I-New Horizons in Central Asian Energy: The Rise of Micro Hydropower
Njengoba isimo samandla omhlaba sisheshisa ukushintshela ekusimameni, i-Uzbekistan ne-Kyrgyzstan e-Asia Emaphakathi zimi empambanweni yezindlela ezintsha zokuthuthukiswa kwamandla. Ngokukhula kancane kancane komnotho, izinga lezimboni zase-Uzbekistan liyakhula, ukwakhiwa kwamadolobha kuthuthuka ngokushesha, futhi nezinga lokuphila labantu bakhona liya lithuthuka kancane kancane. Ngemuva kwalezi zinguquko ezinhle ukwenyuka okuqhubekayo kwesidingo samandla. Ngokombiko ovela ku-International Energy Agency (IEA), isidingo samandla e-Uzbekistan sikhule cishe ngo-40% kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi senyuke ngo-50% ngo-2030. I-Kyrgyzstan nayo ibhekene nesidingo esikhula ngokushesha samandla, ikakhulukazi phakathi nezinyanga zasebusika, lapho kubonakala khona ukushoda kwamandla kagesi, futhi ukushoda kwamandla kusebenza njengebhodlela lentuthuko yezenhlalakahle.
Njengoba imithombo yamandla evamile ilwela ukuhlangabezana nalezi zidingo ezikhulayo, izinkinga eziningi ziya ngokusobala. I-Uzbekistan, nakuba inemithombo ethile yegesi yemvelo, sekuyisikhathi eside ithembele emafutheni ezinto ezimbiwa phansi, ibhekene nobungozi bokuphela kwezinsiza kanye nokungcoliswa okukhulu kwemvelo. I-Kyrgyzstan, enesabelo esikhulu samandla kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi ekuxubeni kwayo kwamandla, ibhekene nenkinga yengqalasizinda egugayo ngokusebenza kahle okuphansi, okwenza kube nzima ukuhlangabezana nesidingo esikhulayo sikagesi. Ngokumelene nalokhu, i-micro hydropower (i-Micro hydropower) ivele buthule njengesixazululo samandla ahlanzekile nesimeme kuwo womabili la mazwe, namandla okungafanele athathwe kancane.
I-Uzbekistan: Umhlaba Ongasetshenzisiwe Wokuphehla Ugesi Wamanzi
(1) Ukuhlaziywa Kwesimo Samandla
Isakhiwo samandla sase-Uzbekistan sekuyisikhathi eside simunye, kanti igesi yemvelo ibalwa ku-86% wokunikezwa kwamandla. Lokhu kwethembela kakhulu emthonjeni owodwa wamandla kubeka ukuvikeleka kwamandla ezwe engcupheni. Uma izimakethe zegesi yemvelo zamazwe ngamazwe zishintshashintsha noma ukukhishwa kwegesi yasekhaya kubhekana nezinkinga, ukunikezwa kwamandla e-Uzbekistan kuzothinteka kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwezibaseli ezimbiwa phansi kuye kwaholela ekungcolisweni okukhulu kwemvelo, njengoba ukukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide kukhuphuka kancane kancane futhi kubangela ingcindezi enkulu ku-ecosystem yendawo.
Njengoba ukunakwa komhlaba wonke ekuthuthukisweni okusimeme kukhula, i-Uzbekistan ibone ukuphuthuma koshintsho lwamandla. Izwe selisungule uchungechunge lwamasu okuthuthukisa amandla kagesi, ngenhloso yokukhulisa isabelo samandla kagesi ovuselelekayo esiphelele sokuphehlwa kukagesi sifike kuma-54% ngowezi-2030. Lo mgomo uhlinzeka indawo eyanele yokuthuthukiswa kwamandla amancane aphehlwa ngamanzi kanye neminye imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo.
(2) Ukuhlola Amandla Amandla Kagesi Amancane
I-Uzbekistan inothile ngemithombo yamanzi, ikakhulukazi emifuleni i-Amu Darya kanye ne-Syr Darya. Ngokwemininingwane esemthethweni, izwe linamandla kagesi aphehlwa ngamanzi angaba ngu-22 billion kWh, kodwa izinga lamanje lokusebenzisa liyi-15% kuphela. Lokhu kusho ukuthi maningi amathuba okuthi kuthuthukiswe amandla kagesi amancane aphehlwa ngamanzi. Kwezinye izifunda ezinezintaba, njengezingxenye ze-Pamir Plateau kanye nezintaba ze-Tian Shan, indawo ewummango kanye nezindawo eziwela phansi umfula ezinkulu zizenza zilungele ukwakha iziteshi zokuphehla ugesi ezincane. Lezi zindawo zinemifula egeleza ngokushesha, ehlinzeka ngomthombo wamandla ozinzile wezinhlelo ezincane zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi.
Esifundeni saseNukus, kunesiteshi esikhulu sokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi esinamandla afakiwe angama-480 MW, esihlinzeka ngosekelo lwamandla olubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni komnotho wendawo. Ngaphezu kweziteshi ezinkulu zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi, i-Uzbekistan iphinde ihlole ngenkuthalo ukwakhiwa kwezitshalo ezincane eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi. Ezinye iziteshi ezincane zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi sezivele zakhiwe futhi zaqala ukusebenza ezindaweni eziqhelile, zihlinzeka ngogesi ozinzile kubahlali bendawo kanye nokwenza ngcono izinga lempilo yabo. Lezi ziteshi ezincane zokuphehla amandla ngamanzi azisebenzisi ngokugcwele imithombo yamanzi endawo kodwa futhi zinciphisa ukuthembela emithonjeni yamandla evamile, zehlise ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni.
(3) Ukwesekwa kukaHulumeni
Ukukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla avuselelekayo, uhulumeni wase-Uzbek wethule uchungechunge lwezinyathelo zenqubomgomo. Mayelana noxhaso, uhulumeni uhlinzeka ngoxhaso lwezimali ezinkampanini ezitshala imali kumaphrojekthi amancane aphehlwa ngamanzi ukuze kwehliswe izindleko zokutshala imali. Ezinkampanini ezakha iziteshi zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi amancane, uhulumeni uhlinzeka ngoxhaso olusekelwe emandleni afakiwe esiteshini kanye nokuphehla ugesi, okukhuthaza kakhulu ukutshalwa kwezimali kugesi omncane ophehlwa ngamanzi.
Uhulumeni uphinde wasebenzisa izinqubomgomo eziningi ezikhethwayo. Ngokwezintela, izinkampani ezincane eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi zijabulela ukuncishiswa kwentela, zehlise imithwalo yazo. Phakathi nezigaba zokuqala zokusebenza, lezi zinkampani zingase zingakhokhi intela isikhathi esithile, futhi kamuva zingajabulela amanani entela aphansi. Mayelana nokusetshenziswa komhlaba, uhulumeni ukubeka eqhulwini ukuhlinzeka ngomhlaba wamaphrojekthi amancane aphehlwa ngamanzi futhi unikeza izaphulelo ezithile zokusetshenziswa komhlaba. Lezi zinqubomgomo zakha indawo ekahle yokuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi amancane.
(4) Izinselelo Nezixazululo
Naphezu kwezinqubomgomo ezinkulu ze-Uzbekistan ezingase zibe namandla futhi ezivumayo zokuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi amancane, kusenezinselelo ezimbalwa. Ngasohlangothini lwezobuchwepheshe, ubuchwepheshe obuncane bokuphehla amandla ngamanzi kwezinye izifunda buphelelwe yisikhathi, busebenza kahle kakhulu. Ezinye iziteshi ezindala eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi zinemishini yokuguga, izindleko zokulungisa eziphakeme, kanye nokuphehla kukagesi okungaguquki. Ukuze kubhekwane nalokhu, i-Uzbekistan ingaqinisa ukubambisana nezinkampani zobuchwepheshe zamazwe ngamazwe, yethule ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bamandla kagesi amancane kanye nemishini ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokuphehlwa kukagesi. Ubudlelwano namazwe anjengeChina neJalimane, anesipiliyoni esithuthukisiwe ekuphehleni ugesi omncane ngamanzi, bungaletha ubuchwepheshe obusha kanye nemishini, kuthuthukiswe iziteshi ezincane zakuleli eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi.
Ukushoda kwezimali kungenye inkinga enkulu. Ukwakhiwa kwamaphrojekthi amancane kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi kudinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu, futhi i-Uzbekistan ineziteshi zezimali zasekhaya ezilinganiselwe. Ukuze kuqoqwe izimali, uhulumeni angakhuthaza ukutshalwa kwezimali kwamazwe ngamazwe, ahehe izikhungo zezezimali zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezinkampani ukuthi zitshale kumaphrojekthi aphehlwa ngamanzi amancane. Uhulumeni angase futhi asungule izimali ezikhethekile zokuxhasa le miklamo ngokwezimali.
Ingqalasizinda enganele iphinde ibe nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwamandla kagesi amancane. Ezinye izindawo eziqhelile azinayo igridi eyanele, okwenza kube nzima ukudlulisa ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi amancane ezindaweni ezinesidingo esikhulu. Ngakho-ke, i-Uzbekistan idinga ukukhuphula ukutshalwa kwezimali ekwakhiweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwengqalasizinda efana namagridi kagesi, ukuthuthukisa umthamo wokudluliswa kwamandla. Uhulumeni angasheshisa ukwakhiwa kwegridi ngokutshalwa kwezimali kanye nokuheha imali yezenhlalakahle, aqinisekise ukuthi ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi amancane ungalethwa ngempumelelo kubathengi.
I-Kyrgyzstan: Ingadi Ekhulayo Yamandla Amanzi Amancane
(1) Izizinda zamandla kagesi “ze-Water Tower of Central Asia”
I-Kyrgyzstan yaziwa ngokuthi “i-Water Tower of Central Asia,” ngenxa yesimo sayo esiyingqayizivele, esihlinzeka ngemithombo yamanzi amaningi. Njengoba u-93% wendawo yezwe enezintaba, imvula evamisile, izinguzunga zeqhwa ezisabalele, nemifula ehamba ngaphezu kuka-500,000 km, i-Kyrgyzstan inesilinganiso saminyaka yonke somthombo wamanzi esingaba ngu-51 billion m³. Lokhu kwenza amandla ezwe acatshangwe ukuthi aphehlwe ngamanzi abe ngu-1,335 billion kWh, namandla obuchwepheshe angu-719 billion kWh kanye namandla angenzeka ngokwezomnotho angama-427 billion kWh. Phakathi kwamazwe e-CIS, iKyrgyzstan ikleliswe endaweni yesithathu, ilandela iRussia neTajikistan, ngokwamandla aphehlwa ngamanzi.
Kodwa-ke, izinga lamanje lokusebenzisa imithombo yamanzi yase-Kyrgyzstan lilinganiselwa ku-10% kuphela, okuhluke kakhulu kumandla ayo acebile aphehlwa ngamanzi. Nakuba izwe selisungule iziteshi ezinkulu zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi njengesiteshi sikagesi sase-Toktogul (esakhiwa ngo-1976, esinomthamo omkhulu ofakiwe), iziteshi eziningi zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi zisesigabeni sokuqala sokuthuthukiswa, futhi amandla amaningi okuphehla ugesi ngamanzi asasetshenziswa.
(2) Inqubekelaphambili kanye Nezimpumelelo Zomsebenzi
Eminyakeni yamuva, iKyrgyzstan yenze intuthuko enkulu ekwakhiweni kweziteshi ezincane zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi. Ngokusho kwe-Kabar News Agency, ngo-2024, izwe laqala ukusebenza inqwaba yeziteshi zikagesi ezincane ezinomthamo ofakiwe we-48.3 MW, njengeziteshi zikagesi i-Bala-Saruu kanye ne-Issyk-Ata-1. Njengamanje, izwe lineziteshi zokuphehla ugesi ezincane ezisebenzayo ezingama-33 ezinamandla angu-121.5 MW, futhi ekupheleni kwalo nyaka, kulindeleke ukuthi kube neziteshi eziyisithupha zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi.
Ukusungulwa kwalezi ziteshi ezincane zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi kuzithuthukise kakhulu izimo zokuphakelwa kukagesi wendawo. Kwezinye izindawo eziqhelile ezisezintabeni, lapho ugesi wawungenele ngaphambilini, izakhamuzi manje zinogesi ozinzile. Izinga lempilo yabantu bendawo liye laba ngcono kakhulu, futhi abasahlali ebumnyameni ebusuku, nemishini yasendlini isebenza ngendlela evamile. Amanye amabhizinisi emikhaya emincane angasebenza kahle, efaka ubungqabavu emnothweni wendawo. Ukwengeza, lamaphrojekthi amancane aphehlwa ngamanzi anciphisa ukuncika emithonjeni yamandla evamile kanye nokukhishwa kwekhabhoni ephansi, okunomthelela omuhle ekuvikelweni kwemvelo kwendawo.
(3) Amandla Okubambisana Namazwe Ngamazwe
Ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kubambe iqhaza elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwamandla kagesi amancane e-Kyrgyzstan. I-China, njengozakwethu obalulekile, ibambisene kakhulu ne-Kyrgyzstan emkhakheni omncane wokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi. Engqungqutheleni ye-7 ye-Issyk-Kul International Economic Forum ngo-2023, inhlanganisela yezinkampani zaseShayina yasayina isivumelwano ne-Kyrgyzstan sokutshala ama-USD ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili kuya kwezi-3 ekwakhiweni kwesiteshi sikagesi i-Kazarman Cascade Hydropower Station, esizoba nezimboni ezine eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi ezinamandla afakiwe angu-1,160 MW futhi okulindeleke ukuthi ziqale ukusebenza ngo-2030.
Izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe njengeBhange Lomhlaba kanye ne-European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) nazo zinikeze ngezimali nokusekelwa kwezobuchwepheshe kumaphrojekthi amancane kagesi wase-Kyrgyzstan. I-Kyrgyzstan ithumele amaphrojekthi ambalwa eziteshi zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi ku-EBRD, okuhlanganisa nokwakhiwa kweDamu lase-Upper Naryn. I-EBRD izwakalise intshisekelo yokuqalisa “amaphrojekthi aluhlaza” ezweni, okuhlanganisa ukwenziwa kwesimanjemanje emkhakheni wezamandla kanye namaphrojekthi kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi. Lokhu kubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe akulethi nje kuphela uxhaso lwezimali oludingeka kakhulu e-Kyrgyzstan, kunciphisa izingqinamba zezimali ekwakhiweni kwephrojekthi, kodwa futhi kwethula ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe nobuchwepheshe bokuphatha, ukuthuthukisa amazinga okwakha kanye nokusebenza kwamaphrojekthi amancane aphehlwa ngamanzi alelizwe.
(4) Umbono wokuthuthukisa ikusasa
Ngokusekelwe ezinsizeni eziningi zamanzi zase-Kyrgyzstan kanye nenkambiso yamanje yentuthuko, ugesi wayo omncane ophehlwa ngamanzi unamathemba abanzi entuthuko yesikhathi esizayo. Uhulumeni ubeke izinjongo ezicacile zokuthuthukiswa kwamandla kanye nezinhlelo zokwandisa isabelo samandla avuselelekayo esakhiweni sikagesi sikazwelonke siye ku-10% ngowezi-2030. Amandla kagesi amancane, njengengxenye ebalulekile yamandla avuselelekayo, azoba sesikhundleni esibalulekile kulokhu.
Ngokuzayo, ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe kanye nokujula kokubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe, i-Kyrgyzstan kulindeleke ukuthi iqhubeke yandise imizamo yayo yokuthuthukisa izinsiza ezincane zokuphehla amandla ngamanzi. Kuzokwakhiwa iziteshi eziningi eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi ezweni lonkana, okungeke nje kuhlangabezane nesidingo esikhulayo samandla kagesi wasekhaya, kodwa futhi kwandise nokuthunyelwa kukagesi emazweni angaphandle futhi kuthuthukise amandla omnotho wezwe. Ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla amancane aphehlwa ngamanzi kuzophinde kuqhubekisele phambili ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni ezihlobene, ezifana nokukhiqiza imishini, ukwakhiwa konjiniyela, ukusebenza nokugcinwa kwamandla kagesi, kuvuleke amathuba emisebenzi engeziwe, futhi kugqugquzele ukuthuthukiswa komnotho okuhlukahlukene.
Amathemba Emakethe: Amathuba Nezinselele Zihlala ndawonye
(I) Amathuba Avamile
Ngokombono wezidingo zokuguqulwa kwamandla, i-Uzbekistan ne-Kyrgyzstan womabili abhekene nomsebenzi ophuthumayo wokulungisa ukwakheka kwawo kwamandla. Njengoba ukunaka kwezwe ekuguquguqukeni kwesimo sezulu kuqhubeka kwanda, ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni kanye nokuthuthukisa amandla ahlanzekile sekuyisivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe. Lawa mazwe womabili asabele ngenkuthalo kulo mkhuba, anikeza ithuba elihle lokuthuthukiswa kwamandla amancane aphehlwa ngamanzi. Njengomthombo wamandla ahlanzekile futhi avuselelekayo, amandla amancane aphehlwa ngamanzi anganciphisa ngempumelelo ukuncika emandleni endabuko ezinsalela futhi anciphise ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni, okuhambisana nesiqondiso soguquko lwamandla kulawa mazwe amabili.
Mayelana nezinqubomgomo ezivumayo, bobabili ohulumeni bethule uchungechunge lwezinqubomgomo zokusekela ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla avuselelekayo. I-Uzbekistan izibekele imigomo ecacile yokuthuthukiswa kwamandla avuselelekayo, ihlela ukwandisa ingxenye yamandla avuselelekayo ekuphehleni kukagesi isiyonke ukuya ku-54% ngo-2030, futhi inikeze uxhaso kanye nezinqubomgomo ezikhethwayo zamaphrojekthi amancane aphehlwa ngamanzi. I-Kyrgyzstan iphinde yafaka ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla avuselelekayo ohlelweni lwayo lukazwelonke, ihlela ukwandisa isabelo samandla avuselelekayo esakhiweni samandla kazwelonke sifinyelele ku-10% ngo-2030, futhi inikeze ukwesekwa okuqinile ekwakhiweni kwamaphrojekthi amancane aphehlwa ngamanzi, yakhuthaza ngenkuthalo ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe, futhi yakha indawo yenqubomgomo evumayo yokuthuthukiswa kwamandla amancane.
Inqubekelaphambili yezobuchwepheshe iphinde yanikeza ukwesekwa okuqinile ekuthuthukisweni kwamandla amancane aphehlwa ngamanzi kulawa mazwe amabili. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, ubuchwepheshe obuncane bokuphehla amandla ngamanzi buya ngokuya buvuthwa, ukusebenza kahle kokuphehlwa kukagesi kuye kwathuthukiswa ngokuqhubekayo, futhi izindleko zemishini ziye zehla kancane kancane. Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obusha obufana nokuklama okuthuthukisiwe kwe-turbine kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula ezihlakaniphile kwenze ukwakhiwa nokusebenza kwamaphrojekthi amancane aphehlwa ngamanzi asebenza kahle futhi alula. Le ntuthuko yezobuchwepheshe inciphise ubungozi bokutshalwa kwezimali kumaphrojekthi amancane kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi, yathuthukisa izinzuzo zezomnotho zamaphrojekthi, futhi yaheha abatshalizimali abaningi ukuba babambe iqhaza kumaphrojekthi amancane aphehlwa ngamanzi.
(II) Ukuhlaziywa kwezinselele eziyingqayizivele
I-Uzbekistan ibhekene nezinselelo kwezobuchwepheshe, inhlokodolobha kanye nengqalasizinda ekuthuthukisweni kwamandla amancane aphehlwa ngamanzi. Ubuchwepheshe obuncane bokuphehlwa ngamanzi kwezinye izindawo buyasalela emuva futhi busebenza kahle ngokuphehla ugesi, obudinga ukwethulwa kobuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu kanye nemishini. Ukwakhiwa kwamaphrojekthi amancane kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi kudinga imali enkulu yokutshalwa kwezimali, kuyilapho imigudu yezimali yasekhaya yase-Uzbekistan ilinganiselwe, futhi ukushoda kwezimali kubeke imingcele ukuthuthuka kwamaphrojekthi. Kwezinye izindawo ezikude, ukufakwa kwegridi kagesi ayanele, futhi ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi amancane kunzima ukudluliselwa ezindaweni ezidingeka kakhulu. Ingqalasizinda engaphelele isiphenduke umgoqo wokuthuthukiswa kwamandla amancane aphehlwa ngamanzi.
Nakuba i-Kyrgyzstan inothile ngemithombo yamanzi, iphinde ibhekane nezinselele ezithile ezingavamile. Izwe linendawo eyinkimbinkimbi, izintaba eziningi, nezinto zokuhamba ezingezinhle, okulethe ubunzima obukhulu ekwakhiweni kwemiklamo emincane yokuphehla ugesi wamanzi kanye nokuthuthwa kwemishini. Ukungaqini kahle kwezombusazwe kungase kuthinte inqubekelaphambili yamaphrojekthi amancane aphehlwa ngamanzi, futhi kunezingozi ezithile ekutshalweni kwezimali nasekusebenzeni kwamaphrojekthi. Umnotho wase-Kyrgyzstan usalele emuva uma kuqhathaniswa, futhi imakethe yasekhaya inamandla alinganiselwe okuthenga amathuluzi namasevisi amancane aphehlwa ngamanzi, okuthi ngokwezinga elithile abeke umkhawulo ekuthuthukisweni kwemboni encane yokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi.
Indlela yamabhizinisi eya empumelelweni: amasu neziphakamiso
(I) Ukusebenza kwendawo
Ukusebenza kwendawo kubalulekile ukuze amabhizinisi athuthukise imakethe encane yokuphehla amandla ngamanzi e-Uzbekistan naseKyrgyzstan. Amabhizinisi kufanele abe nokuqonda okujulile ngamasiko endawo futhi ahloniphe amasiko endawo, izinkolelo zenkolo kanye nemikhuba yebhizinisi. E-Uzbekistan, isiko lamaSulumane likhona. Ngesikhathi sokuqaliswa kwephrojekthi, amabhizinisi kufanele anake amalungiselelo omsebenzi ngezikhathi ezikhethekile njengeRamadan ukuze agweme ukungezwani ngenxa yokuhlukana kwamasiko.
Ukusungula ithimba lendawo kuyisihluthulelo sokuzuza ukusebenza kwendawo. Abasebenzi bendawo bajwayelene nesimo semakethe yendawo, imithetho neziqondiso, nobudlelwano phakathi kwabantu, futhi bangaxhumana kangcono futhi babambisane nohulumeni basekhaya, amabhizinisi kanye nabantu. Ochwepheshe bendawo, abaphathi kanye nabasebenzi bezokukhangisa bangaqashwa ukuze bakhe ithimba elihlukahlukene. Ukusebenzisana namabhizinisi endawo nakho kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokuvula imakethe. Amabhizinisi endawo anezinsiza ezicebile nokuxhumana endaweni yendawo. Ukusebenzisana nabo kunganciphisa umkhawulo wokungena emakethe futhi kwandise izinga lempumelelo yephrojekthi. Kungenzeka ukusebenzisana nezinkampani zokwakha zendawo ukwenza umsebenzi wokwakha amaphrojekthi amancane kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi futhi usebenzisane nezinkampani zasendaweni ezikhiqiza ugesi ukuze zidayise ugesi.
(II) Ukuqanjwa kabusha kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo
Ngokwezidingo zangempela zasendaweni, ucwaningo kanye nentuthuko kanye nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obufanele bokuphehla ugesi wamanzi buyisihluthulelo sokuthi amabhizinisi athole indawo emakethe. E-Uzbekistan naseKyrgyzstan, ezinye izindawo zinezindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi nezimo zemifula ezishintshashintshayo. Amabhizinisi adinga ukuthuthukisa imishini emincane yokuphehla amandla ngamanzi evumelana nezindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi nezimo zokugeleza kwamanzi. Uma kubhekwa izici zeconsi elikhulu kanye nokugeleza kwamanzi aneziyaluyalu emifuleni enezintaba, izinjini zomoya ezisebenza kahle kakhulu kanye nemishini yokuphehla ugesi ezinzile kuyathuthukiswa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle nokusimama kokuphehla ugesi.
Amabhizinisi kufanele futhi agxile ekusunguleni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezobuchwepheshe. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, ubuchwepheshe obuncane bokuphehla amandla ngamanzi nabo buthuthuka njalo. Amabhizinisi kufanele ethule ngenkuthalo ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe nemiqondo, njengamasistimu okulawula ahlakaniphile nobuchwepheshe bokuqapha bekude, ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinga lokusebenza nokuphathwa kwamaphrojekthi amancane aphehlwa ngamanzi. Ngezinhlelo zokulawula ezihlakaniphile, ukuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela kanye nokulawulwa kude kwemishini encane yokuphehla amandla ngamanzi kungafinyelelwa, ukwehluleka kwemishini kungatholakala futhi kuxazululwe ngesikhathi, futhi ukusebenza kahle nokusebenza nokuthembeka kwemishini kungathuthukiswa.
(III) Amasu okulawula ubungozi
Ekwenzeni amaphrojekthi amancane kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi e-Uzbekistan naseKyrgyzstan, amabhizinisi adinga ukwenza ukuhlola okuphelele kanye nokusabela okusebenzayo kunqubomgomo, imakethe, izingozi zemvelo nezinye. Mayelana nezingozi zenqubomgomo, izinqubomgomo zamazwe amabili zingashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Amabhizinisi kufanele anake kakhulu izitayela zenqubomgomo yendawo futhi alungise amasu ephrojekthi ngesikhathi esifanele. Uma inqubomgomo yoxhaso lukahulumeni wasekhaya lwamaphrojekthi amancane kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi ishintsha, amabhizinisi kufanele alungiselele kusenesikhathi futhi athole eminye imithombo yemali noma anciphise izindleko zephrojekthi.
Ubungozi bezimakethe nakho kugxilwe kuzo amabhizinisi okudingeka akunake. Izinguquko ezidingweni zemakethe kanye nokulungiswa kwamasu kwabancintisana nabo kungase kube nomthelela kumaphrojekthi enkampani. Amabhizinisi kufanele aqinise ucwaningo lwemakethe, aqonde isidingo semakethe kanye nesimo sezimbangi, futhi akhe amasu emakethe aphusile. Ngocwaningo lwemakethe, qonda isidingo sikagesi kubahlali bendawo kanye namabhizinisi, kanye nezinzuzo zomkhiqizo nesevisi yabaqhudelana nabo, ukuze wakhe amasu emakethe ancintisana kakhudlwana.
Izingozi zemvelo akufanele futhi zinganakwa. Ukwakhiwa nokusebenza kwamaphrojekthi amancane aphehlwa ngamanzi kungase kube nomthelela othile endaweni yemvelo yendawo, njengokushintsha kwemvelo yasemfuleni kanye nokusebenza kwezinsiza zomhlaba. Amabhizinisi kufanele enze ucwaningo olunzulu lwezemvelo ngaphambi kokuqaliswa kwephrojekthi futhi bakhe izindlela ezihambisanayo zokuvikela imvelo ukuze kuqinisekiswe intuthuko esimeme yephrojekthi. Ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwephrojekthi, thatha izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokongiwa kwenhlabathi namanzi ukuze kuncishiswe ukulimala kwemithombo yomhlaba; phakathi nenqubo yokusebenza kwephrojekthi, qinisa ukuqapha nokuvikela imvelo yasemfuleni ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ibhalansi yemvelo ayilinyazwa.
Isiphetho: I-Micro hydropower ikhanyisa ikusasa le-Asia Ephakathi
I-Micro hydropower ikhombisa ubungqabavu namandla angakaze abonwe esigabeni samandla sase-Uzbekistan naseKyrgyzstan. Nakuba womabili la mazwe ebhekene nezinselelo zawo emgwaqeni wentuthuko, ukwesekwa okuqinile kwenqubomgomo, inala yemithombo yamanzi kanye nenqubekelaphambili yezobuchwepheshe eqhubekayo kunikeze isisekelo esiqinile sokuthuthukiswa kwamandla amancane aphehlwa ngamanzi. Ngokuthuthuka kancane kancane kwemiklamo emincane yokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi, ukwakheka kwamandla kulawa mazwe womabili kuzoqhubeka nokuthuthukiswa, ukuncika emandleni endabuko ensalela phansi kuzoncishiswa nakakhulu, futhi ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni kuzoncipha kakhulu, okubaluleke kakhulu ukubhekana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla amancane aphehlwa ngamanzi kuzofaka umfutho omusha ekuthuthukisweni komnotho walamazwe amabili. E-Uzbekistan, ukwakhiwa kwamaphrojekthi amancane kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi kuzoqhuba ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni ezihlobene futhi kukhuthaze ukuhlukahluka komnotho. E-Kyrgyzstan, amandla kagesi amancane awakwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zamandla asekhaya kuphela, kodwa futhi abe yindawo entsha yokukhula komnotho futhi andise imali engenayo kazwelonke ngokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kukagesi. Ngikholelwa ukuthi esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, amandla kagesi amancane azoba isibani esikhanyisa indlela yokuthuthukisa amandla e-Uzbekistan naseKyrgyzstan, futhi enze igalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni okusimeme kwalawa mazwe amabili.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Feb-10-2025
