese edluliselwa emishinini kagesi ngemigqa yokudlulisa yegridi yamandla. Ngemva kokuthintwa ukugeleza kwamanzi, i-turbine yamanzi iqhuba ijeneretha exhunywe nge-coaxial ukuze ijikeleze. I-rotor yejeneretha ejikelezayo iqhuba insimu yamagnetic yokuvuselela ukuze ijikeleze, kanti ukugoqa kwe-stator kwejeneretha kusika imigqa yamagnetic yokuvuselela ukuze kukhiqizwe amandla e-electromotive abangelwayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ikhipha amandla kagesi, kanti ngakolunye uhlangothi, ikhiqiza i-torque yokuvimbela i-electromagnetic ohlangothini oluphambene lokujikeleza ku-rotor. Ukugeleza kwamanzi kuqhubeka kuthinta idivayisi ye-turbine yamanzi, kanti i-torque yokujikeleza etholwe yi-turbine yamanzi kusukela ekugelezeni kwamanzi inqoba i-torque yokuvimbela i-electromagnetic ekhiqizwa ku-rotor yejeneretha. Lapho lokhu kokubili kufinyelela ukulingana, iyunithi ye-turbine yamanzi izosebenza ngesivinini esingaguquki ukuze ikhiqize ugesi ngokuzinzile futhi iguqule ngokuphelele amandla.
Isethi yejeneretha kagesi ngamanzi iyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuguqula amandla eliguqula amandla angaba khona amanzi abe amandla kagesi. Ngokuvamile liqukethe i-turbine yamanzi, ijeneretha, isilawuli sejubane, uhlelo lokuvuselela, uhlelo lokupholisa, kanye nemishini yokulawula isitshalo samandla. Isingeniso esifushane ngezinhlobo nemisebenzi yemishini eyinhloko kusethi yejeneretha kagesi kagesi ejwayelekile yilena elandelayo:
1) I-turbine yamanzi. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezivame ukusetshenziswa zama-turbine amanzi: i-impulse kanye ne-reactive.
2) Ijenereyitha. Amajenereyitha amaningi asebenzisa amajenereyitha ahambisanayo asebenza ngogesi.
3) Uhlelo lokuvusa. Ngenxa yokuthi amajeneretha ngokuvamile angamajeneretha ahambisanayo ashukumisa ugesi, kuyadingeka ukulawula uhlelo lokuvusa ugesi lwe-DC ukuze kufezwe ukulawulwa kwamandla kagesi, ukulawulwa kwamandla kagesi okusebenzayo nokusebenzayo, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ikhwalithi yamandla kagesi aphumayo.
4) Idivayisi yokulawula isivinini kanye nokulawula (kufaka phakathi isilawuli sejubane kanye nedivayisi yokucindezela uwoyela). I-governor isetshenziselwa ukulawula ijubane le-turbine yamanzi, ukuze imvamisa yamandla kagesi aphumayo ihlangabezane nezidingo zokunikezwa kwamandla kagesi.
5) Uhlelo Lokupholisa. Amajeneretha amancane asebenzisa kakhulu ukupholisa umoya, esebenzisa uhlelo lokungenisa umoya ukusiza ukuqeda ukushisa nokupholisa ubuso be-stator, i-rotor, kanye ne-iron core yejeneretha.
6) Idivayisi yokubhuleka. Amajeneretha e-hydraulic anomthamo olinganiselwe odlula inani elithile afakwe amadivayisi okubhuleka.
7) Imishini yokulawula isiteshi sikagesi. Iningi lemishini yokulawula isiteshi sikagesi isebenzisa ukulawulwa kwedijithali kwekhompyutha ukuze kufezwe imisebenzi efana nokuxhumeka kwegridi, ukulawulwa kwemvamisa, ukulawulwa kwamandla kagesi, ukulawulwa kwamandla kagesi, ukuvikelwa, kanye nokuxhumana kokukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi ngamanzi.
Amandla kagesi amancane angahlukaniswa ngohlobo lokuphambukisa, uhlobo lwedamu, kanye nohlobo lwe-hybrid ngokusekelwe endleleni yekhanda eligxilile. Iziteshi eziningi zamandla kagesi amancane eShayina ziyiziteshi zamandla kagesi amancane ohlobo lokuphambukisa olungabizi kakhulu.
Izici zokukhiqizwa kukagesi omncane wamanzi yisilinganiso sokwakhiwa kwesiteshi esincane, ubunjiniyela obulula, ukuthengwa kwemishini okulula, kanye nokuzisebenzisa ngokwakho, ngaphandle kokudlulisela ugesi ezindaweni ezikude nesiteshi; Igridi encane yamandla kagesi wamanzi inomthamo omncane, kanti umthamo wokukhiqizwa kukagesi nawo mncane. Ukwenqatshwa kukagesi omncane wamanzi kunezici eziqinile zendawo kanye nobuningi.
Njengomthombo wamandla ahlanzekile, ugesi omncane wamanzi ube negalelo ekwakhiweni kwezindawo ezintsha zamandla zobusoshalisti eShayina. Sikholelwa ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe bogesi omncane wamanzi kanye nokugcina amandla kuzokwenza ukuthuthukiswa kogesi omncane wamanzi kukhange kakhulu esikhathini esizayo!
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba 11-2023
