Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi, njengomthombo wamandla avuselelekayo, ongangcoli futhi ahlanzekile, sekunesikhathi eside abantu bekwazisa. Kulezi zinsuku, iziteshi zikagesi ezinkulu nezinosayizi omaphakathi zisetshenziswa kabanzi kanye nobuchwepheshe bamandla avuselelekayo asebekhulile emhlabeni wonke. Isibonelo, isiteshi sikagesi se-Three Gorges e-China siyisiteshi sikagesi esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Kodwa-ke, iziteshi zikagesi ezinkulu neziphakathi nendawo zinemithelela eminingi engemihle emvelweni, njengamadamu avimba ukugeleza kahle kwemifula yemvelo, avimbe ukuchitheka kwenhlabathi, kanye nokushintsha imvelo ye-ecosystem; Ukwakhiwa kweziteshi zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi nakho kudinga ukucwiliswa komhlaba okubanzi, okuholela ekubeni kube nenani elikhulu labantu bokufika.
Njengomthombo wamandla omusha, ugesi omncane ophehlwa ngamanzi unomthelela omncane kakhulu endaweni ezungezile, ngakho-ke abantu baya ngokuya baziswa kakhulu. Iziteshi ezincane eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi, njengeziteshi ezinkulu naphakathi nendawo, ziyizikhungo zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi. Okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi “amandla amancane aphehlwa ngamanzi” kubhekiselwa eziteshini zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi noma izikhungo zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi kanye nezinhlelo zikagesi ezinomthamo omncane kakhulu ofakiwe, futhi umthamo wazo ofakiwe uyahlukahluka kuye ngezimo zezwe ngalinye.
E-China, “amandla kagesi amancane” abhekisela eziteshini zikagesi eziphehla ugesi kanye nokusekela amagridi kagesi endawo anamandla afakiwe angu-25MW noma ngaphansi, axhaswa ngemali futhi asetshenziswe izinhlangano zendawo, ezihlangene, noma ngazinye. Amandla amancane aphehlwa ngamanzi angawamandla angenawo ikhabhoni, angenayo inkinga yokuncipha kwezinsiza futhi angabangeli ukungcoliswa kwemvelo. Kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokuqaliswa kwe-China isu lentuthuko esimeme.
Ukuthuthukisa amandla avuselelekayo afana nogesi omncane ophehlwa ngamanzi ngokwezimo zendawo kanye nokuguqula izinsiza zikagesi zibe ugesi oseqophelweni eliphezulu kudlale indima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni intuthuko yezomnotho nenhlalakahle yezwe, ukuthuthukisa izinga lempilo yabantu, ukuxazulula inkinga yokusetshenziswa kukagesi ezindaweni ezingenawo ugesi kanye nokushoda kukagesi, ukukhuthaza ukubusa kwemifula, ukuthuthukiswa kwemvelo, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo, kanye nokuthuthukiswa komnotho wendawo.
I-China inenqwaba yemithombo yamandla aphehlwa ngamanzi, enenani elilinganiselwe elilinganiselwa ezigidini eziyi-150 kW kanye namandla okufakwayo angaphezu kuka-70000 MW ukuze athuthukiswe. Kuyisinqumo esingenakugwenywa ukuthuthukisa ngamandla amandla amancane aphehlwa ngamanzi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukwakheka kwamandla esimweni sokuvikelwa kwemvelo enekhabhoni ephansi, ukongiwa kwamandla kanye nokunciphisa ukungcola, kanye nentuthuko esimeme. Ngokohlelo loMnyango Wezamanzi, ngo-2020, iShayina izokwakha izifundazwe ezincane ezingu-10 eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi ezinamandla angaphezu kuka-5 million kW, izisekelo ezincane ezinkulu eziyi-100 ezinamandla amakhulu anamandla angaphezu kuka-200000 kW, kanye nezifunda ezincane ezingu-300 eziphehlwa ngamanzi ezinamandla angaphezu kuka-100000 kW. Ngo-2023, njengoba kuhlelwe nguMnyango Wezamanzi, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi amancane ngeke nje kufinyelele umgomo wezi-2020, kodwa futhi kuzoba nentuthuko enkulu ngalesi sisekelo.
Isiteshi samandla kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi siwuhlelo lokuphehla ugesi oluguqula amandla amanzi abe ugesi ngokusebenzisa i-turbine yamanzi, futhi isethi yejeneretha ye-turbine yamanzi iyisisetshenziswa esiyinhloko sokuzuza ukuguqulwa kwamandla ezinhlelweni ezincane zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi. Inqubo yokuguqula amandla yesethi yejeneretha kagesi ihlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili.
Isigaba sokuqala siguqula amandla anamandla amanzi abe amandla omshini we-turbine yamanzi. Ukugeleza kwamanzi kunamandla ahlukene ezindaweni eziphakeme nezindawo ezihlukene. Uma ukugeleza kwamanzi kusuka endaweni ephakeme kuthinta i-turbine endaweni ephansi, amandla angaba khona akhiqizwa ukuguquka kwezinga lamanzi aguqulwa abe amandla omshini we-turbine.
Esigabeni sesibili, amandla emishini ye-turbine yamanzi aqale aguqulwe abe amandla kagesi, abese edluliselwa emishinini kagesi ngezintambo zokudlulisela zegridi yamandla. Ngemva kokuthintwa ukugeleza kwamanzi, i-turbine yamanzi ishayela i-coaxial generator exhunyiwe ukuze ijikeleze. Irotha ezungezayo yejeneretha ishayela inkambu kazibuthe evusa amadlingozi ukuze ijikeleze, futhi ukuma kwe-stator kwejeneretha kunqamula imigqa yensimu kazibuthe ejabulisayo ukuze ikhiqize amandla e-electromotive. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ikhipha amandla kagesi, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, ikhiqiza itorque ye-electromagnetic braking ibheke kolunye uhlangothi lokuzungezisa ku-rotor. Ukugeleza kwamanzi kuthinta ngokuqhubekayo idivayisi ye-turbine yamanzi, futhi i-torque ejikelezayo etholwe i-turbine yamanzi ekugelezeni kwamanzi inqoba i-torque yokubhuleka ka-electromagnetic ekhiqizwa kurotha yokuphehla ugesi. Lapho okubili kufinyelela ekulinganeni, iyunithi ye-turbine yamanzi izosebenza ngesivinini esingaguquki ukuze ikhiqize ugesi ngokuzinzile kanye nokuguqulwa okuphelele kwamandla.
Isethi yejeneretha kagesi osebenza ngamanzi iyisisetshenziswa esibalulekile sokuguqula amandla esiguqula amandla anamandla amanzi abe amandla kagesi. Ngokuvamile iqukethe i-turbine yamanzi, ijeneretha, isilawuli sesivinini, isistimu evusa amadlingozi, isistimu yokupholisa, kanye nemishini yokulawula imboni yamandla. Isingeniso esifushane sezinhlobo nemisebenzi yemishini eyinhloko kusethi evamile yokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi simi kanje:
1) Injini yamanzi. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezivame ukusetshenziswa zama-turbines amanzi: impulse kanye ne-reactive.
2) Ijeneretha. Amajeneretha amaningi asebenzisa amajeneretha ahambisanayo kagesi.
3) Isistimu yokuzijabulisa. Ngenxa yokuthi amajeneretha ngokuvamile angamajeneretha ahambisanayo ajatshuliswa ugesi, kuyadingeka ukulawula uhlelo lwe-DC excitation ukuze kuzuzwe ukulawulwa kwamandla kagesi, ukulawulwa kwamandla asebenzayo futhi asebenzayo wamandla kagesi, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ikhwalithi yamandla kagesi aphumayo.
4) Idivayisi yokulawula isivinini kanye nokulawula (kuhlanganise nesilawuli sesivinini kanye nedivayisi yokucindezela uwoyela). Umbusi usetshenziselwa ukulawula isivinini se-turbine yamanzi, ukuze imvamisa yamandla kagesi aphumayo ahlangabezane nezidingo zokunikezwa kwamandla.
5) Ukupholisa uhlelo. Amajeneretha amancane ka-hydro ngokuyinhloko asebenzisa ukupholisa komoya, esebenzisa isistimu yokungenisa umoya ukuze asize ekukhipheni ukushisa futhi apholise ingaphezulu le-stator, i-rotor, kanye nensimbi ye-generator.
6) Idivayisi ye-Braking. Amajeneretha angama-hydraulic anamandla alinganisiwe adlula inani elithile afakwe izinto zokubhuleka.
7) Imishini yokulawula imboni yamandla. Imishini eminingi yokulawula iziteshi zamandla isebenzisa ukulawulwa kwedijithali kwekhompuyutha ukuze kuzuzwe imisebenzi efana nokuxhunywa kwegridi, ukulawulwa kwamafrikhwensi, ukulawulwa kwamandla kagesi, ukulawulwa kwesici samandla, ukuvikela, kanye nokuxhumana kokuphehlwa kwamandla kagesi ngamanzi.
Amandla kagesi amancane angahlukaniswa abe uhlobo lokuphambukisa, uhlobo lwedamu, kanye nohlobo oluxubile ngokusekelwe endleleni yekhanda eligxilile. Iziteshi eziningi ezincane eziphehla ugesi e-China ziyiziteshi ezincane zokuphehla ugesi.
Izimpawu zokukhiqiza ugesi omncane ophehlwa ngamanzi yizinga elincane lokwakhiwa kwesiteshi, ubunjiniyela obulula, ukuthengwa kwezinto zokusebenza kalula, kanye nokuzisebenzisa wena ngokwakho, ngaphandle kokudlulisa ugesi ezindaweni ezikude nesiteshi; Igridi yamandla kagesi wamanzi amancane inomthamo omncane, futhi amandla okukhiqiza amandla nawo mancane. Ukwenqatshwa kwamandla amancane kagesi ngamanzi kunezici eziqinile zendawo kanye nenqwaba.
Njengomthombo wamandla ahlanzekile, ugesi omncane ophehlwa ngamanzi ube negalelo ekwakhiweni kwamadolobhana anamandla amasha e-socialist e-China. Sikholelwa ukuthi inhlanganisela yobuchwepheshe bamanzi amancane kanye nokugcinwa kwamandla kuzokwenza ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla amancane aphehlwa ngamanzi kudonse amehlo kakhulu esikhathini esizayo!
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Dec-11-2023
