I-Hydropower ubuchwepheshe bamandla avuselelekayo obusebenzisa amandla e-kinetic amanzi ukukhiqiza ugesi. Iwumthombo wamandla ahlanzekile osetshenziswa kabanzi onezinzuzo eziningi, njengokuvuselelwa, ukukhishwa okuphansi komoya, ukuzinza kanye nokulawulwa. Isimiso sokusebenza samandla e-hydro sisekelwe emcabangweni olula: ukusebenzisa amandla e-kinetic okugeleza kwamanzi ukushayela i-turbine, okujika i-generator ukuthi ikhiqize ugesi. Izinyathelo zokukhiqizwa kwamandla e-hydro yilezi: ukuphambuka kwamanzi kusuka echibini noma emfuleni, okudinga umthombo wamanzi, ngokuvamile i-reservoir (i-artificial reservoir) noma umfula wemvelo, ohlinzeka ngamandla; isiqondiso sokugeleza kwamanzi, lapho ukugeleza kwamanzi kuqondiswa khona ezinsikeni ze-turbine ngesiteshi sokuphambuka. Isiteshi sokuphambuka singalawula ukugeleza kwamanzi ukulungisa amandla okuphehla ugesi; i-turbine iyasebenza, futhi ukugeleza kwamanzi kushaya ezinsikeni ze-turbine, okubangela ukuthi ijikeleze. I-turbine ifana nesondo lomoya ekukhiqizeni ugesi womoya; i-generator ikhiqiza ugesi, futhi ukusebenza kwe-turbine kujikelezisa i-generator, ekhiqiza ugesi ngesimiso sokungenisa ugesi kagesi; ukudluliswa kwamandla, amandla akhiqizwayo adluliselwa kugridi yamandla futhi anikezwe emadolobheni, ezimbonini nasemakhaya. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zamandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi. Ngokwezimiso zokusebenza ezahlukene kanye nezimo zokusetshenziswa, ingahlukaniswa ngokukhiqizwa kwamandla omfula, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla edamu, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla olwandle kanye nolwandle, kanye namandla amancane asebenzisa amanzi. Amandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi anezinzuzo eziningi, kodwa futhi nezinye izinkinga. Izinzuzo ngokuyinhloko yilezi: amandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi angumthombo wamandla avuselelekayo. Amandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi athembele ekujikelezeni kwamanzi, ngakho-ke avuseleleka futhi ngeke aphele; angumthombo wamandla ohlanzekile. Amandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi awakhiqizi amagesi okushisa ukushisa kanye nokungcola komoya, futhi awathinti kakhulu imvelo; ayalawuleka. Iziteshi zamandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi zingalungiswa ngokwesidingo ukuze zinikeze amandla omthwalo ayisisekelo athembekile. Izinzuzo ezinkulu yilezi: amaphrojekthi amakhulu kagesi asebenzisa amanzi angabangela umonakalo ohlelweni lwemvelo, kanye nezinkinga zomphakathi njengokufuduka kwabantu abahlala khona kanye nokuthathwa komhlaba; amandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi anqunyelwe ukutholakala kwemithombo yamanzi, futhi isomiso noma ukwehla kokugeleza kwamanzi kungathinta amandla okukhiqizwa kwamandla.
Amandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi, njengohlobo lwamandla avuselelekayo, anomlando omude. Ama-turbine amanzi okuqala namasondo amanzi: Kusukela ngekhulu lesi-2 BC, abantu baqala ukusebenzisa ama-turbine amanzi namasondo amanzi ukushayela imishini efana nezigayo kanye nemishini yokusaha. Le mishini isebenzisa amandla okugeleza kwamanzi ukuze isebenze. Ukufika kokukhiqizwa kwamandla: Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, abantu baqala ukusebenzisa izitshalo zamandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi ukuguqula amandla amanzi abe ugesi. Isitshalo samandla kagesi kagesi esithengiswayo sokuqala emhlabeni sakhiwa eWisconsin, e-USA ngo-1882. Ukwakhiwa kwamadamu namadamu okugcina amanzi: Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ubukhulu bamandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi banda kakhulu ngokwakhiwa kwamadamu namadamu okugcina amanzi. Amaphrojekthi amadamu adumile afaka iDamu laseHoover e-United States kanye neDamu laseThree Gorges eShayina. Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe: Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ubuchwepheshe bamandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi buthuthukiswa njalo, okuhlanganisa nokwethulwa kwama-turbine, ama-hydro-generator kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula ezihlakaniphile, ezithuthukise ukusebenza kahle nokuthembeka kwamandla kagesi asebenzisa amanzi.
I-Hydropower ingumthombo wamandla ahlanzekile, avuselelekayo, futhi uchungechunge lwayo lwemboni luhlanganisa izixhumanisi eziningana ezibalulekile, kusukela ekuphathweni kwemithombo yamanzi kuya ekudlulisweni kwamandla. Isixhumanisi sokuqala ochungechungeni lwemboni yamandla angaphansi kwamanzi ukuphathwa kwemithombo yamanzi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlela, ukugcinwa kanye nokusatshalaliswa kokugeleza kwamanzi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amanzi anganikezwa ngokuzinzile kuma-turbine ukuze kukhiqizwe amandla. Ukuphathwa kwemithombo yamanzi ngokuvamile kudinga ukuqapha imingcele efana nemvula, isivinini sokugeleza kwamanzi kanye nezinga lamanzi ukuze kwenziwe izinqumo ezifanele. Ukuphathwa kwemithombo yamanzi yanamuhla kugxile nasekuzinzeni ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla okukhiqiza amandla angagcinwa ngisho nasezimweni ezimbi kakhulu njengesomiso. Amadamu namadamu ayizikhungo ezibalulekile ochungechungeni lwemboni yamandla angaphansi kwamanzi. Amadamu avame ukusetshenziselwa ukuphakamisa amazinga amanzi nokwakha ingcindezi yamanzi, ngaleyo ndlela andise amandla e-kinetic okugeleza kwamanzi. Amadamu asetshenziselwa ukugcina amanzi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukugeleza kwamanzi okwanele kunganikezwa ngesikhathi sokufunwa okukhulu. Ukuklama nokwakhiwa kwamadamu kudinga ukucabangela izimo ze-geological, izici zokugeleza kwamanzi kanye nemiphumela yemvelo ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kanye nokusimama. Ama-turbine ayizingxenye eziyinhloko ochungechungeni lwemboni yamandla angaphansi kwamanzi. Lapho amanzi egeleza ngama-blades e-turbine, amandla awo e-kinetic aguqulwa abe amandla omshini, okwenza i-turbine ijikeleze. Umklamo kanye nohlobo lwe-turbine kungakhethwa ngokuya ngesivinini sokugeleza kwamanzi, izinga lokugeleza kanye nokuphakama ukuze kufezwe ukusebenza kahle kwamandla okuphezulu kakhulu. Lapho i-turbine ijikeleza, iqhuba i-generator exhunyiwe ukuze ikhiqize ugesi. I-generator iyithuluzi elibalulekile eliguqula amandla omshini abe amandla kagesi. Ngokuvamile, isimiso sokusebenza se-generator ukuvulela ugesi ngokusebenzisa insimu kazibuthe ejikelezayo ukuze kukhiqizwe ugesi oshintshanayo. Umklamo kanye nomthamo we-generator kudingeka kunqunywe ngokuya ngesidingo samandla kanye nezici zokugeleza kwamanzi. Amandla akhiqizwa yi-generator ugesi oshintshanayo, ovame ukudinga ukucutshungulwa nge-substation. Imisebenzi eyinhloko ye-substation ifaka phakathi ukukhuphula (ukuphakamisa i-voltage ukuze kuncishiswe ukulahleka kwamandla lapho ugesi udluliselwa) kanye nokuguqula uhlobo lwamandla (ukuguqula i-AC ibe yi-DC noma okuphambene nalokho) ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zesistimu yokudlulisa ugesi. Isixhumanisi sokugcina ukudluliselwa kwamandla. Amandla akhiqizwa yisiteshi sikagesi adluliselwa kubasebenzisi bamandla ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, zezimboni noma zasemakhaya ngemigqa yokudlulisa. Imigqa yokudlulisa idinga ukuhlelwa, iklanywe futhi igcinwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ugesi udluliselwa ngokuphephile nangokufanele uye endaweni oya kuyo. Kwezinye izindawo, amandla angadinga futhi ukucutshungulwa futhi ngesiteshi esincane ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zama-voltage nama-frequency ahlukene.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Novemba-12-2024
