Ama-Horizons Amasha Emandleni Ase-Asia Ephakathi: Ukukhuphuka Kwamandla Amancane E-Hydropower
Njengoba isimo samandla omhlaba wonke sisheshisa ukushintshela kwaso ekuzinzeni, i-Uzbekistan neKyrgyzstan e-Asia Ephakathi zimi endaweni entsha yokuthuthukiswa kwamandla. Ngokukhula komnotho kancane kancane, izinga lezimboni lase-Uzbekistan liyakhula, ukwakhiwa kwamadolobha kuqhubeka ngokushesha, futhi izinga lokuphila labantu balo liyathuthuka kancane kancane. Ngemuva kwalezi zinguquko ezinhle kukhona ukwanda okuqhubekayo kwesidingo samandla. Ngokusho kombiko ovela kwi-International Energy Agency (IEA), isidingo samandla sase-Uzbekistan sikhule cishe ngo-40% eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi sikhuphuke ngo-50% ngo-2030. I-Kyrgyzstan nayo ibhekene nesidingo samandla esikhula ngokushesha, ikakhulukazi phakathi nezinyanga zasebusika, lapho ukushoda kwamandla kuba khona kakhulu, futhi ukushoda kwamandla kusebenza njengesithiyo esivimbela intuthuko yayo yezomnotho neyezenhlalo.
Njengoba imithombo yamandla yendabuko izama ukuhlangabezana nalezi zidingo ezikhulayo, izinkinga eziningi ziyacaca. I-Uzbekistan, yize inemithombo ethile yegesi yemvelo, ibilokhu ithembele kumafutha emvelo, ibhekene nengozi yokuphela kwemithombo kanye nokungcoliswa okukhulu kwemvelo. I-Kyrgyzstan, enengxenye enkulu yamandla kagesi aphuma emanzini ekuxubeni kwayo kwamandla, ibhekene nenkinga yengqalasizinda yokuguga esebenza kahle, okwenza kube nzima ukuhlangabezana nesidingo sikagesi esikhulayo. Ngokumelene nalokhu, amandla amancane aphuma emanzini (i-Micro hydropower) avele buthule njengesixazululo samandla esihlanzekile nesiqhubekayo kuwo womabili amazwe, esinamandla okungafanele athathwe kancane.
I-Uzbekistan: Izwe Elingasetshenziswanga Lamandla Amancane Angaphansi Komhlaba
(1) Ukuhlaziywa Kwesimo Samandla
Isakhiwo samandla sase-Uzbekistan besilokhu siyingqayizivele, kanti igesi yemvelo ikhiqiza u-86% wokunikezwa kwamandla. Lokhu kuthembela kakhulu emthonjeni owodwa wamandla kubeka ukuphepha kwamandla ezweni engcupheni. Uma izimakethe zegesi yemvelo zomhlaba wonke zishintshashintsha noma ukukhishwa kwegesi yasekhaya kubhekene nezingqinamba, ukunikezwa kwamandla e-Uzbekistan kuzothinteka kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwamafutha emvelo kuholele ekungcolisweni okukhulu kwemvelo, kanye nokukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide okuqhubekayo futhi kubangele ingcindezi enkulu ohlelweni lwendawo.
Njengoba ukunaka komhlaba wonke ekuthuthukisweni okusimeme kukhula, i-Uzbekistan iqaphele ukuphuthuma kokushintsha kwamandla. Izwe lihlele uchungechunge lwamasu okuthuthukisa amandla, ngenhloso yokwandisa isabelo samandla avuselelekayo ekukhiqizweni kukagesi okuphelele kufinyelele ku-54% ngo-2030. Lo mgomo unikeza isikhala esanele sokuthuthukiswa kwamandla amancane angaphansi kwamanzi kanye neminye imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo.
(2) Ukuhlola Amandla Amancane Okusebenzisa Amandla Angaphansi Komhlaba
I-Uzbekistan inothile ngemithombo yamanzi, ikakhulukazi egxile emifuleni i-Amu Darya kanye ne-Syr Darya. Ngokusho kwedatha esemthethweni, izwe linomthamo wamandla kagesi wamanzi ongaba ngu-22 billion kWh, kodwa izinga lokusetshenziswa kwamanje liyi-15% kuphela. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kunethuba elikhulu lokuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi amancane wamanzi. Kwezinye izindawo ezinezintaba, njengezingxenye zePamir Plateau kanye nezintaba zaseTian Shan, indawo ende kanye nezindawo ezinkulu zokulahla ugesi emfuleni kuzenza zibe yindawo ekahle yokwakha iziteshi zamandla kagesi amancane. Lezi zindawo zinemifula egeleza ngokushesha, enikeza umthombo wamandla ozinzile wezinhlelo zamandla kagesi amancane.
Esifundeni saseNukus, kunesiteshi esikhulu sikagesi wamanzi esinomthamo ofakiwe ongu-480 MW, ohlinzeka ngokusekelwa kwamandla okubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni komnotho wendawo. Ngaphezu kweziteshi ezinkulu zikagesi wamanzi, i-Uzbekistan nayo ihlola ngenkuthalo ukwakhiwa kwezitshalo ezincane zikagesi wamanzi. Ezinye iziteshi ezincane zikagesi wamanzi sezivele zakhiwe futhi zaqala ukusebenza ezindaweni ezikude, zihlinzeka ngogesi ozinzile kubahlali bendawo futhi zithuthukisa ikhwalithi yokuphila kwabo. Lezi ziteshi ezincane zikagesi wamanzi azigcini nje ngokusebenzisa ngokugcwele imithombo yamanzi endawo kodwa futhi zinciphisa ukuthembela emithonjeni yamandla yendabuko, zinciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni.
(3) Ukusekelwa kukaHulumeni
Ukuze kukhuthazwe ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla avuselelekayo, uhulumeni wase-Uzbek wethule uchungechunge lwezinyathelo zenqubomgomo. Ngokuphathelene nezibonelelo, uhulumeni unikeza uxhaso lwezezimali ezinkampanini ezitshala imali kumaphrojekthi amancane kagesi wamanzi ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko zokutshalwa kwezimali. Ezinkampanini ezakha iziteshi zamandla amancane kagesi wamanzi, uhulumeni unikeza uxhaso olusekelwe emandleni afakiwe esiteshini kanye nokukhiqizwa kukagesi, okukhuthaza kakhulu ukutshalwa kwezimali kumandla amancane kagesi wamanzi.
Uhulumeni uphinde wasebenzisa izinqubomgomo ezahlukahlukene zokukhetha. Ngokuphathelene nezintela, izinkampani ezincane zikagesi wamanzi ziyazuza ukwehliswa kwentela, okunciphisa imithwalo yazo. Ngesikhathi sokuqala kokusebenza, lezi zinkampani zingase zingakhokhiswa intela isikhathi esithile, futhi kamuva zingajabulela amazinga entela aphansi. Ngokuphathelene nokusetshenziswa komhlaba, uhulumeni ubeka phambili ukuhlinzeka ngomhlaba kumaphrojekthi amancane kagesi wamanzi futhi unikeza izaphulelo ezithile zokusetshenziswa komhlaba. Lezi zinqubomgomo zakha indawo enhle yokuthuthukiswa kukagesi wamanzi omncane.
(4) Izinselele Nezixazululo
Naphezu kwezinqubomgomo ezinhle nezinhle ze-Uzbekistan zokuthuthukiswa kwamandla amancane okusebenzisa amanzi, kusenezinselelo eziningana. Ohlangothini lobuchwepheshe, ubuchwepheshe bamandla amancane okusebenzisa amanzi kwezinye izifunda buphelelwe yisikhathi, futhi busebenza kahle kakhulu. Ezinye iziteshi zamandla amancane okusebenzisa amanzi ezindala zinemishini endala, izindleko zokulungisa eziphezulu, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamandla okungazinzile. Ukuze kuxazululwe lokhu, i-Uzbekistan ingaqinisa ukubambisana nezinkampani zobuchwepheshe bamazwe ngamazwe, yethule ubuchwepheshe bamandla amancane okusebenzisa amanzi kanye nemishini ethuthukisiwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kwamandla. Ukubambisana namazwe afana ne-China ne-Germany, anolwazi oluthuthukisiwe kumandla amancane okusebenzisa amanzi, kungaletha ubuchwepheshe obusha kanye nemishini, kuthuthukiswe iziteshi zamandla amancane okusebenzisa amanzi ezweni.
Ukuntuleka kwemali kungenye inkinga enkulu. Ukwakhiwa kwamaphrojekthi amancane kagesi wamanzi kudinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu, kanti i-Uzbekistan inezindlela zezimali zasekhaya ezilinganiselwe. Ukuze kuqoqwe imali, uhulumeni angakhuthaza ukutshalwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe, ahehe izikhungo zezimali zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezinkampani ukuthi zitshale imali kumaphrojekthi amancane kagesi wamanzi. Uhulumeni angasungula nezimali ezikhethekile zokusekela la maphrojekthi ngezimali.
Ingqalasizinda enganele nayo iyisici esivimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla amancane angaphansi komhlaba. Ezinye izindawo ezikude azinawo ugesi owanele, okwenza kube nzima ukudlulisa ugesi okhiqizwa amandla amancane angaphansi komhlaba ezindaweni ezinesidingo esikhulu. Ngakho-ke, i-Uzbekistan idinga ukwandisa ukutshalwa kwezimali ekwakhiweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwengqalasizinda efana namagridi kagesi, ithuthukise umthamo wokudlulisa ugesi. Uhulumeni angasheshisa ukwakhiwa kwegridi ngokutshalwa kwezimali nangokuheha imali yomphakathi, aqinisekise ukuthi ugesi okhiqizwa amandla amancane angaphansi komhlaba ungalethwa kahle kubathengi.
I-Kyrgyzstan: Ingadi Ekhulayo Yamandla Amancane Angaphansi Komhlaba
(1) Izindawo Zokugcina Amandla Kagesi “Embhoshongweni Wamanzi wase-Asia Ephakathi”
I-Kyrgyzstan yaziwa ngokuthi “i-Water Tower yase-Central Asia,” ngenxa yendawo yayo eyingqayizivele, enikeza imithombo yamanzi eminingi. Njengoba u-93% wendawo yezwe unezintaba, imvula evame ukuna, izinguzunga zeqhwa ezisakazekile, kanye nemifula ehlanganisa amakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-500,000, i-Kyrgyzstan inesilinganiso samanzi esiphelele sonyaka esingaba yizigidigidi ezingama-51 m³. Lokhu kwenza amandla kagesi wamanzi ezwe abe yizigidigidi eziyi-1,335 kWh, kanye namandla obuchwepheshe angama-719 billion kWh kanye namandla afinyelelekayo ngokwezomnotho angama-427 billion kWh. Phakathi kwamazwe e-CIS, i-Kyrgyzstan isendaweni yesithathu, ngemuva kweRussia neTajikistan, ngokwamandla kagesi wamanzi.
Kodwa-ke, izinga lokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamandla kagesi eKyrgyzstan njengamanje licishe libe yi-10% kuphela, okuhlukile kakhulu kunamandla ayo amakhulu kagesi e-hydro. Nakuba izwe selivele lisungule iziteshi ezinkulu zamandla kagesi njengesiteshi samandla kagesi e-Toktogul (esakhiwe ngo-1976, esinomthamo omkhulu ofakiwe), iziteshi eziningi ezincane zamandla kagesi zisesesigabeni sokuqala sokuthuthukiswa, futhi iningi lamandla kagesi e-hydro lisasetshenziswa.
(2) Intuthuko Yephrojekthi Nezimpumelelo
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, iKyrgyzstan yenze intuthuko enkulu ekwakhiweni kweziteshi ezincane zamandla kagesi. Ngokusho kwe-Kabar News Agency, ngo-2024, izwe laqala ukusebenza ngeqoqo leziteshi ezincane zamandla kagesi kagesi ezinomthamo ofakiwe ongu-48.3 MW, njengeziteshi zamandla kagesi kagesi iBala-Saruu kanye ne-Issyk-Ata-1. Njengamanje, izwe lineziteshi zamandla kagesi ezincane ezingama-33 ezisebenzayo ezinomthamo ofakiwe ongu-121.5 MW, futhi ekupheleni kwalo nyaka, kulindeleke ukuthi ezinye iziteshi zamandla kagesi ezincane eziyisithupha zisebenze.
Ukusungulwa kwalezi ziteshi ezincane zikagesi wamanzi kuthuthukise kakhulu izimo zokunikezwa kwamandla endawo. Kwezinye izindawo ezikude ezinezintaba, lapho ukumbozwa kukagesi kwakunganele khona ngaphambili, izakhamuzi manje sezinokufinyelela okuzinzile kukagesi. Izinga lempilo labantu bendawo lithuthuke kakhulu, futhi abasahlali ebumnyameni ebusuku, nemishini yasekhaya isebenza kahle. Amanye amabhizinisi amancane emindeni nawo angasebenza kahle, efaka amandla emnothweni wendawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, la maphrojekthi amancane kagesi wamanzi anciphisa ukuthembela emithonjeni yamandla yendabuko kanye nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni, okufaka isandla kahle ekuvikelweni kwemvelo kwendawo.
(3) Amandla Okubambisana Kwamazwe Ngamazwe
Ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kudlale indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwamandla amancane kagesi eKyrgyzstan. IShayina, njengomlingani obalulekile, ihlanganyele ekubambisaneni okukhulu neKyrgyzstan ensimini encane kagesi kagesi. Engqungqutheleni Yezomnotho Yamazwe Ngamazwe Yesi-7 ye-Issyk-Kul ngo-2023, iqembu lezinkampani zaseShayina lasayina isivumelwano neKyrgyzstan sokutshala imali eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili kuya kweziyi-3 zamaRandi ekwakhiweni kweSiteshi Samanzi SaseKazarman Cascade, esizoba nezitshalo ezine zamandla kagesi kagesi ezinamandla afakiwe angu-1,160 MW futhi kulindeleke ukuthi sisebenze ngo-2030.
Izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe ezifana neBhange Lomhlaba kanye neBhange LaseYurophu Lokwakha Kabusha Nokuthuthukiswa (i-EBRD) nazo zinikeze uxhaso kanye nokusekelwa kobuchwepheshe kumaphrojekthi amancane kagesi wamanzi aseKyrgyzstan. IKyrgyzstan ithumele amaphrojekthi amaningana amancane eziteshi zamandla kagesi ku-EBRD, okuhlanganisa nokwakhiwa kweDamu Eliphezulu LaseNaryn. I-EBRD iveze intshisekelo yokusebenzisa “amaphrojekthi aluhlaza” ezweni, okuhlanganisa nokuthuthukiswa komkhakha wamandla kanye namaphrojekthi kagesi wamanzi. Lokhu kubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe akugcini nje ngokuletha uxhaso oludingekayo eKyrgyzstan, kunciphisa imingcele yezezimali ekwakhiweni kwamaphrojekthi, kodwa futhi kwethula ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuphatha, kuthuthukisa amazinga okwakha nokusebenza kwamaphrojekthi amancane kagesi wamanzi ezweni.
(4) Umbono wohlelo lwentuthuko yesikhathi esizayo
Ngokusekelwe emithonjeni yamanzi eminingi yaseKyrgyzstan kanye nendlela yokuthuthukiswa kwamanje, ugesi wayo omncane wamanzi unamathuba amaningi okuthuthukiswa kwesikhathi esizayo. Uhulumeni ubeke imigomo ecacile yokuthuthukiswa kwamandla futhi uhlela ukwandisa isabelo samandla avuselelekayo esakhiweni samandla sikazwelonke sibe yi-10% ngo-2030. Ugesi omncane wamanzi, njengengxenye ebalulekile yamandla avuselelekayo, uzoba nesikhundla esibalulekile kulokhu.
Esikhathini esizayo, ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe kanye nokujula kokubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe, iKyrgyzstan kulindeleke ukuthi ikhulise imizamo yayo yokuthuthukisa izinsizakusebenza ezincane zamandla kagesi. Kuzokwakhiwa iziteshi eziningi zamandla kagesi kagesi kulo lonke izwe, okungeke nje kuhlangabeze isidingo samandla asekhaya esikhulayo, kodwa futhi kuzokhulisa ukuthunyelwa kukagesi kwamanye amazwe futhi kuthuthukise amandla omnotho wezwe. Ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi amancane kagesi kagesi kuzophinde kuqhubekisele phambili ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni ezihlobene, njengokukhiqiza imishini, ukwakhiwa kobunjiniyela, ukusebenza kwamandla kanye nokugcinwa kwawo, kudale amathuba emisebenzi engeziwe, futhi kukhuthaze intuthuko ehlukahlukene yomnotho.
Amathemba Emakethe: Amathuba Nezinselele Zikhona Kanyekanye
(I) Amathuba Avamile
Ngokombono wezidingo zokuguqulwa kwamandla, i-Uzbekistan neKyrgyzstan zombili zibhekene nomsebenzi ophuthumayo wokulungisa isakhiwo sazo samandla. Njengoba ukunaka komhlaba wonke ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu kuqhubeka nokwanda, ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni nokuthuthukisa amandla ahlanzekile kuye kwaba yisivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe. La mazwe amabili asabela ngenkuthalo kulo mkhuba, enikeza ithuba elihle lokuthuthukiswa kwamandla amancane kagesi. Njengomthombo wamandla ahlanzekile futhi avuselelekayo, amandla amancane kagesi anganciphisa ngempumelelo ukuthembela emandleni endabuko futhi anciphise ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni, okuhambisana nesiqondiso sokuguqulwa kwamandla kula mazwe amabili.
Ngokuphathelene nezinqubomgomo ezinhle, ohulumeni bobabili bethule uchungechunge lwezinqubomgomo zokusekela ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla avuselelekayo. I-Uzbekistan ibeke imigomo ecacile yokuthuthukiswa kwamandla avuselelekayo, ihlela ukwandisa ingxenye yamandla avuselelekayo ekukhiqizweni kwamandla okuphelele ibe ngu-54% ngo-2030, futhi inikeze izibonelelo kanye nezinqubomgomo ezikhethwayo zamaphrojekthi amancane kagesi wamanzi. I-Kyrgyzstan iphinde yafaka ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla avuselelekayo esu layo likazwelonke, ihlela ukwandisa isabelo samandla avuselelekayo esakhiweni samandla sikazwelonke sibe ngu-10% ngo-2030, futhi inikeze ukwesekwa okuqinile ekwakhiweni kwamaphrojekthi amancane kagesi wamanzi, yakhuthaza ngenkuthalo ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe, futhi yadala indawo enhle yenqubomgomo yokuthuthukiswa kwamandla amancane kagesi wamanzi.
Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe iphinde yanikeza ukwesekwa okuqinile ekuthuthukisweni kwamandla amancane kagesi asebenza ngamanzi emazweni amabili. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, ubuchwepheshe obuncane kagesi osebenza ngamanzi sebukhulile kakhulu, ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi kuye kwathuthukiswa njalo, futhi izindleko zemishini ziye zehla kancane kancane. Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obusha njengokuklama kwe-turbine ethuthukisiwe kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula ezihlakaniphile kwenze ukwakhiwa nokusebenza kwamaphrojekthi amancane kagesi osebenza ngamanzi kwaba ngcono futhi kube lula. Lokhu kuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe kunciphise ingozi yokutshalwa kwezimali kwamaphrojekthi amancane kagesi osebenza ngamanzi, kwathuthukisa izinzuzo zezomnotho zamaphrojekthi, futhi kwaheha abatshalizimali abaningi ukuba bahlanganyele kumaphrojekthi amancane kagesi osebenza ngamanzi.
(II) Ukuhlaziywa kwezinselele eziyingqayizivele
I-Uzbekistan ibhekene nezinselelo kwezobuchwepheshe, imali kanye nengqalasizinda ekuthuthukisweni kwamandla amancane angaphansi kwamanzi. Ubuchwepheshe obuncane bamandla angaphansi kwamanzi kwezinye izindawo busemuva kakhulu futhi bunokusebenza kahle okuphansi kokukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi, okudinga ukwethulwa kobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe kanye nemishini. Ukwakhiwa kwamaphrojekthi amancane kagesi angaphansi kwamanzi kudinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu, kuyilapho iziteshi zezimali zasekhaya zase-Uzbekistan zilinganiselwe, futhi ukushoda kwemali kuye kwavimbela ukuthuthuka kwamaphrojekthi. Kwezinye izindawo ezikude, ukumbozwa kwegridi kagesi akwanele, futhi ugesi okhiqizwa amandla amancane kagesi angaphansi kwamanzi kunzima ukudluliselwa ezindaweni ezidingekayo. Ingqalasizinda engaphelele isibe yisithiyo ekuthuthukisweni kwamandla amancane kagesi angaphansi kwamanzi.
Nakuba iKyrgyzstan icebile ngemithombo yamanzi, ibhekene nezinselele ezithile ezihlukile. Izwe linezindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi, izintaba eziningi, kanye nezokuthutha ezingahambi kahle, okulethe ubunzima obukhulu ekwakhiweni kwamaphrojekthi amancane kagesi wamanzi kanye nokuthuthwa kwemishini. Ukungazinzi kwezepolitiki kungathinta nentuthuko yamaphrojekthi amancane kagesi wamanzi, futhi kunezingozi ezithile ekutshalweni kwezimali nasekusebenzeni kwamaphrojekthi. Umnotho waseKyrgyzstan uhlehle kakhulu, futhi imakethe yasekhaya inamandla okuthenga alinganiselwe emishini nezinsizakalo ezincane zamanzi, okuthi ngezinga elithile kunciphise izinga lentuthuko yemboni encane kagesi wamanzi.
Indlela eya empumelelweni yamabhizinisi: amasu neziphakamiso
(I) Ukusebenza kwendawo
Ukusebenza kwendawo kubalulekile emabhizinisini ukuthuthukisa imakethe encane kagesi wamanzi e-Uzbekistan naseKyrgyzstan. Amabhizinisi kufanele abe nokuqonda okujulile ngamasiko endawo futhi ahloniphe amasiko endawo, izinkolelo zenkolo kanye nokuziphatha kwebhizinisi. E-Uzbekistan, isiko lamaSulumane liyabusa. Ngesikhathi sokuqaliswa kwephrojekthi, amabhizinisi kufanele anake amalungiselelo omsebenzi ngezikhathi ezikhethekile njengeRamadan ukuze agweme ukungaqondani ngenxa yokwehluka kwamasiko.
Ukusungula ithimba lendawo kuyisihluthulelo sokufeza ukusebenza kwendawo. Izisebenzi zendawo ziyazi kahle indawo yemakethe yendawo, imithetho nemigomo, kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwabantu, futhi zingaxhumana kangcono futhi zibambisane nohulumeni bendawo, amabhizinisi kanye nabantu. Ochwepheshe bendawo, abaphathi kanye nabasebenzi bokumaketha bangaqashwa ukuze bakhe ithimba elihlukahlukene. Ukubambisana namabhizinisi endawo nakho kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokuvula imakethe. Amabhizinisi endawo anezinsizakusebenza ezicebile kanye nokuxhumana endaweni yendawo. Ukubambisana nawo kunganciphisa umkhawulo wokungena emakethe futhi kwandise izinga lempumelelo yephrojekthi. Kungenzeka ukubambisana nezinkampani zokwakha zendawo ukwenza ukwakhiwa kwamaphrojekthi amancane kagesi wamanzi kanye nokubambisana nezinkampani zamandla endawo ukuthengisa ugesi.
(II) Ukusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo kwezobuchwepheshe
Ngokwezidingo zangempela zendawo, ucwaningo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kanye nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obuncane bamandla kagesi angaphansi komhlaba obufanele kuyisihluthulelo samabhizinisi ukuze athole indawo emakethe. E-Uzbekistan naseKyrgyzstan, ezinye izindawo zinendawo eyinkimbinkimbi kanye nezimo zomfula ezishintshashintshayo. Amabhizinisi kudingeka athuthukise imishini emincane yamandla kagesi angaphansi komhlaba evumelana nezimo zendawo eyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokugeleza kwamanzi. Ngenxa yezici zokuwa okukhulu nokugeleza kwamanzi okuguquguqukayo emifuleni enezintaba, ama-turbine asebenza kahle kakhulu kanye nemishini yokukhiqiza amandla ezinzile iyathuthukiswa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kwamandla kanye nokuzinza.
Amabhizinisi kufanele futhi agxile ekusungulweni kwezobuchwepheshe nasekuthuthukisweni. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, ubuchwepheshe obuncane bamandla kagesi angaphansi kwamanzi nabo buhlala buthuthuka. Amabhizinisi kufanele angenise ngenkuthalo ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe kanye nemibono, njengezinhlelo zokulawula ezihlakaniphile kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuqapha kude, ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinga lokusebenza kanye nokuphathwa kwamaphrojekthi amancane kagesi angaphansi kwamanzi. Ngezinhlelo zokulawula ezihlakaniphile, ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela kanye nokulawula kude kwemishini encane kagesi angaphansi kwamanzi kungafinyelelwa, ukwehluleka kwemishini kungatholakala futhi kuxazululwe ngesikhathi esifanele, futhi ukusebenza kahle kanye nokuthembeka kwemishini kungathuthukiswa.
(III) Amasu okuphatha ubungozi
Ekuqhubeni amaphrojekthi amancane kagesi okusetshenziswa kwamanzi e-Uzbekistan naseKyrgyzstan, amabhizinisi adinga ukwenza ukuhlolwa okuphelele kanye nokuphendula okusebenzayo ezingozini zenqubomgomo, emakethe, ezemvelo nakwezinye. Ngokuphathelene nezingozi zenqubomgomo, izinqubomgomo zamazwe amabili zingashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Amabhizinisi kufanele anake kakhulu izitayela zenqubomgomo zendawo futhi alungise amasu ephrojekthi ngesikhathi esifanele. Uma inqubomgomo yoxhaso lukahulumeni wendawo yamaphrojekthi amancane kagesi okusetshenziswa kwamanzi ishintsha, amabhizinisi kufanele alungiselele kusenesikhathi futhi athole eminye imithombo yemali noma anciphise izindleko zephrojekthi.
Ingozi yemakethe nayo iyinto okugxilwe kuyo amabhizinisi. Izinguquko ezidingweni zemakethe kanye nokulungiswa kwamasu kwabancintisanayo kungaba nomthelela kumaphrojekthi enkampani. Amabhizinisi kufanele aqinise ucwaningo lwemakethe, aqonde isidingo semakethe kanye nesimo sabancintisanayo, futhi akhe amasu emakethe afanele. Ngocwaningo lwemakethe, qonda isidingo sikagesi sezakhamuzi zendawo kanye namabhizinisi, kanye nezinzuzo zomkhiqizo nezinsizakalo zabancintisanayo, ukuze kwakheke amasu emakethe okuncintisana kakhudlwana.
Izingozi zemvelo akufanele zinganakwa. Ukwakhiwa nokusebenza kwamaphrojekthi amancane kagesi wamanzi kungaba nomthelela othile endaweni yemvelo yendawo, njengokushintsha kwezindawo zemvelo zomfula kanye nokuhlala kwezinsizakusebenza zomhlaba. Amabhizinisi kufanele enze ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwemvelo ngaphambi kokuqaliswa kwephrojekthi futhi akhe izinyathelo zokuvikela imvelo ezifanele ukuqinisekisa intuthuko esimeme yephrojekthi. Ngesikhathi senqubo yokwakha iphrojekthi, thatha izinyathelo zokonga inhlabathi namanzi ezisebenzayo ukunciphisa umonakalo wezinsizakusebenza zomhlaba; ngesikhathi senqubo yokusebenza kwephrojekthi, qinisa ukuqapha nokuvikela izindawo zemvelo zomfula ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ibhalansi yezemvelo ayonakaliswa.
Isiphetho: Amandla kagesi amancane akhanyisa ikusasa le-Asia Ephakathi
Amandla kagesi amancane asebenzisa amanzi abonisa amandla angakaze abonwe esigabeni samandla e-Uzbekistan naseKyrgyzstan. Nakuba womabili la mazwe ebhekene nezinselelo zawo endleleni yentuthuko, ukwesekwa okuqinile kwenqubomgomo, izinsiza zamanzi eziningi kanye nentuthuko eqhubekayo kwezobuchwepheshe kunikeze isisekelo esiqinile sokuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi amancane asebenzisa amanzi. Ngokuthuthuka kancane kancane kwamaphrojekthi amancane kagesi asebenzisa amanzi, isakhiwo samandla samazwe amabili sizoqhubeka nokuthuthukiswa, ukuncika emandleni endabuko asetshenziswayo kuzoncishiswa kakhulu, futhi ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni kuzoncishiswa kakhulu, okubaluleke kakhulu ekuphenduleni ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni jikelele.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi amancane kuzofaka ugqozi olusha ekuthuthukisweni komnotho wamazwe amabili. E-Uzbekistan, ukwakhiwa kwamaphrojekthi amancane kagesi ngamanzi kuzoqhuba ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni ezihlobene futhi kukhuthaze ukuhlukahluka komnotho. E-Kyrgyzstan, amandla kagesi amancane angaphansi kwamanzi awakwazi nje ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zamandla zasekhaya, kodwa futhi abe yindawo entsha yokukhula komnotho futhi andise imali engenayo kazwelonke ngokuthunyelwa kukagesi kwamanye amazwe. Ngikholwa ukuthi maduze nje, amandla kagesi amancane angaphansi kwamanzi azoba isibani esikhanyisa indlela yokuthuthukiswa kwamandla e-Uzbekistan naseKyrgyzstan, futhi enze iminikelo emikhulu ekuthuthukisweni okusimeme kwamazwe amabili.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Feb-10-2025
