Iziteshi zokuphehla ugesi ohlobo lwamadamu ikakhulukazi zibhekisela eziteshini zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi ezakha izakhiwo ezigcina amanzi emifuleni ukuze zakhe amadamu, zigxilise amanzi angenayo emvelo ukuze zikhuphule izinga lamanzi, futhi ziphehle ugesi ngokusebenzisa ukuhluka kwamakhanda. Isici esiyinhloko ukuthi idamu kanye nesikhungo sokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi kugxile engxenyeni yomfula emfushane efanayo.
Iziteshi zokuphehla amandla ngamanzi zohlobo lwedamu ngokuvamile zihlanganisa izakhiwo ezigcina amanzi, izakhiwo zokulahla amanzi, amapayipi okucindezela, izimboni zikagesi, izinjini zomoya, amajeneretha, kanye nempahla ehambisanayo. Iningi lezakhiwo ezigcina amanzi ezisetshenziswa amadamu yiziteshi eziphehla ugesi ezinkulu ezisezingeni eliphakathi ukuya phezulu, kanti lezo ezisetshenziswa ngamasango iziteshi eziningi zokuphehla ugesi ngamakhanda amancane. Uma ikhanda lamanzi lingekho phezulu futhi umzila womfula ubanzi, indawo yokuphehla amandla ivame ukusetshenziswa njengengxenye yesakhiwo sokugcina amanzi. Lolu hlobo lwesiteshi sokuphehla ugesi wamanzi lwaziwa nangokuthi yisiteshi sokuphehla ugesi emfuleni noma isiteshi sokuphehla ugesi edamu.
Iziteshi zokuphehla amandla ngamanzi zohlobo lwedamu zingahlukaniswa zibe izigaba ezimbili ngokusekelwe endaweni ehlobene phakathi kwedamu nendawo yokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi: idamu elingemuva kohlobo kanye nohlobo lomfula. Isizinda sikagesi sesiteshi sokuphehla ugesi sohlobo lwedamu sihlelwa ohlangothini olungezansi lomthombo wedamu futhi siphehla ugesi ngokuphambukisa amanzi ngamapayipi omfutho. I-powerhouse ngokwayo ayithwali umfutho wamanzi okhuphuka nomfula. Indlu kagesi, idamu, umzila wokuchitheka kanye nezinye izakhiwo zesiteshi sokuphehla ugesi esisemfuleni zonke zakhiwe ngasemfuleni futhi ziyingxenye yesakhiwo esigcina amanzi, esithwala umfutho wamanzi akhuphuka nomfula. Lolu hlelo luhle kakhulu ekongeni inani lokutshalwa kwezimali kwephrojekthi.
Idamu lesiteshi sohlobo lwedamu lokuphehla ugesi ngokuvamile liphakeme. Okokuqala, isebenzisa ikhanda lamanzi aphezulu ukukhulisa umthamo ofakiwe wesiteshi sikagesi, esingajwayelana ngempumelelo nezidingo zokushefa okuphezulu kohlelo lwamandla; Okwesibili, kukhona umthamo omkhulu wokugcina ongalawula ukugeleza okuphezulu ukunciphisa ukucindezela kokulawula izikhukhula zomfula; Okwesithathu, izinzuzo eziphelele zibaluleke kakhulu. Ububi wukwanda kokulahlekelwa okudalwe ukugcwala kwendawo yokugcina amanzi kanye nobunzima bokuthutha kanye nokuhlaliswa kabusha kwezakhamizi zasemadolobheni nezasemaphandleni. Ngakho-ke, iziteshi zokuphehla ugesi zohlobo lwamadamu ezinamadamu aphakeme kanye namadamu amakhulu avame ukwakhiwa ezindaweni ezinezintaba eziphakeme, imihosha, ukungena kwamanzi amakhulu, kanye nokungena kwamanzi amancane.
Iziteshi zokuphehla ugesi ohlobo lwedamu ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezakhiwe zigxile kakhulu eShayina, kanti i-Three Gorges Dam ikleliswe kuqala ngomthamo ofakiwe ongama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingama-22.5. Ngaphezu kwezinzuzo zalo ezinkulu zokuphehla ugesi, i-Three Gorges Dam futhi linezinzuzo eziphelele ekuqinisekiseni ukulawulwa kwezikhukhula, ukwenza ngcono ukuhamba kwemikhumbi, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamanzi ezindaweni ezimaphakathi neziphansi zoMfula i-Yangtze, okulenza libe “igugu lesizwe”.
Kusukela kuNgqungquthela Kazwelonke ye-19 yeQembu LamaKhomanisi laseShayina, i-China yakhe iziteshi ezimbalwa ezidume umhlaba wonke eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi. Ngomhla zingama-28 kuNhlangulana 2021, iqoqo lokuqala lamayunithi e-Baihetan Hydropower Station laqala ukusebenza, nomthamo ofakiwe ophelele wama-kilowatts ayizigidi eziyi-16; Ngomhla zingama-29 kuNhlangulana 2020, iqoqo lokuqala lamayunithi e-Wudongde Hydropower Station laqalwa ukusebenza ukuze kuphehlwe ugesi, nomthamo ofakiwe ophelele wama-kilowatts ayizigidi eziyi-10.2. Lezi ziteshi ezimbili eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi, kanye neziteshi zikagesi i-Xiluodu, i-Xiangjiaba, i-Three Gorges, kanye ne-Gezhouba hydropower, zakha umhubhe wamandla ahlanzekile omkhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni, onamandla okufakwa kuwo ama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingu-71.695, okwenza cishe u-20% wawo wonke amandla aphehlwa ngamanzi afakiwe e-China. Bahlinzeka ngomgoqo othembekile wokuphepha kokulawulwa kwezikhukhula, ukuphepha kwemikhumbi, ukuphepha kwemvelo, ukuphepha kwemithombo yamanzi, nokuphepha kwamandla e-Yangtze River Basin.
Umbiko weNgqungquthela Kazwelonke yama-20 yeQembu LamaKhomanisi laseShayina uhlongoze ukugqugquzela ngokuqhubekayo nangokuqhubekayo ukukhuphuka kwekhabhoni kanye nokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni. Ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi kanye nokwakha kuzovula amathuba amasha entuthuko, kanti amandla kagesi azophinde adlale indima “yegumbi” ekuguquleni amandla kanye nasekuthuthukisweni kwekhwalithi ephezulu.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Oct-22-2024
