Nginomngane osemusha futhi ophile saka. Nakuba sekuphele izinsuku eziningi ngingakuzwa ngawe, kulindeleke ukuthi kulunge. Ngalolu suku ngahlangana naye ngenhlanhla, kodwa wayebukeka engenalutho. Angikwazanga ukuzibamba ngokukhathazeka ngaye. Ngaya phambili ukuyocela imininingwane.
Aphefumulele phezulu athi kancane, “Nginentombazane esanda kuthanda.” Kungashiwo ukuthi “ukumomotheka okuhle namehlo amahle” kushukumisa inhliziyo yami. Kodwa-ke abazali basekhaya basekilasini futhi bayangabaza, ngakho-ke kade bengaqashwa. "Ibhande lami liya likhula futhi ngeke ngizisole, futhi ngizoba buthakathaka nge-Iraq", okungenza ngizizwe kanjena namuhla. Ngiyazi njalo ukuthi unolwazi oluningi. Manje njengoba nizohlangana namuhla, ngicela nisize abasebenzi. Uma isiphetho sinqunywa ngokwemvelo, njengoba i-Six Rites ihlangene, izibongo ezimbili zizoshada futhi zenze inkontileka endlini eyodwa. Ubudlelwano obuhle abusoze buphele, obuhambisana negama elifanayo. Ngesithembiso sekhanda elimhlophe, bhalela i-Hongjian, ukuze ubumbano lwamaqabunga abomvu luqoshwe esihlahleni se-mandarin. Uma kukhona ukungezwani, kufanele futhi “sixazulule isikhalo futhi sikhulule ifindo, ingasaphathwa eyokuzondana; omunye ngokwehlukana omunye athethelele, futhi ngamunye uyajabula.” Ngendlela, le ntombazane inegama eliphindwe kabili lokupompa amanzi kanye negama eliphindwe kabili lokugcina amandla.
Ngemva kokulalela lokhu, angithukuthele nakancane. Ngokusobala umholi wakho okucelile ukuthi wahlulele ukuthi isiteshi sikagesi esimpontshwayo sinenani lokutshala izimali, kodwa uthe sisha futhi sicolisisiwe. "Umshado omuhle wenziwa ngokwemvelo, futhi umbhangqwana omuhle wenziwa ngokwemvelo". Angikwazi ukusho lutho ngemizwa. Kodwa uma kuziwa eziteshini zikagesi ezimpontshwa, ngisanda kubuza umuntu osesikhundleni esiphezulu mayelana nesistimu yokuhlola “yokuhlanganiswa kwezinhlangothi ezinhlanu” ngemva komsebenzi wokwakha wamaphrojekthi angaphezu kwe-100 okugcina amanzi. Ziyindawo yendawo, izimo zokwakha, izimo zangaphandle, umklamo wobunjiniyela kanye nezinkomba zezomnotho. Uma ufuna, vele ungilalele mina.
1. Indawo
Kunesisho sakudala embonini yezindlu ezithengiswayo esithi "indawo, indawo, indawo" "indawo, indawo, noma indawo". Lesi sisho esidumile saseWall Street sasakazwa kabanzi ngemva kokucashunwa ngu-Li Ka-shing.
Ekuhlolweni okupheleleyo kwamaphrojekthi okugcina okumpontshwa, indawo yendawo nayo ingeyokuqala. Umumo wokusebenza wesitoreji esimponliwe ikakhulukazi unikezela ngegridi yamandla noma ukuthuthukiswa kwezisekelo ezinkulu zamandla amasha. Ngakho-ke, indawo yendawo yesiteshi samandla esigciniwe esimpontshiwe ikakhulukazi amaphuzu amabili: enye iseduze nesikhungo somthwalo, kanti enye iseduze nesisekelo esisha samandla.
Njengamanje, iziteshi eziningi zikagesi ezimpontshwayo ezakhiwe noma ezisakhiwa eShayina zisendaweni yomthwalo wegridi lapho zitholakala khona. Isibonelo, isiteshi samandla esipompa esipompa i-Guangzhou (amakilowathi ayizigidi ezi-2.4) siqhele ngamakhilomitha angama-90 ukusuka e-Guangzhou, isiteshi sikagesi esipompelwa i-Ming Tombs (ama-kilowatt ayizigidi ezingu-0.8) siqhele ngamakhilomitha angu-40 ukusuka e-Beijing, i-Tianhuangping pumped-storage power station (1.8 million kilowatts) iqhele ngamakhilomitha angu-57 e-Hangzhou (1.2 million kilowatts) itholakala endaweni yedolobha laseShenzhen.
Ukwengeza, ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zokuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwamandla amasha, eduze nokuthuthukiswa okuhlanganisiwe kwamanzi kanye nemvelo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwesisekelo samandla amasha ogwadule kanye nogwadule lwaseGobi, iqoqo elisha leziteshi zamandla ezimpontshwayo nazo zingahle zihlelwe eduze nesisekelo esisha samandla. Isibonelo, iziteshi zikagesi ezimpontshwayo okwamanje ezihlelelwe e-Xinjiang, e-Gansu, e-Shaanxi, e-Inner Mongolia, e-Shanxi nakwezinye izindawo, ngaphezu kokuhlangabezana nezidingo zegridi yamandla kagesi, ikakhulukazi ezezinkonzo zesisekelo samandla amasha.
Ngakho-ke iphuzu lokuqala lokuhlolwa okuphelele kwesiteshi samandla esigciniwe esimpontshwa ukubona ukuthi wazalelwa kuphi kuqala. Ngokuvamile, isitoreji esimpontshelwe kufanele silandele isimiso sokusatshalaliswa kokusabalalisa, okugxile ekusabalaliseni eduze kwesikhungo somthwalo wegridi kanye nendawo entsha yokugxilisa amandla. Ukwengeza, ezindaweni ezingenazo iziteshi zokugcina ezimpontshwayo, kufanele kubekwe kuqala lapho kunezimo ezinhle zezinsiza.
2, Izimo zokwakha
1. Izimo zendawo
Ukuhlaziywa kwezimo ze-topographic ikakhulukazi kuhlanganisa ikhanda lamanzi, isilinganiso sebanga ukuya kobude, namandla okugcina asebenzayo emvelo amadamu aphezulu naphansi. Amandla agcinwe endaweni yokupompa amandla adonsela phansi amanzi, alingana nomkhiqizo womehluko wobude kanye namandla adonsela phansi amanzi echibini. Ngakho-ke ukuze ugcine amandla afanayo, noma ukhuphule umehluko wobude phakathi kwamadamu aphezulu naphansi, noma ukhuphule umthamo olawulwayo wokugcina amanzi ampompayo aphezulu naphansi.
Uma izimo zihlangatshezwana nazo, kufaneleka kakhulu ukuba nomehluko omkhulu wobude phakathi kwamadamu angaphezulu nangaphansi, okunganciphisa ubukhulu bamanzi angaphezulu nangaphansi kanye nobukhulu besikhungo kanye nemishini ye-electromechanical, futhi kunciphise ukutshalwa kwezimali kwephrojekthi. Kodwa-ke, ngokwezinga lokukhiqiza lamanje lamayunithi esitoreji esimpontshwa, umehluko omkhulu kakhulu wobude uzoholela ebunzimeni obukhulu ekukhiqizeni amayunithi, ngakho-ke okukhulu kuzoba ngcono. Ngokolwazi lobunjiniyela, ukwehla okujwayelekile kuphakathi kuka-400 no-700m. Isibonelo, inhloko elinganiselwe ye-Ming Tombs Pumped Storage Power Station ingu-430m; Inhloko elinganiselwe ye-Xianju Pumped Storage Power Station ingu-447m; Inhloko elinganiselwe ye-Tianchi Pumped Storage Power Station ingu-510m; Inhloko elinganiselwe ye-Tianhuangping Pumped Storage Power Station ingu-526m; Inhloko elinganiselwe ye-Xilongchi Pumped Storage Power Station ingu-640m; Inhloko elinganiselwe ye-Dunhua Pumped Storage Power Station ingu-655m. Njengamanje, i-Changlongshan Pumped Storage Power Station inenhloko yokusetshenziswa ephakeme kunazo zonke engu-710m, eyakhiwe eChina; Inhloko yokusetshenziswa okuphezulu kakhulu kwesiteshi samandla esipompelwa esisakhiwayo yisiteshi samandla esipompa i-Tiantai, esinekhanda elilinganiselwe elingu-724m.
Isilinganiso sokujula kwesikhala isilinganiso phakathi kwebanga elivundlile kanye nomehluko wokuphakama phakathi kwamadamu angaphezulu nangaphansi. Ngokuvamile, kufanelekile ukuba kuncane, okunganciphisa inani lobunjiniyela besistimu yokuhambisa amanzi futhi konge ukutshalwa kwezimali kobunjiniyela. Kodwa-ke, ngokokuhlangenwe nakho kobunjiniyela, isilinganiso esincane kakhulu sesikhala esilinganisweni sobude singabangela kalula izinkinga ezifana nesakhiwo sobunjiniyela kanye nemithambeka ephezulu neyimiqansa, ngakho ngokuvamile kufanelekile ukuba nesilinganiso sezikhala phakathi kuka-2 no-10. Isibonelo, isilinganiso sebanga ukuya kobude besiteshi se-Changlongshan pumped storage singu-3.1; Ibanga lokuphakama kwesilinganiso sesiteshi se-Huizhou pumped storage ngu-8.3.
Lapho indawo yamachibi angaphezulu nangaphansi ivulekile ngokuqhathaniswa, isidingo sokugcina amandla singase sakheke endaweni encane yechibi. Uma kungenjalo, kuyadingeka ukwandisa indawo ye-reservoir basin noma ukulungisa umthamo we-reservoir ngokunwetshwa nokumbiwa, futhi kwandiswe indawo yokuhlala kanye nenani lobunjiniyela. Eziteshini zikagesi ezimpontshwa ezinamandla afakiwe angama-kilowatts ayizigidi eziyi-1.2 namahora okusetshenziswa ngokugcwele amahora angu-6, umthamo wokugcina amandla okulawula ukukhiqizwa kwamandla udinga cishe izigidi ezingu-8 m3, 7 million m3 kanye nezigidi ezingu-6 m3 ngokulandelanayo lapho ikhanda lamanzi liku-400m, 500m no-600m. Ngalesi sisekelo, kuyadingeka futhi ukucutshungulwa komthamo wokugcina ongasekho, umthamo wokugcina amanzi okulahleka kanye nezinye izici ukuze ekugcineni kunqunywe isamba somthamo wokugcina wechibi. Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zamandla edamu, kudingeka wenziwe ngokumba idamu noma ngokunweba endaweni yokugcina amanzi kuhlanganiswe nendawo yemvelo.
Ukwengeza, indawo ebamba amanzi echibini eliphezulu ngokuvamile incane, futhi ukulawulwa kwezikhukhula kwephrojekthi kungaxazululwa ngokwandisa ukuphakama kwedamu ngendlela efanele. Ngakho-ke, isigodi esiwumngcingo ekuphumeni kwechibi elingaphezulu ledamu siyindawo ekahle yokwakha idamu, okunganciphisa kakhulu inani lokugcwaliswa kwedamu.
2. Izimo zokuma komhlaba
Izintaba eziluhlaza kuphela ezifana nezindonga uma zikhomba iSix Dynasties.
——U-Yuan Sadurah
Izimo zokwakheka komhlaba ikakhulukazi zihlanganisa ukuzinza kwesakhiwo sesifunda, izimo zejiyoloji zobunjiniyela zamadamu aphezulu naphansi kanye nezindawo ezihlangana kuwo, izimo zobunjiniyela bokwakheka komhlaba zokuhanjiswa kwamanzi nohlelo lokuphehla ugesi, kanye nezinto zokwakha zemvelo.
Izakhiwo ezibambayo nezikhiphayo zesiteshi samandla esimpontshwayo kufanele zigweme amaphutha asebenzayo, futhi indawo yokugcina amanzi akufanele ibe nokudilika kwenhlabathi okukhulu, ukubhidlika, ukugeleza kwemfucumfucu kanye nezinye izenzakalo ze-geological ezimbi. Imigede ye-powerhouse engaphansi komhlaba kufanele igweme izixuku zamatshe ezibuthakathaka noma eziphukile. Uma lezi zimo zingenakugwenywa ngesakhiwo sobunjiniyela, izimo zejoloji zizokhawulela ukwakhiwa kwesiteshi samandla esimpontshwayo sokugcina amandla.
Noma ngabe isiteshi sikagesi esimpontshwayo sigwema lezi zingqinamba ezingenhla, izimo zokwakheka komhlaba nazo zithinta kakhulu izindleko zephrojekthi. Ngokuvamile, lapho ukuzamazama komhlaba kungavamile endaweni yephrojekthi kanye nedwala eliqinile, kuyasiza kakhulu ekunciphiseni izindleko zokwakha iziteshi zikagesi ezimpontshwayo.
Ngokuya ngezici zezakhiwo kanye nezici zokusebenza kwesiteshi samandla esipompa, izinkinga eziyinhloko zobunjiniyela bokwakheka komhlaba zingafingqwa ngale ndlela elandelayo:
(1) Uma kuqhathaniswa neziteshi zikagesi ezijwayelekile, kunendawo eyengeziwe yokuqhathanisa nokukhetha indawo yesiteshi nendawo yokugcina amanzi eziteshi zikagesi ezimpontshwayo. Iziza ezinezimo ezingezinhle zokwakheka komhlaba noma ukwelashwa okunzima kwezobunjiniyela zingahlolwa ngomsebenzi wokwakheka komhlaba endaweni yokuhlola indawo yesiteshi kanye nesiteji sokuhlela isiteshi. Iqhaza lokuhlola umhlaba libaluleke kakhulu kulesi sigaba.
Kodwa-ke, izimangaliso nezimangaliso zomhlaba ngokuvamile zilele engozini nasebangeni, futhi yini eyivelakancane kubantu, ngakho-ke akunakwenzeka ukuthi noma ubani onesifiso sokufinyelela kukho.
——Ubukhosi beNgoma, u-Wang Anshi
Uhlolovo Lwendawo Yedamu Eliphezulu Lesiteshi Samandla SeSitoreji Se-Shitai Esimpontshwayo esiFundazweni sase-Anhui
(2) Kunemigede eminingi yobunjiniyela engaphansi komhlaba, izingxenye zomhubhe omude womfutho ophezulu, umfutho wamanzi wangaphakathi omkhulu, ukungcwaba okujulile kanye nezinga elikhulu. Kudingeka ukukhombisa ngokugcwele ukuzinza kwedwala elizungezile, futhi unqume indlela yokumba, ukusekela kanye nohlobo lomugqa, ububanzi nokujula komhubhe ozungeze idwala.
(3) Amandla okugcina amanzi ampontshwayo ngokuvamile mancane, futhi izindleko zokumpompa ziphezulu ngesikhathi sokusebenza, ngakho inani lokuvuza kwedamu elingaphezulu lidinga ukulawulwa ngokuqinile. Idamu elingaphezulu litholakala kakhulu esiqongweni sentaba, futhi ngokuvamile kunezigodi eziseduze eziphansi ezilizungezile. Inani elikhulu leziteshi likhethwa ezindaweni ezine-karst landforms engalungile ukuze kusetshenziswe indawo enenzuzo. Izinkinga zokuvuza kwedamu eliseduze kwesigodi kanye nokuvuza kwe-karst zivamile, okudingeka kugxilwe kuzo futhi ikhwalithi yokwakha kufanele ilawulwe kahle.
(4) Ukusatshalaliswa kwezinto ezisetshenziselwa ukugcwalisa idamu emgodini wedamu wesiteshi samandla esimpontshwayo kuyisici esibalulekile sokunquma izinga lokusebenzisa umthombo wempahla. Lapho izinqolobane zezinto ezisetshenziswa endaweni yokumbiwa kwechibi lechibi ngaphezu kwezinga lamanzi afile zihlangabezana nezimfuneko zokugcwaliswa kwedamu futhi kungekho mpahla yokukhumula indawo engaphezulu, isimo esifanelekile sokumbiwa komthombo wempahla kanye nebhalansi yokugcwalisa kuyafinyelelwa. Uma impahla yokukhumula ingaphezulu iwugqinsi, inkinga yokusebenzisa izinto zokukhumula edamini ingaxazululeka ngokuhlukanisa impahla yedamu. Ngakho-ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukusungula imodeli yejiyoloji enembile uma kuqhathaniswa yamadamu angaphezulu nangaphansi ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokuhlola ezisebenzayo zomklamo wokumba kanye nokugcwalisa ibhalansi yechibi lamanzi.
(5) Ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwedamu, ukukhuphuka nokwehla okungazelelwe kwezinga lamanzi kuvame futhi kukhulu, futhi indlela yokusebenza yesiteshi samandla esipompa amanzi inomthelela omkhulu ekuzinzeni kwethambeka lasebhange lamanzi, okubeka phambili izidingo eziphakeme zezimo zokuma komhlaba zethambeka lebhange ledamu. Uma izimfuneko zesici sokuphepha sokuzinza zingafinyelelwa, kuyadingeka ukunciphisa isilinganiso semithambeka yokumba noma ukwandisa amandla okusekela, okuholela ekwenyukeni kwezindleko zobunjiniyela.
(6) Isisekelo salo lonke umgodi we-anti-seepage reservoir wesiteshi samandla esipompa sinezidingo eziphezulu zokuguquguquka, ukugeleza kwamanzi kanye nokufana, ikakhulukazi isisekelo salo lonke umgodi we-anti-seepage reservoir ezindaweni ze-karst, ukuwa kwe-karst phansi kwe-reservoir, ukuguqulwa okungalingani kwesisekelo, ukuhlehliswa kwe-gecking yamanzi karstrden, ezinye izinkinga ze-karst ze-depression, i-karsts ekhokhwayo ye-depression, i-karst-negative ne-depression. ukunakwa ngokwanele.
(7) Ngenxa yomehluko omkhulu wokuphakama kwesiteshi samandla esipompayo, iyunithi ebuyiseleka emuva inezidingo eziphakeme zokulawula okuqukethwe kwentlenga okudlula ku-turbine. Kuyadingeka ukunaka ukuvikelwa kanye nokwelashwa kokukhipha amanzi komthombo oqinile womsele osenqenqemeni elingemuva lethambeka endaweni yokungena nokuphuma kanye nokugcinwa kwezinsalela zenkathi yezikhukhula.
(8) Iziteshi zikagesi ezimpontshwayo ngeke zakhe amadamu aphezulu kanye namadamu amakhulu. Ubude bedamu kanye nemithambeka embiwe ngesandla yamachibi amaningi aphezulu naphansi awadluli ku-150m. Izinkinga zobunjiniyela bokwakheka komhlaba zesisekelo sedamu kanye nemithambeka ephakeme akunzima kakhulu ukubhekana nazo kunamadamu aphezulu kanye namadamu amakhulu eziteshi zikagesi ezivamile.
3. Izimo zokwakha inqolobane
Amadamu angaphezulu nangaphansi kufanele abe nezimo zezwe ezilungele ukuvimba. Ngokuvamile, inhloko yokusetshenziswa engaba ngu-400 ~ 500m ibhekwa ngokusekelwe kumthamo ofakiwe wama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingu-1.2 kanye namahora okusetshenziswa kwamandla agcwele amahora angu-6, okusho ukuthi, umthamo olawulwayo wokugcina amanzi ompompi aphezulu nangaphansi alinganiselwa ku-6 million ~ 8 million m3. Ezinye iziteshi ezimpontshwayo ngokwemvelo ziba “nesisu”. Kulula ukwakha umthamo we-reservoir ngokusebenzisa i-damming. Kulokhu, ingavinjelwa ngokusebenzisa ama-damming. Kodwa-ke, ezinye iziteshi ze-pumped-storage zinamandla amancane okugcina emvelo futhi zidinga ukumbiwa ukuze zenze umthamo wokugcina. Lokhu kuzoletha izinkinga ezimbili, enye izindleko zokuthuthukiswa eziphakeme kakhulu, enye ukuthi umthamo wokugcina udinga ukumbiwa ngobuningi, futhi umthamo wokugcina amandla wesiteshi sikagesi akufanele ube mkhulu kakhulu.
Ngaphezu kwezidingo zamandla okugcina amanzi, iphrojekthi yechibi elimpontshwayo kufanele futhi icabangele ukuvimbela ukugeleza kwechibi, ukumba umhlaba namadwala kanye nebhalansi yokugcwalisa, ukukhetha uhlobo lwedamu, njll., futhi inqume uhlelo lokuklama ngokuqhathanisa okuphelele kwezobuchwepheshe nezomnotho. Ngokuvamile, uma i-reservoir ingakhiwa ngokulimaza, futhi ukuvimbela ukugeleza kwendawo kwamukelwa, izimo zokwakhiwa kwedamu zihle kakhulu (bheka u-Fig. 2.3-1); Uma "isitsha" sakhiwe ngenani elikhulu lokumba, futhi lonke uhlobo lwe-basin anti-seepage lwamukelwa, izimo zokwakhiwa kwe-reservoir zijwayelekile (bheka umdwebo 2.3-2 no-2.3-3).
Ukuthatha i-Guangzhou pump pump power power station enezimo ezinhle zokwakha ichibi njengesibonelo, izimo zokwenza ichibi eliphezulu nezingaphansi zinhle uma kuqhathaniswa, futhi indawo yokugcina amanzi ingakhiwa ngokulimaza, inamandla edamu angaphezulu angu-24.08 million m3 kanye nomthamo wedamu ophansi oyizigidi ezingu-23.42 m3.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Tianhuangping pumped storage power station ithathwa njengesibonelo. Idamu elingaphezulu litholakala endaweni eyi-gully source yomgodi wegatsha osebeni lwesobunxele loMfula i-Daxi, ozungezwe idamu elikhulu, amadamu amane asizayo, indawo yokungena/indawo yokuphuma kanye nezintaba ezizungeze ichibi. Idamu eliyinhloko lihlelwe ekucindezelekeni ekugcineni eningizimu ye-reservoir, futhi idamu elisizayo lihlelwe ezindaweni ezine empumalanga, enyakatho, entshonalanga naseningizimu-ntshonalanga. Izimo zokugcina ziphakathi, nesamba somthamo wokugcina wezigidi ezingu-9.12 m3.
4. Izimo zomthombo wamanzi
Iziteshi zikagesi ezimpontshwa zihlukile eziteshini ezivamile zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi, okusho ukuthi, “isitsha” samanzi acwebile sithelwa emuva naphambili phakathi kwamadamu angaphezulu nangaphansi. Lapho umpompa amanzi, amanzi athululelwa esuka endaweni engaphansi aye echibini elingaphezulu, futhi lapho ephehla ugesi, amanzi ehliswa esuka endaweni engaphezulu yedamu eya endaweni engaphansi. Ngakho-ke, inkinga yomthombo wamanzi wesiteshi sikagesi esimpontshwayo iwukuhlangabezana nesitoreji samanzi sokuqala, okungukuthi, ukugcina amanzi echibini kuqala, kanye nokwengeza umthamo wamanzi oncishisiwe ngenxa yokuhwamuka nokuvuza ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwansuku zonke. Umthamo wesitoreji ompontshwayo uvame ukuhleleka ku-10 million m3, futhi izidingo zomthamo wamanzi aziphezulu. Izimo zomthombo wamanzi ezindaweni ezinemvula enkulu kanye noxhaxha lwemifula eminyene ngeke zibe yizimo ezivimbela ukwakhiwa kweziteshi zikagesi ezimpontshwayo. Kodwa-ke, ezifundeni eziwugwadule njengenyakatho-ntshonalanga, isimo somthombo wamanzi sesibe yisici esibalulekile esiyisithiyo. Ezinye izindawo zinezimo zezwe kanye nezejiyoloji ukuze kwakhiwe indawo yokugcina amanzi, kodwa kungase kungabi khona umthombo wamanzi wokugcina amanzi amakhilomitha angamashumi.
3. Izimo zangaphandle
Umnyombo wokuthuthela kwelinye izwe kanye nezindaba zemvelo ukubhekana nendaba yokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza zomphakathi kanye nesinxephezelo. Kuyinqubo yokuwina nokuwina okuningi.
1. Ukuthathwa komhlaba kanye nokuhlaliswa kabusha ukuze kwakhiwe
Ububanzi bokuthathwa komhlaba ukuze kwakhiwe isiteshi sikagesi esimpontshwayo sihlanganisa indawo egcwele amanzi edamu eliphezulu nangaphansi kanye nendawo yokwakha iphrojekthi yamanzi. Nakuba kunamachibi amabili esiteshini samandla esigcina amanzi esimpontshwa, ngenxa yokuthi amachibi mancane kakhulu, amanye awo asebenzisa amachibi emvelo noma amachibi akhona, ububanzi bokuthathwa komhlaba ukuze kwakhiwe ngokuvamile buncane kakhulu kunaleso seziteshi ezivamile zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi; Ngenxa yokuthi iningi lamachibi amadamu ambiwe, indawo yokwakha ye-hydroproject ivamise ukuhlanganisa indawo egcwele amanzi, ngakho ingxenye yendawo yokwakha iphrojekthi yamanzi endaweni yokutholwa komhlaba wokwakhiwa kwephrojekthi inkulu kakhulu kunesiteshi esivamile sokuphehla ugesi.
Indawo egcwele amanzi echibini ikakhulukazi ihlanganisa indawo ekhukhula ngaphansi kwezinga elivamile lechibi, kanye nendawo engemuva kwezikhukhula kanye nendawo ethintekile edamini.
Indawo yokwakha ye-hydroproject ikakhulukazi ihlanganisa izakhiwo ze-hydroproject kanye nendawo yokuphatha iphrojekthi unomphela. Indawo yokwakha yephrojekthi yehabhu inqunywa njengendawo yesikhashana kanye nendawo ehlala njalo ngokwenhloso yendawo ngayinye. Umhlaba wesikhashana ungabuyiselwa ekusetshenzisweni kwawo kwasekuqaleni ngemva kokusetshenziswa.
Ububanzi bokuthathwa komhlaba wokwakha bunqunyiwe, futhi umsebenzi obalulekile wokulandelela uwukwenza uphenyo lwezinkomba ezibonakalayo zokuthathwa komhlaba wokwakha, ukuze "uzazi futhi wazi omunye". Ikakhulukazi ukuphenya ubungako, ikhwalithi, ubunikazi kanye nezinye izici zenani labantu, umhlaba, izakhiwo, izakhiwo, izinsalela zamasiko nezindawo ezinomlando, izimbiwa ezimbiwa phansi, njll. ngaphakathi kwendawo yokuthathwa komhlaba ukuze kwakhiwe.
Ekuthathweni kwezinqumo, okukhathaza kakhulu ukuthi ukuthathwa komhlaba wokwakha kuhlanganisa izici ezinkulu ezibucayi, njengesikali nenani lendawo yokulima eyisisekelo eyisisekelo, ihlathi lenhlalakahle yomphakathi elisezingeni lokuqala, amadolobhana namadolobhana abalulekile, izinsalela ezinkulu zamasiko nezindawo ezinomlando, kanye nezimbiwa phansi.
2. Ukuvikelwa kwemvelo yemvelo
Ukwakhiwa kweziteshi zikagesi ezimpontshwayo kumele kuhambisane nomgomo “wokuqalwa kwemvelo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokuluhlaza”.
Ukugwema izindawo ezibucayi ngokwemvelo kuyisidingo esibalulekile ukuze umsebenzi ube nokwenzeka. Izindawo ezizwelayo kwezemvelo zibhekisela kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezindawo zokuvikela kuwo wonke amazinga asungulwe ngokomthetho kanye nezindawo ezizwela kakhulu nomthelela wemvelo wephrojekthi yokwakha. Lapho kukhethwa iziza, izindawo ezibucayi kwezemvelo kufanele zihlolwe futhi zigwenywe kuqala, ikakhulukazi okuhlanganisa imigqa ebomvu yokuvikelwa kwemvelo, amapaki kazwelonke, izindawo zokulondoloza imvelo, izindawo ezibukekayo, izindawo zamagugu omhlaba namagugu emvelo, izindawo zokuvikela imithombo yamanzi okuphuza, amapaki amahlathi, amapaki emvelo, amapaki amaxhaphozi Indawo yokuvikela amagciwane asemanzini, njll. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubuye kuhlanganiswe nokudidiyelwa kwezindawo zokuhlela kanye nokudidiyela indawo yomhlaba, ukwakhiwa kwezindawo zasemadolobheni nezasemaphandleni, kanye “nemigqa emithathu noyedwa oyedwa”.
Izinyathelo zokuvikela imvelo ziyizinyathelo ezibalulekile zokunciphisa umthelela wendawo. Uma iphrojekthi ingabandakanyi izindawo ezibucayi ngokwemvelo, kungenzeka ngokombono wokuvikelwa kwemvelo, kodwa ukwakhiwa kwephrojekthi nakanjani kuzoba nomthelela othile emanzini, igesi, umsindo kanye nemvelo, kanye nochungechunge lwezinyathelo ezihlosiwe okufanele zithathwe ukuze kuqedwe noma kuncishiswe imiphumela emibi, njengokwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile okukhiqiza kanye nendle yasekhaya, kanye nokugeleza kokugeleza kwemvelo.
Ukwakhiwa kwendawo kuyindlela ebalulekile yokufeza ukuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi ephezulu yokupompa nokugcina. Iziteshi zikagesi zokumpompa nokugcina zitholakala ezindaweni ezinezintaba nezingamagquma ezinemvelo enhle yemvelo. Ngemva kokuphothulwa kwephrojekthi, kuzokwakhiwa amadamu amabili. Ngemuva kokubuyiselwa kwemvelo nokwakhiwa kwezwe, zingafakwa ezindaweni ezibukekayo noma eziheha izivakashi ukuze kuzuzwe ukuthuthukiswa okuvumelana kwesiteshi sikagesi kanye nemvelo. Ukuqaliswa komqondo othi "amanzi aluhlaza nezintaba eziluhlaza yizintaba zegolide nezintaba zesiliva". Isibonelo, i-Zhejiang Changlongshan Pumped Storage Power Station ifakiwe endaweni ebabazekayo ye-Tianhuangping Provincial Scenic Spot - Jiangnan Tianchi, kanye ne-Qujiang Pumped Storage Power Station ifakiwe endaweni yokuvikela yezinga lesithathu le-Lankeshan-Wuxijiang Provincial Scenic Spot.
4. Idizayini yobunjiniyela
Idizayini yobunjiniyela yesiteshi samandla esipompa esigciniwe ikakhulukazi ihlanganisa isikali sephrojekthi, izakhiwo ze-hydraulic, ukwakheka kwenhlangano yokwakha, izakhiwo ze-electromechanical kanye nensimbi, njll.
1. Isikali sephrojekthi
Isilinganiso sobunjiniyela sesiteshi samandla esipontshwayo esihlanganisa kakhulu amandla afakiwe, inani lamahora agcwele aqhubekayo, izinga eliyinhloko lamanzi echibini kanye neminye imingcele.
Ukukhethwa komthamo ofakiwe kanye nenani lamahora agcwele aqhubekayo esiteshi sikagesi esimpontshwayo kufanele kucabangele kokubili isidingo kanye nokwenzeka. Isidingo sisho isidingo sesistimu kagesi, futhi singase sibhekisele ezimeni zokwakha zesiteshi sikagesi ngokwaso. Indlela evamile isekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kokuma kokusebenza kwamasistimu ahlukene kagesi eziteshini zikagesi ezimpontshwa kanye nezidingo zohlelo lwamandla ngenani lamahora agcwele aqhubekayo, ukudweba ngokunengqondo uhlelo lwamandla afakiwe kanye nenani lamahora agcwele aqhubekayo, nokukhetha umthamo ofakiwe kanye nenani lamahora agcwele aqhubekayo ngokulingisa ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kanye nokuqhathanisa okuphelele kwezobuchwepheshe nezomnotho.
Empeleni, indlela elula yokuhlela ekuqaleni umthamo ofakiwe kanye namahora okusebenzisa agcwele iwukuba kuqala unqume umthamo weyunithi ngokwebanga lekhanda lamanzi, bese unquma inani eliphelele elifakiwe kanye namahora okusetshenziswa agcwele ngokuya ngamandla okugcina emvelo okugcinwa okupontshwa. Njengamanje, ebangeni lokwehla kwezinga lamanzi elingu-300m~500m, ukwakhiwa kanye nobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza kweyunithi enamandla okukala ama-kilowatts angu-300000 sekuvuthiwe, izimo zokusebenza ezizinzile zinhle, kanye nolwazi lokuzijwayeza lobunjiniyela lucebe kakhulu (yingakho umthamo ofakiwe weziteshi eziningi zikagesi ezimpontshwayo ezisakhiwayo ngokuvamile zingamakhilogremu angu-30,000 uma kubhekwa inombolo eyi-30,000 ukwakheka kwezindawo, futhi ekugcineni iningi lingama-kilowatts ayizigidi eziyi-1.2). Ngemuva kokuthi umthamo weyunithi usukhethiwe ekuqaleni, indawo yokugcina amandla emvelo yesiteshi samandla esipompayo siyahlaziywa ngokusekelwe esimweni sendawo kanye nezimo zejoloji zamadamu aphezulu naphansi, kanye nokulahlekelwa kwekhanda kokukhiqizwa kwamandla kanye nezimo zokumpompa. Isibonelo, ngokuhlaziywa kokuqala, uma izinga lamanzi eliphakathi lehla phakathi kwamadamu aphezulu naphansi esiteshi samandla esipompayo esingama-450m, kufanelekile ukukhetha ama-kilowatts angu-300000 omthamo weyunithi; Amandla okugcina emvelo ama-reservoirs aphezulu naphansi angaba ngama-kilowatt-amahora ayizigidi ezingu-6.6, ngakho-ke amayunithi amane angacatshangelwa, okungukuthi, umthamo ofakiwe ophelele ungama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingu-1.2; Kuhlanganiswe nesidingo sesistimu yamandla, ngemva kokunwetshwa okuthile kanye nokumbiwa kwechibi ngokusekelwe ezimweni zemvelo, isamba sokugcina amandla sizofinyelela ku-kilowatt-amahora ayizigidi ezingu-7.2, okuhambisana namahora okukhiqiza amandla agcwele amahora angu-6.
Izinga lamanzi eliyisici lechibi ikakhulukazi lihlanganisa izinga lamanzi elivamile, izinga lamanzi afile kanye nezikhukhula. Ngokuvamile, izinga lamanzi eliyisici lalawa madamu likhethwa ngemva kokukhethwa kwenani lamahora agcwele aqhubekayo namandla afakiwe.
2. Izakhiwo ze-hydraulic
Phambi kwethu kunomfula ogelezayo, futhi ngemva kwethu kukhona izibani ezikhanyayo. Injalo impilo yethu, ukulwa nokugijimela phambili.
——Ingoma Yabakhi Bokugcinwa Kwamanzi
Izakhiwo ze-hydraulic zokugcinwa okumpontshwa ngokuvamile zihlanganisa ichibi eliphezulu, ichibi eliphansi, uhlelo lokuthutha amanzi, indlu yamandla engaphansi komhlaba kanye nesiteshi sokushintsha. Iphuzu elibalulekile lokuklanywa kwamadamu amanzi aphezulu naphansi ukuthola umthamo omkhulu wokugcina ngenani elincane lezindleko zobunjiniyela. Iningi lamadamu angaphezulu asebenzisa inhlanganisela yokumbiwa kanye ne-damming, futhi iningi lawo ngamadamu abhekene nama-rockfill. Ngokwezimo zokwakheka komhlaba, ukuvuza kwechibi lesiteshi samandla esipompayo kungaxazululwa ngendawo yonke yokuvimbela ukugeleza kwamanzi kanye nokuvimbela ukugeleza kwekhethini eduze kwechibi. Izinto zokuvimbela ukuphuma kwamanzi kungaba ipuleti yobuso bukakhonkolo we-asphalt, i-geomembrane, ingubo yobumba, njll.
Umdwebo wohlelo lwesiteshi samandla esipompayo
Lapho ukuvimbela ukugeleza kwechibi lonke lamanzi kufanele kwamukelwe ichibi lesiteshi samandla esipompayo, ifomu lokuvimbela ukugeleza kwedamu kanye nefomu lokuvimbela ukugeleza kwedamu lechibi kufanele kucatshangelwe lilonke, ukuze kugwenywe noma kuncishiswe ukwelashwa okuhlanganyelwe phakathi kwezinhlaka zokuvimbela ukugeleza okuhlukahlukene ngangokunokwenzeka futhi kuthuthukiswe ukwethembeka. Isitsha sonke se-reservoir esine-backfill ephezulu sizosetshenziselwa ukuvimbela ukugeleza kwamanzi ngaphansi kwechibi. Isakhiwo sokuvimbela ukugeleza kwamanzi ngaphansi kwechibi sizofaneleka ukuguqulwa okukhulu noma ukuguqulwa okungalingani okubangelwa ukugcwaliswa okuphezulu.
Ikhanda lamanzi lesiteshi samandla esipompelwa esigciniwe siphezulu, futhi ingcindezi ethwalwa yisakhiwo somzila wamanzi inkulu. Ngokusho kwekhanda lamanzi, izimo ze-geological zamatshe azungezile, ubukhulu bepayipi eline-bifurcated, njll., ulwelwesi lwensimbi, ulwelwesi oluqinisiwe lukakhonkolo kanye nezinye izindlela zingamukelwa.
Ukwengeza, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kokulawulwa kwezikhukhula esiteshini samandla kagesi, isiteshi samandla esipompayo sidinga futhi ukuhlela izakhiwo zokulahla izikhukhula, njll., ezingeke zichazwe lapha.
3. Idizayini yenhlangano yokwakha
Imisebenzi eyinhloko yokwakhiwa kwenhlangano yokwakha yesiteshi samandla esipompeliwe ihlanganisa: funda izimo zokwakha iphrojekthi, ukuphambukisa ukwakhiwa, ukuhlelwa komthombo wezinto ezibonakalayo, ukwakhiwa kwephrojekthi eyinhloko, ukuthutha ukwakhiwa, izakhiwo zemishini yokwakha, isakhiwo sokwakha jikelele, isimiso sokwakha jikelele (isikhathi sokwakha), njll.
Emsebenzini wokuklama, kufanele sisebenzise ngokugcwele izimo zezwe kanye nezejiyoloji zesiza sesiteshi, sihlanganise izimo zokwakha kanye nepulani lokuklama ubunjiniyela, futhi ngokomgomo wokusetshenziswa komhlaba okujulile nokonga, siqale sidwebe uhlelo lokwakhiwa kobunjiniyela, ibhalansi yomsebenzi womhlaba kanye nepulani yesakhiwo esijwayelekile sokwakha, ukuze kuncishiswe ukusebenza komhlaba olimekayo nokunciphisa izindleko zephrojekthi.
Njengezwe elikhulu lezokwakha, izinga lokuphatha nelokwakha laseShayina lidumile emhlabeni wonke. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, indawo yokugcina amanzi yaseChina yenze ukuhlola okuningi okuzuzisayo ekwakhiweni okuluhlaza, i-R&D kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemishini ebalulekile, kanye nokwakhiwa okuhlakaniphile. Obunye ubuchwepheshe bokwakha bufinyelele noma buthuthukile ezingeni lamazwe ngamazwe. Kubonakala ikakhulukazi ebuchwephesheni bokwakha amadamu obuya ngokuya bukhula, inqubekelaphambili entsha yobuchwepheshe bokwakha amapayipi anengcindezi ephindwe kabili, inani elikhulu lezinqubo eziyimpumelelo zokumba iqembu le-powerhouse cavern kanye nobuchwepheshe bokusekela ngaphansi kwezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuma komhlaba, ukusungulwa okusha okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe obuthambekele bokwakhiwa kweshafu kanye nemishini, impumelelo emangalisayo yokwakhiwa kwemishini nokukhalipha kwe-TBM, kanye nokuphumelela kokwakhiwa komhubhe we-TBM.
4. Isakhiwo se-electromechanical kanye nensimbi
Amayunithi esitoreji abuyiselekayo weshaft eqondile yesigaba esisodwa esixutshwe nokugeleza avame ukusetshenziswa eziteshini zamandla ezimpontshwa. Mayelana nokuthuthukiswa kwe-hydraulic ye-pump-turbines, i-China inekhono lokukhiqiza kanye nokukhiqiza amaphampu-turbine anesigaba sekhanda esingu-700m kanye nama-kilowatts angu-400000 ngomthamo weyunithi ngayinye, kanye nomklamo, ukukhiqiza, ukufakwa, ukugunyazwa nokukhiqizwa kwamayunithi amaningi okugcina anesigaba sekhanda esingu-100-700m kanye no-400000 weyunithi ngayinye noma ngaphansi kwe-kilowatts. Mayelana nenhloko yamanzi yesiteshi sikagesi, amakhanda amanzi alinganisiwe e-Jilin Dunhua, Guangdong Yangjiang kanye ne-Zhejiang Changlongshan iziteshi zamandla ezimpontshwa ezigcina amanzi ezakhiwayo zingaphezu kwama-650m, ezihamba phambili emhlabeni; Inhloko elinganiselwe egunyaziwe ye-Zhejiang Tiantai Pumped Storage Power Station ingu-724m, okuyinhloko elinganiselwe ephakeme kakhulu yesiteshi samandla esigciniwe esimpontshwa emhlabeni. Idizayini iyonke kanye nobunzima bokukhiqiza kweyunithi isezingeni eliphezulu emhlabeni. Ekuthuthukisweni kwama-generator motors, ama-generator ama-generator eziteshi zamandla ezimpontshwayo ezakhiwe futhi ezisakhiwa eShayina angu-vertical shaft, izigaba ezintathu, ama-motor-coolise ngokugcwele, ama-synchronous motors abuyele emuva. Kunamayunithi amabili e-Zhejiang Changlongshan Pumped Storage Power Station enesivinini esilinganiselwe esingu-600r/min kanye namandla alinganiselwe angu-350000 kW. Amanye amayunithi e-Guangdong Yangjiang Pumped Storage Power Station asetshenziswe ngesivinini esilinganiselwe esingu-500r/min kanye namandla alinganiselwe angu-400000 kW. Umthamo wawo wonke wokukhiqiza wama-generator motors ufinyelele ezingeni eliphezulu emhlabeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhiwo ze-electromechanical kanye nensimbi zihlanganisa nemishini ye-hydraulic, ubunjiniyela kagesi, ukulawula nokuvikela, izakhiwo zensimbi nezinye izici, ezingeke ziphindwe lapha.
Ukukhiqizwa kwemishini yeziteshi zamandla ezipompa e-China kukhula ngokushesha ngasendleleni yekhanda lamanzi aphezulu, umthamo omkhulu, ukuthembeka okuphezulu, ububanzi obubanzi, isivinini esiguquguqukayo, kanye nokwenza kwasendaweni.
5. Izinkomba zezomnotho
Izimo zokwakha kanye nomthelela wangaphandle wephrojekthi yesitoreji esimpontshwayo, ngemva kokunquma uhlelo lokuklama iphrojekthi, ekugcineni kuyobonakala ikakhulukazi kunkomba, okungukuthi utshalomali olungaguquki ngekilowathi ngayinye yephrojekthi. Ukwehla kwe-static investment per kilowatt, kwenza umnotho wephrojekthi ube ngcono.
Umehluko ngamunye ezimeni zokwakha iziteshi zikagesi ezimpontshwayo uyabonakala. Ukutshalwa kwezimali okumile nge-kilowatt ngayinye kuhlobene eduze nezimo zokwakha kanye namandla afakiwe wephrojekthi. Ngo-2021, i-China yagunyaza iziteshi zikagesi ezimpontshwa eziyi-11, ngokutshalwa kwezimali okumile okungama-5367 yuan nge-kilowatt ngayinye; Amaphrojekthi ayi-14 aqede ucwaningo lwangaphambilini, kanti ukutshalwa kwezimali okujwayelekile okumile nge-kilowatt ngama-5425 yuan/kilowatt.
Ngokwezibalo zokuqala, ukutshalwa kwezimali okumile nge-kilowatt ngayinye yamaphrojekthi amakhulu esitoreji esimponsiwe angaphansi komsebenzi wokuqala ngo-2022 ngokuvamile kuphakathi kuka-5000 no-7000 yuan/kilowatt. Ngenxa yezimo zesifunda ezihlukene zejiyoloji, izinga elimaphakathi lokutshalwa kwezimali okumile nge-kilowatt ngayinye yamandla okugcina ampontshiwe ezifundeni ezihlukene liyahluka kakhulu. Ngokuvamile, izimo zokwakhiwa kweziteshi zikagesi eningizimu, empumalanga namaphakathi neChina zinhle uma kuqhathaniswa, kanti ukutshalwa kwezimali okumile nge-kilowatt ngayinye kuphansi. Ngenxa yesimo esingesihle sobunjiniyela bobunjiniyela kanye nezimo ezimbi zomthombo wamanzi, izinga lezindleko zeyunithi esifundeni esisenyakatho-ntshonalanga liphezulu uma liqhathaniswa nezinye izifunda zaseShayina.
Ezinqumweni zokutshala izimali, sidinga ukugxila ekutshalweni kwezimali okumile nge-kilowatt ngayinye yephrojekthi, kodwa asikwazi nje ukukhuluma ngeqhawe lokutshalwa kwezimali okumile nge-kilowatt ngayinye, ngaphandle kwalokho kungase kuholele kumfutho wamabhizinisi wokwandisa isikali ngokungaboni. Ibonakala kakhulu kulezi zici ezilandelayo:
Okokuqala, ukwandisa umthamo ofakiwe ohlongozwa ekuqaleni esigabeni sokuhlela. Kufanele sibheke lesi simo ngendlela efanayo. Thatha iphrojekthi enomthamo ohleliwe ofakiwe wama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingu-1.2 ekuqaleni kwesiteji sokuhlela njengesibonelo, futhi ukwakheka kweyunithi yawo amayunithi angama-kilowatts angu-300000. Uma ububanzi bekhanda lamanzi bufanelekile, futhi ngokuqhubeka kobuchwepheshe, izimo zokukhetha u-350000kW womshini owodwa ziyatholakala, khona-ke ngemva kokuqhathanisa okuphelele kwezobuchwepheshe nezomnotho, i-1.4 million kW inganconywa njengesikimu esimele esigabeni sokwenzeka kwangaphambili. Kodwa-ke, uma amayunithi angama-4 ahleliwe we-300000 KW manje abhekwa njengokwandisa amayunithi angu-2 kuya ku-6 amayunithi angu-300000 KW, okungukuthi, umthamo ofakiwe wesiteshi sikagesi ukhuphuka usuka ku-1.2 million KW kuya ku-1.8 million KW, ngakho-ke kukholakala ukuthi lolu shintsho luye lwashintsha ukuqondiswa kokusebenza kwephrojekthi, kanye nezinye izici zokwakhiwa kwephrojekthi, futhi idinga ukuhambisana nezinye izici zephrojekthi ngokugcwele. Ngokuvamile, ukwanda kwenani lamayunithi kufanele kuwele ngaphakathi kobubanzi bokulungiswa kokuhlela.
Okwesibili ukunciphisa amahora okusebenzisa ngokugcwele. Uma amandla esitoreji esimpontshwa eqhathaniswa nebhange elishajayo. Khona-ke umthamo ofakiwe ungasetshenziswa njengamandla okukhiphayo, futhi amahora okusebenzisa agcwele ukuthi ibhange lamandla lingasetshenziswa isikhathi esingakanani. Eziteshini zamandla ezimpontshwa, lapho amandla agciniwe elingana, amahora okusebenzisa agcwele namandla afakiwe angaqhathaniswa ngokuphelele. Njengamanje, ngokwezidingo zesistimu yamandla, isitoreji esimpontshwa esilawulwa nsuku zonke samahora okusetshenziswa abhekwa njenge-6h. Uma izimo zokwakha zesiteshi sikagesi zizinhle, kufanelekile ukukhulisa ngokufanelekile amahora okusetshenziswa aphelele eyunithi ngezindleko eziphansi. Ngokutshalwa kwezimali okufanayo okumile nge-kilowatt ngayinye, isiteshi samandla esinamahora okusetshenziswa agcwele aphezulu singadlala indima enkulu ohlelweni. Nokho, kube nombono wokuthi umthamo ofakiwe uzokwenyuswa kakhulu (1.2 million kW → 1.8 million kW) futhi amahora okusebenzisa amandla agcwele azoncishiswa (6h → 4h). Ngale ndlela, nakuba ukutshalwa kwezimali okumile nge-kilowatt ngayinye kungancishiswa kakhulu, ohlelweni, isikhathi esifushane sokusetshenziswa asikwazi ukuhlangabezana nesidingo sesistimu, futhi indima yayo kugridi yamandla nayo izoncishiswa kakhulu.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Mar-08-2023
