1. Isingeniso I-hydropower sekuyisikhathi eside iyingxenye ebalulekile yezwe lamandla emazweni aseBalkan. Ngemithombo yaso eminingi yamanzi, lesi sifunda sinamandla okusebenzisa ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi ukuze sikhiqize amandla esimeme. Kodwa-ke, ukuthuthukiswa nokusebenza kwamandla kagesi e-Balkans kuthonywa ukusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezinto, okuhlanganisa izici zendawo, ezemvelo, ezomnotho, kanye nezombusazwe. Lesi sihloko sihlose ukunikeza umbono obanzi wesimo samanje sokuphehlwa kwamanzi e-Balkan, amathuba awo esikhathi esizayo, kanye nezingqinamba ezingase zithiye ukuthuthuka kwawo okuqhubekayo. 2. Isimo samanje se-Hydropower emazweni ase-Balkan 2.1 Ukufakwa Kwamandla Amanzi Okukhona I-Balkans isivele inenani elikhulu lezitshalo eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi. Kusukela [kwidatha etholakalayo yakamuva], inani elibalulekile lomthamo wamandla ophehlwa ngamanzi lifakiwe kuso sonke isifunda. Isibonelo, amazwe afana ne-Albania athembele cishe ngokuphelele emandleni ogesi ukuze akhiqize ugesi. Eqinisweni, amandla aphehlwa ngamanzi anikela cishe i-100% ekuphakeleni kukagesi e-Albania, okugqamisa indima yawo ebalulekile ekuxubeni kwamandla kagesi ezweni. Amanye amazwe e-Balkan, njengeBosnia neHerzegovina, iCroatia, iMontenegro, iSerbia, neNyakatho Macedonia, nawo anengxenye enkulu yokuphehla amandla ngamanzi ekukhiqizeni kwawo amandla. E-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina, amandla kagesi afinyelela cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yesamba sikagesi esiphehlwayo, kuyilapho e-Montenegro, cishe amaphesenti angama-50, e-Serbia cishe ama-28%, futhi eNyakatho yeMakedoniya cishe ama-25%. Lezi zitshalo eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi ziyahlukahluka ngobukhulu namandla. Kunamaphrojekthi amakhulu okuphehla ugesi osekuphele amashumi eminyaka esebenza, avame ukwakhiwa ngesikhathi senhlalakahle ezweni elaliyiYugoslavia. Lezi zitshalo zinamandla afakiwe aphezulu futhi zidlala indima enkulu ekuhlangabezaneni nesisekelo - isidingo sikagesi wokulayisha. Ukwengeza, eminyakeni yamuva nje, kube nokukhuphuka kwenani lezitshalo ezincane eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi (ama-SHP), ikakhulukazi lawo anamandla afakiwe angaphansi kwamamegawathi ayi-10 (MW). Eqinisweni, kusukela [ngonyaka wedatha], u-92% wamaphrojekthi kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi ahleliwe e-Balkan ayemancane - ngezinga, nakuba eminingi yale miklamo emincane ehleliwe isazofezeka. 2.2 Amaphrojekthi Kagesi Wamanzi Asakhiwa Ngaphandle kwengqalasizinda ephehla ugesi ngamanzi, kusenemisebenzi eminingi yokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi okwamanje esakhiwayo e-Balkans. Kusukela [kwidatha yakamuva], cishe amaphrojekthi ka-[X] ophehlwa ngamanzi asesigabeni sokwakha. Le miklamo eqhubekayo ihloselwe ukukhulisa amandla kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi esifundeni. Isibonelo, e-Albania, kwakhiwa amaphrojekthi amaningi amasha kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukwanelisa ugesi wezwe kanye nokuthunyelwa kukagesi osele. Nokho, ukwakhiwa kwale miklamo kunezinselele. Amanye amaphrojekthi abhekana nokubambezeleka ngenxa yezinto ezihlukahlukene njengezinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi zemvume, ukukhathazeka kwemvelo okuvezwe imiphakathi yendawo kanye nezinhlangano zemvelo, kanye nezinkinga zezimali. Isibonelo, kwezinye izimo, abathuthukisi bephrojekthi balwela ukuthola imali eyanele yokwakha izimboni ezinkulu zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi, ikakhulukazi esimweni somnotho samanje lapho ukufinyelela kwezimali kungaba nzima khona. 2.3 Amaphrojekthi Kagesi Ezindaweni Ezivikelekile Isici esiphathelene nokuthuthukiswa kukagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi e-Balkans inani eliphezulu lamaphrojekthi ahleliwe noma asakhiwayo ezindaweni ezivikelekile. Cishe u-50% wawo wonke amaphrojekthi kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi (okuhleliwe nasakhiwa) atholakala ezindaweni ezivikelekile ezikhona noma ezihleliwe. Lokhu kubandakanya izindawo ezifana namapaki kazwelonke kanye nezindawo zeNatura 2000. Isibonelo, e-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina, uMfula i-Neretva, ogeleza ezindaweni ezivikelekile, usongelwa inani elikhulu lamaphrojekthi amancane - namakhulu - aphehla ugesi ngamanzi. Lawa maphrojekthi abeka engcupheni enkulu imvelo eyingqayizivele kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo lezi zindawo ezivikelwe okuhloselwe ukukulonda. Ukuba khona kwamaphrojekthi kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi ezindaweni ezivikelekile kuholele ezingxoxweni ezishubile phakathi kwabasekeli bokuthuthukiswa kwamandla kanye nabalondolozi bemvelo. Nakuba ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi uthathwa njengomthombo wamandla avuselelekayo, ukwakhiwa nokusebenza kwamadamu nezitshalo zikagesi ezindaweni ezibucayi zemvelo kungaba nomthelela ongemuhle endaweni yemvelo yasemfuleni, inani lezinhlanzi, kanye nezindawo zezilwane zasendle. 3. Amathemba e-Hydropower emazweni ase-Balkan 3.1 Izinjongo Zokushintshwa Kwamandla kanye Nesimo Sezulu Umgomo womhlaba wonke wokushintshwa kwamandla kanye nesidingo sokuhlangabezana nezinjongo zesimo sezulu kuveza amathuba abalulekile okuphehlwa kwamanzi emazweni aseBalkan. Njengoba amazwe esifundeni elwela ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwawo kwesisi esibamba ukushisa futhi ashintshele emithonjeni yamandla avuselelekayo, ugesi wamanzi ungadlala indima ebalulekile. I-Hydropower ingumthombo wamandla ovuselelekayo futhi ophansi uma kuqhathaniswa nekhabhoni uma kuqhathaniswa nezibaseli ezimbiwa phansi. Ngokwandisa isabelo sikagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi kungxube yamandla, amazwe ase-Balkan angaba negalelo kuzibophezelo zawo zesimo sezulu kazwelonke nesamazwe ngamazwe. Isibonelo, izinhlelo ze-European Union's Green Deal zikhuthaza amazwe angamalungu kanye namazwe angomakhelwane ukuthi asheshise ukushintshela emnothweni ophansi wekhabhoni. I-Balkan, njengesifunda esiseduze ne-EU, ingaqondanisa izinqubomgomo zayo zamandla nalezi zinhloso futhi ihehe ukutshalwa kwezimali ekuthuthukisweni kukagesi ngamanzi. Lokhu kungaholela futhi ekwenziweni kwesimanjemanje kwezitshalo eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi, kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kwazo kanye nokusebenza kwemvelo 3.2 Intuthuko Yezobuchwepheshe Intuthuko kubuchwepheshe obuphehlwa ngamanzi inikeza amathuba athembisayo kubantu baseBalkan. Kuthuthukiswa ubuchwepheshe obusha ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kwezitshalo eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi, kuncishiswe umthelela wazo kwezemvelo, futhi kunikeze amandla ukuthuthukiswa kwamaphrojekthi kagesi amancane naphakathi nendawo. Isibonelo, ukuthuthukiswa kwemiklamo ye-turbine enobungani yezinhlanzi kungasiza ekwehliseni umthelela omubi wezitshalo eziphehla ugesi phezu kwezinhlanzi eziningi, okuvumela uhlobo oluzinzile lokuthuthukiswa kwamandla ngamanzi. Ukwengeza, ubuchwepheshe bamandla aphehlwa ngamanzi obumpontshwayo bunamandla okudlala indima ebalulekile emazweni ase-Balkan. Ama-Pumped - izitshalo zokugcina zingakwazi ukugcina amandla ngezikhathi zesidingo esiphansi sikagesi (ngokumpompa amanzi ukusuka edamini eliphansi ukuya kwephezulu) futhi ziwakhulule ngesikhathi sokudingeka kakhulu. Lokhu kungasiza ukulinganisa imvelo yesikhashana yeminye imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo njengamandla elanga nomoya, nawo athuthukiswa ngokwandayo esifundeni. Ngokukhula okulindelekile ekufakweni kwamandla elanga nawomoya e-Balkans, amandla kagesi ampontshwa - wokugcina angathuthukisa ukuzinza nokuthembeka kwegridi kagesi. 3.3 Ukuhlanganiswa Kwemakethe Yamandla Esifunda Ukuhlanganiswa kwezimakethe zamandla e-Balkan emakethe yamandla kagesi yaseYurophu ebanzi kuveza amathuba okuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi. Njengoba izimakethe zamandla zesifunda ziya zixhumene kakhulu, maningi amathuba okuthi kuthunyelwe ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi - ugesi ophehlwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngezikhathi zokutholakala kwamanzi amaningi kanye nokuphehlwa kukagesi ngokweqile, amazwe ase-Balkan angathumela ugesi emazweni angomakhelwane, ngaleyo ndlela andise imali yawo engenayo futhi abe nesandla ekuvikelekeni kwamandla esifunda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlanganiswa kwemakethe yamandla esifunda kungaholela ekwabelaneni ngezinqubo ezihamba phambili ekuthuthukisweni kwamandla kagesi, ukusebenza, nokuphatha. Ingase futhi ihehe ukutshalwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe kumaphrojekthi kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi, njengoba abatshalizimali bamazwe ngamazwe bebona amathuba enzuzo emakethe yamandla edidiyelwe futhi ezinzile. 4. Izithiyo Zokuthuthukiswa Kwamandla Amanzi e-Balkan 4.1 Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuyisithiyo esikhulu ekuthuthukisweni kukagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi emazweni aseBalkan. Lesi sifunda sesivele sibhekene nemithelela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, okuhlanganisa isomiso esivamile nesibi kakhulu, izinguquko zamaphethini emvula, kanye nezinga lokushisa elikhuphukayo. Lezi zinguquko zithinta ngqo ukutholakala kwemithombo yamanzi, ebalulekile ekuphehleni ugesi ngamanzi Eminyakeni yamuva nje, amazwe anjenge-Albania, iNyakatho Macedonia, neSerbia aye abhekana nesomiso esibi esiye saholela ekwehliseni izinga lamanzi emifuleni nasemachibini, okuphoqe izikhungo eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi ukuba zinciphise ukuphehlwa kwazo ugesi. Njengoba uguquko lwesimo sezulu luqhubeka, lezi zimo zesomiso kulindeleke ukuba zivame kakhulu futhi zishube, zibe yingozi enkulu ekusebenzeni kwesikhathi eside kwamaphrojekthi aphehlwa ngamanzi esifundeni. Ukwengeza, izinguquko emaphethini emvula zingaholela ekugelezeni kwemifula okuguquguqukayo, kwenze kube nzima ukuhlela nokusebenzisa izitshalo eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi ngendlela efanele. 4.2 Ukukhathazeka Ngemvelo Imithelela yemvelo yokuthuthukiswa kukagesi ngamanzi isiyinkinga enkulu emazweni aseBalkan. Ukwakhiwa kwamadamu nezindawo zokuphehla amandla kungabangela umonakalo omkhulu emvelweni wemvelo emifuleni. Amadamu angaphazamisa ukugeleza kwemvelo kwemifula, aguqule ukuthuthwa kwenhlabathi, futhi ahlukanise izinhlanzi eziningi, okuholela ekwehleni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugcwala kwezindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba ukuze kwakhiwe amadamu kungacekela phansi izindawo zokuhlala zezilwane zasendle futhi kususe imiphakathi yendawo. Inani eliphakeme lamaphrojekthi kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi ezindaweni ezivikelekile lithole ukugxekwa okukhethekile ezinhlanganweni zezemvelo. Lezi zinhlelo zivame ukubonakala njengokwephula izinhloso zokongiwa kwezindawo ezivikelekile. Ngenxa yalokho, kube nokuphikiswa okwengeziwe komphakathi kumaphrojekthi kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi kwezinye izingxenye ze-Balkans, okungaholela ekubambezelekeni noma ngisho nokukhanselwa kwamaphrojekthi. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Albania, imiklamo ehlongozwayo yokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi eMfuleni i-Vjosa, owawuhlelelwe ukuba ube indawo yokulondoloza imvelo yokuqala yaseYurophu, yabhekana nokuphikiswa okuphawulekayo okuvela ezazi zemvelo nemiphakathi yendawo. 4.3 Izingqinamba Zezezimali Nezobuchwepheshe Ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi kudinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu, okungaba yisithiyo esikhulu emazweni aseBalkan. Ukwakhiwa kwezizinda ezinkulu eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi, ikakhulukazi, kubandakanya izindleko eziphezulu zangaphambili zokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda, ukuthengwa kwezinto zokusebenza, nokuhlelwa kwephrojekthi. Amazwe amaningi aseBalkan, okungenzeka ukuthi asebhekene nezinselele zomnotho, alwela ukuthola imali edingekayo yamaphrojekthi amakhulu kangaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinselelo zobuchwepheshe ezihlobene nokuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi. Ingqalasizinda endala yezinye izimboni eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi e-Balkan idinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu ukuze kwenziwe kube simanjemanje futhi kuthuthukiswe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle futhi kuhlangatshezwane namazinga amanje emvelo nezokuphepha. Nokho, ukuntuleka kobuchwepheshe nezinsiza kwamanye amazwe kungakhinyabeza le mizamo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthukiswa kwamaphrojekthi amasha aphehla ugesi ngamanzi, ikakhulukazi lawo asezindaweni eziqhelile noma ezisezintabeni, kungase kubhekane nezinkinga zobuchwepheshe mayelana nokwakha, ukusebenza, kanye nokunakekelwa. 5. Isiphetho I-Hydropower njengamanje ibambe isikhundla esibalulekile endaweni yezamandla e-Balkans, namandla akhona kanye namaphrojekthi okwakha aqhubekayo. Kodwa-ke, ikusasa likagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi esifundeni liwukusebenzelana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwamathemba athembisayo kanye nezingqinamba ezinkulu. Umkhankaso obheke ekuguqukeni kwamandla kanye nezinjongo zesimo sezulu, kanye nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezimakethe zamandla zesifunda, kunikeza amathuba okuthuthuka kanye nokwenza ngcono ugesi ngamanzi. . Noma kunjalo, ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, ukukhathazeka kwemvelo, kanye nezinkinga zezimali nezobuchwepheshe kubangela izinselele ezinkulu. Ukuze kunqotshwe lezi zinselele, amazwe ase-Balkan kumele asebenzise indlela esimeme futhi edidiyelwe yokuthuthukisa ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukutshala izimali kungqalasizinda ephehla ugesi ngamanzi, ukubhekana nemithelela yemvelo ngokuhlela okungcono nobuchwepheshe, kanye nokuthola izixazululo ezintsha zezimali. Ngokwenza kanjalo, amazwe ase-Balkan angakhulisa amandla okuphehlwa ngamanzi njengomthombo wamandla ahlanzekile novuselelekayo kuyilapho enciphisa imithelela yawo engemihle emvelweni nasemphakathini.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Apr-03-2025
