Yiziphi izilinganiso zokusebenza kwe-turbine yamanzi?
Imingcele yokusebenza eyisisekelo ye-turbine yamanzi ihlanganisa ikhanda, izinga lokugeleza, isivinini, umkhiqizo, kanye nokusebenza kahle.
Ikhanda lamanzi le-turbine libhekisela kumehluko wesisindo seyunithi amandla okugeleza kwamanzi phakathi kwesigaba sokungena kanye nesigaba sokuphuma se-turbine, esivezwa ku-H futhi silinganiswa ngamamitha.
Izinga lokugeleza kwe-turbine yamanzi libhekisela kumthamo wokugeleza kwamanzi odlula engxenyeni ephambene ye-turbine ngesikhathi seyunithi ngayinye.
Ijubane le-turbine libhekisela enanini lezikhathi lapho i-shaft eyinhloko ye-turbine ijikeleza khona ngomzuzu.
Umphumela we-turbine yamanzi ubhekisela kumphumela wamandla ekugcineni komgodi we-turbine yamanzi.
Ukusebenza kahle kwe-turbine kubhekisela esilinganisweni sokukhishwa kwe-turbine nokukhishwa kokugeleza kwamanzi.
Yiziphi izinhlobo zama-turbine amanzi?
Ama-turbine amanzi angahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili: uhlobo lokuhlasela oluphikisayo kanye nohlobo lwe-impulse. I-turbine yokuhlasela ephikisayo ihlanganisa izinhlobo eziyisithupha: i-turbine yokugeleza exubile (HL), i-turbine ye-blade eqondile egeleza nge-axial (ZD), i-turbine ye-blade eqondile egeleza nge-axial (ZZ), i-turbine yokugeleza eqondile (XL), i-turbine ye-blade eqondile egeleza nge-flow (GD), kanye ne-turbine ye-blade eqondile egeleza nge-flow (GZ).
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zama-turbine e-impulse: uhlobo lwebhakede (uhlobo lokusika) ama-turbine (CJ), ama-turbine ohlobo oluthambekele (XJ), kanye nama-turbine ohlobo oluthambekele kabili (SJ).
3. Iyini i-turbine yokuhlasela kanye ne-turbine ye-impulse?
I-turbine yamanzi eguqula amandla angaba khona, amandla okucindezela, kanye namandla e-kinetic okugeleza kwamanzi abe amandla aqinile omshini ibizwa ngokuthi i-turbine yamanzi yokuhlasela.
I-turbine yamanzi eguqula amandla e-kinetic okugeleza kwamanzi abe amandla aqinile omshini ibizwa ngokuthi i-impulse turbine.
Yiziphi izici kanye nobubanzi bokusetshenziswa kwama-turbine agelezayo axubile?
I-turbine yokugeleza exubile, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-turbine kaFrancis, inokugeleza kwamanzi okungena ku-impeller ngemisebe futhi kugeleza ngokujwayelekile nge-axial. Ama-turbine okugeleza axubile anezinhlobo eziningi zezicelo zamakhanda amanzi, isakhiwo esilula, ukusebenza okuthembekile, kanye nokusebenza kahle okuphezulu. Ingenye yama-turbine amanzi asetshenziswa kakhulu ezikhathini zanamuhla. Ububanzi obufanele bekhanda lamanzi bungama-50-700m.
Yiziphi izici kanye nobubanzi bokusetshenziswa kwe-turbine yamanzi ejikelezayo?
I-turbine yokugeleza kwe-axial, ukugeleza kwamanzi endaweni ye-impeller kugeleza ngokwe-axial, futhi ukugeleza kwamanzi kuyashintsha kusuka ku-radial kuya ku-axial phakathi kwe-guide vanes kanye ne-impeller.
Isakhiwo se-propeller esiqinile silula, kodwa ukusebenza kahle kwaso kuzoncipha kakhulu uma siphambuka ezimweni zomklamo. Sifanele izitshalo zamandla ezinamandla aphansi kanye nezinguquko ezincane ekhanda lamanzi, ngokuvamile kusukela kumamitha amathathu kuya kwangu-50. Isakhiwo se-propeller esijikelezayo siyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Sifinyelela ukulungiswa okubili kwama-vane okuqondisa kanye nama-blade ngokuxhumanisa ukujikeleza kwama-blade kanye nama-vane okuqondisa, sandisa ububanzi bokukhipha bendawo esebenza kahle kakhulu futhi sibe nokuzinza okuhle kokusebenza. Njengamanje, ububanzi bekhanda lamanzi asetshenziswayo busukela kumamitha ambalwa kuya ku-50-70m.
Yiziphi izici kanye nobubanzi bokusetshenziswa kwama-turbine amanzi ebhakede?
I-turbine yamanzi yohlobo lwebhakede, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-turbine ye-Petion, isebenza ngokushaya ama-blade ebhakede e-turbine eceleni kwendlela eqondile yokujikeleza kwe-turbine ne-jet evela embozweni. I-turbine yamanzi yohlobo lwebhakede isetshenziselwa izinhloko zamanzi eziphakeme, kanti izinhlobo zamabhakede amancane asetshenziselwa izinhloko zamanzi ezingama-40-250m kanye nezinhlobo zamabhakede amakhulu asetshenziselwa izinhloko zamanzi ezingama-400-4500m.
7. Yiziphi izici kanye nobubanzi bokusetshenziswa kwe-turbine ethambekele?
I-turbine yamanzi ethambekele ikhiqiza i-jet evela ku-nozzle eyakha i-engeli (ngokuvamile ama-degree angu-22.5) ngendiza ye-impeller endaweni yokungena. Lolu hlobo lwe-turbine yamanzi lusetshenziswa eziteshini zamandla kagesi ezincane neziphakathi nendawo, ezinebanga elifanele elingaphansi kwamamitha angu-400.
Iyini isakhiwo esiyisisekelo se-turbine yamanzi yohlobo lwebhakede?
I-turbine yamanzi yohlobo lwebhakede inezingxenye ezilandelayo zomsinga odlulayo, imisebenzi yazo eyinhloko yile:
(l) I-nozzle yakhiwa ukugeleza kwamanzi avela epayipini lokucindezela elikhuphukayo elidlula e-nozzle, kwakha i-jet ethinta i-impeller. Amandla okucindezela okugeleza kwamanzi ngaphakathi kwe-nozzle aguqulwa abe amandla e-kinetic e-jet.
(2) Inaliti ishintsha ububanzi bejethi efuthwe kusuka embotsheni ngokuhambisa inaliti, ngaleyo ndlela ishintsha nezinga lokugeleza kokungena kwe-turbine yamanzi.
(3) Isondo lakhiwe ngediski kanye namabhakede amaningana anamathele kulo. Ijethi igijimela emabhakedeni bese idlulisela amandla ayo e-kinetic kuwo, ngaleyo ndlela iqhube isondo ukuze lijikeleze futhi lenze umsebenzi.
(4) I-deflector itholakala phakathi kwe-nozzle kanye ne-impeller. Lapho i-turbine inciphisa umthwalo ngokuzumayo, i-deflector iphambukisa ngokushesha i-jet iye ebhakedeni. Kuleli qophelo, inaliti izosondela kancane endaweni efanele umthwalo omusha. Ngemva kokuba i-nozzle izinze endaweni entsha, i-deflector ibuyela endaweni yokuqala ye-jet futhi ilungiselele isenzo esilandelayo.
(5) Ibhokisi livumela ukugeleza kwamanzi okuqediwe ukuthi kukhishwe kahle phansi komfula, futhi ingcindezi engaphakathi kwebhokisi ilingana nengcindezi yomoya. Ibhokisi liphinde lisetshenziselwe ukusekela ama-bearings e-turbine yamanzi.
9. Ungayifunda futhi uyiqonde kanjani i-turbine yamanzi?
Ngokusho kwe-JBB84-74 “Imithetho yokuqokwa kwamamodeli e-turbine” eShayina, ukuqokwa kwe-turbine kuqukethe izingxenye ezintathu, ezihlukaniswe ngo-“-” phakathi kwengxenye ngayinye. Uphawu engxenyeni yokuqala luhlamvu lokuqala lwe-Chinese Pinyin lohlobo lwe-water turbine, kanti izinombolo zesi-Arabhu zimelela isivinini esithile se-water turbine. Ingxenye yesibili iqukethe izinhlamvu ezimbili ze-Chinese Pinyin, eyokuqala imelela ukwakheka kwe-shaft eyinhloko ye-water turbine, kanti eyesibili imelela izici zegumbi lokungenisa. Ingxenye yesithathu ububanzi obujwayelekile besondo ngamasentimitha.
Zichazwa kanjani ububanzi obujwayelekile bezinhlobo ezahlukene zama-turbine amanzi?
Ububanzi obujwayelekile be-turbine yokugeleza exubile buyibubanzi obukhulu kakhulu onqenqemeni lokungena lwama-impeller blades, okuyi-diameter lapho kuhlangana khona indandatho engezansi ye-impeller kanye nonqenqemeni lokungena lwama-blades.
Ububanzi obujwayelekile bama-axial kanye nama-intensive flow turbines bububanzi obungaphakathi kwegumbi le-impeller lapho kuhlangana khona i-impeller blade axis kanye negumbi le-impeller.
Ububanzi obujwayelekile be-turbine yamanzi yohlobo lwebhakede ububanzi bendilinga yephimbo lapho umgijimi ethinta khona umugqa oyinhloko ku-jet.
Yiziphi izimbangela eziyinhloko zokuqhuma kwe-cavitation kuma-turbine amanzi?
Izimbangela zokwakheka kwe-cavitation kuma-turbine amanzi ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ngokuvamile kukholakala ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa kwengcindezi ngaphakathi kwe-turbine runner akulingana. Isibonelo, uma i-runner ifakiwe phezulu kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinga lamanzi angaphansi komfula, ukugeleza kwamanzi okusheshayo okudlula endaweni enengcindezi ephansi kuthambekele ekufinyeleleni ingcindezi yokuhwamuka futhi kukhiqize amabhamuza. Lapho amanzi egeleza endaweni enengcindezi ephezulu, ngenxa yokwanda kwengcindezi, amabhamuza ayaqina, futhi izinhlayiya zokugeleza kwamanzi ziyashayisana ngesivinini esikhulu ziye enkabeni yamabhamuza ukuze kugcwaliswe izikhala ezidalwe ukujiya, ngaleyo ndlela kudale umthelela omkhulu we-hydraulic kanye nemiphumela ye-electrochemical, okubangela ukuthi ama-blade aguge, okuholela ekuqhekekeni kwemigodi kanye ne-honeycomb njenge-pores, futhi kungene ngisho nokwenziwa imigodi.
Yiziphi izinyathelo eziyinhloko zokuvimbela ukukhukhuleka kwamanzi kuma-turbine amanzi?
Umphumela wokufakwa kwe-cavitation kuma-turbine amanzi ukukhiqizwa komsindo, ukudlidliza, kanye nokwehla okukhulu kokusebenza kahle, okuholela ekugugulekeni kwama-blade, ukwakheka kwemigodi efana ne-honeycomb, kanye nokwakheka kwemigodi ngokungena, okuholela ekulimaleni kweyunithi kanye nokungakwazi ukusebenza. Ngakho-ke, kufanele kwenziwe imizamo yokugwema ukufakwa kwe-cavitation ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Njengamanje, izinyathelo eziyinhloko zokuvimbela nokunciphisa umonakalo we-cavitation zifaka:
(l) Yakha kahle isigijimi se-turbine ukuze unciphise i-cavitation coefficient ye-turbine.
(2) Thuthukisa ikhwalithi yokukhiqiza, qinisekisa ukuma kwejometri okufanele kanye nendawo ehambisanayo yama-blade, futhi unake izindawo ezibushelelezi nezicwebezelisiwe.
(3) Ukusebenzisa izinto ezilwa nokuvuvukala kwesikhumba ukunciphisa umonakalo wesikhumba, njengamasondo ensimbi engagqwali.
(4) Nquma kahle ukuphakama kokufakwa kwe-turbine yamanzi.
(5) Thuthukisa izimo zokusebenza ukuze uvimbele i-turbine ukuthi isebenze ngaphansi komthwalo ophansi isikhathi eside. Ngokuvamile akuvunyelwe ukuthi ama-turbine amanzi asebenze ngaphansi komkhiqizo ophansi (njengokungaphansi kwama-50% womkhiqizo olinganiselwe). Eziteshini zamandla kagesi ezinamayunithi amaningi, umthwalo ophansi wesikhathi eside kanye nokusebenza ngokweqile kweyunithi eyodwa kufanele kugwenywe.
(6) Ukulungiswa kanye nokunakwa ngesikhathi esifanele kufanele kunikezwe ikhwalithi yokupholisha yokushisela ukulungisa ukuze kugwenywe ukuthuthukiswa okulimazayo komonakalo we-cavitation.
(7) Kusetshenziswa idivayisi yokunikeza umoya, umoya ufakwa epayipini lamanzi angemuva ukuze kususwe i-vacuum eningi engabangela ukucasuka.
Iziteshi zikagesi ezinkulu, eziphakathi nendawo nezincane zihlukaniswa kanjani?
Ngokwezindinganiso zamanje zomnyango, labo abanomthamo ofakiwe ongaphansi kuka-50000 kW babhekwa njengabancane; Imishini ephakathi nendawo enomthamo ofakiwe ophakathi kuka-50000 kuya ku-250000 kW; Umthamo ofakiwe ongaphezu kuka-250000 kW ubhekwa njengomkhulu.
Iyini isimiso esiyisisekelo sokukhiqizwa kukagesi ngamanzi?
Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi ngamanzi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kagesi (enekhanda lamanzi) ukushayela imishini yamanzi (i-turbine) ukuze ijikeleze, iguqule amandla amanzi abe amandla omshini. Uma olunye uhlobo lomshini (ijeneretha) luxhunywe ku-turbine ukuze kukhiqizwe ugesi njengoba lujikeleza, amandla omshini abese eguqulwa abe amandla kagesi. Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi ngamanzi, ngandlela thile, kuyinqubo yokuguqula amandla angaba khona amanzi abe amandla omshini bese kuba amandla kagesi.
Yiziphi izindlela zokuthuthukisa izinsizakusebenza ze-hydraulic kanye nezinhlobo eziyisisekelo zeziteshi zamandla kagesi?
Izindlela zokuthuthukisa izinsizakusebenza ze-hydraulic zikhethwa ngokuya ngokwehla okugxilile, futhi ngokuvamile kunezindlela ezintathu eziyisisekelo: uhlobo lwedamu, uhlobo lokuphambukisa, kanye nohlobo oluxubile.
(1) Isiteshi sikagesi samanzi sohlobo lwedamu sibhekisela esiteshini sikagesi samanzi esakhiwe emseleni womfula, esinokwehla okugxilile kanye nomthamo othile wedamu, futhi esiseduze nedamu.
(2) Isiteshi sikagesi samanzi esiphambukisa amanzi sibhekisela esiteshini sikagesi samanzi esisebenzisa ngokugcwele ithonsi lemvelo lomfula ukuphambukisa amanzi nokukhiqiza ugesi, ngaphandle kwedamu noma amandla okulawula, futhi sitholakala emfuleni oseduze kakhulu.
(3) Isiteshi sikagesi esihlanganisiwe sibhekisela esiteshini sikagesi samanzi esisebenzisa ithonsi lamanzi, elakhiwe kancane ngokwakhiwa kwedamu futhi lisebenzisa kancane ithonsi lemvelo lomsele womfula, elinomthamo othile wokugcina. Isiteshi sikagesi sitholakala emseleni womfula ongezansi.
Kuyini ukugeleza, ukugeleza okuphelele, kanye nokugeleza okuvamile konyaka?
Izinga lokugeleza libhekisela kumthamo wamanzi adlula engxenyeni ewela umfula (noma isakhiwo se-hydraulic) ngesikhathi seyunithi ngayinye, evezwa ngamamitha ayi-cubic ngomzuzwana;
Ukugeleza kwamanzi okuphelele kubhekisela engqikithini yokugeleza kwamanzi okuphelele engxenyeni yomfula ngonyaka wamanzi, okuvezwa ku-104m3 noma ku-108m3;
Izinga lokugeleza elimaphakathi lonyaka libhekisela ezingeni lokugeleza elimaphakathi lonyaka i-Q3/S yesigaba somfula esibalwe ngokusekelwe ochungechungeni lwamanzi olukhona.
Yiziphi izingxenye eziyinhloko zephrojekthi yesikhungo sesiteshi samandla kagesi esincane?
Iqukethe ikakhulukazi izingxenye ezine: izakhiwo zokugcina amanzi (amadamu), izakhiwo zokukhipha amanzi ezikhukhuleni (izindlela zokuchitheka kwamanzi noma amasango), izakhiwo zokuphambukisa amanzi (iziteshi zokuphambukisa amanzi noma imigudu, okuhlanganisa imiphini elawula ukucindezela), kanye nezakhiwo zezitshalo zikagesi (okuhlanganisa iziteshi zamanzi angemuva kanye neziteshi zokukhulisa amanzi).
18. Siyini isiteshi sikagesi samanzi esigeleza amanzi? Yiziphi izici zaso?
Isiteshi sikagesi esingenalo idamu elilawulayo sibizwa ngokuthi isiteshi sikagesi esigelezayo. Lolu hlobo lwesiteshi sikagesi olusebenzisa amanzi lukhetha umthamo walo ofakiwe ngokusekelwe esilinganisweni sokugeleza konyaka somsele womfula kanye nenhloko yamanzi engaba khona esingayithola. Ukukhiqizwa kukagesi ngesikhathi sesomiso kwehla kakhulu, ngaphansi kuka-50%, futhi ngezinye izikhathi akukwazi ngisho nokukhiqiza ugesi, okuvinjelwa ukugeleza kwemvelo komfula, kuyilapho kunenani elikhulu lamanzi ashiywe ngaphandle ngesikhathi semvula.
19. Kuyini ukuphuma? Ungalinganisa kanjani ukuphuma nokubala ukukhiqizwa kukagesi kwesiteshi sikagesi samanzi?
Esiteshini sikagesi wamanzi (isitshalo), amandla akhiqizwa yiyunithi yejenereyitha yamanzi abizwa ngokuthi ukuphuma, kanti ukuphuma kwengxenye ethile yokugeleza kwamanzi emfuleni kumelela izinsiza zamandla amanzi zaleyo ngxenye. Ukuphuma kokugeleza kwamanzi kubhekisela enanini lamandla amanzi ngesikhathi seyunithi. Esilinganisweni u-N=9.81 η QH, u-Q izinga lokugeleza (m3/S); u-H ikhanda lamanzi (m); u-N umphumela wesiteshi sikagesi wamanzi (W); u-η umphumela wokusebenza kahle kwejenereyitha kagesi wamanzi. Ifomula elinganiselwe yokukhishwa kweziteshi zikagesi ezincane zamanzi yi-N=(6.0-8.0) QH. Ifomula yokukhiqizwa kwamandla waminyaka yonke yi-E=NT, lapho u-N kuwumphumela ojwayelekile; u-T amahora okusetshenziswa konyaka.
Zingakanani amahora okusetshenziswa konyaka womthamo ofakiwe?
Kubhekisela esikhathini sokusebenza komthwalo ogcwele esimaphakathi seyunithi yokuphehla ugesi wamanzi kungakapheli nonyaka. Kuyinkomba ebalulekile yokulinganisa izinzuzo zezomnotho zeziteshi zamanzi, futhi iziteshi zamanzi ezincane ziyadingeka ukuthi zibe nehora lokusetshenziswa lonyaka elingamahora angaphezu kuka-3000.
21. Kuyini ukulungiswa kwansuku zonke, ukulungiswa kwamasonto onke, ukulungiswa kwaminyaka yonke, kanye nokulungiswa kweminyaka eminingi?
(1) Umthetho wansuku zonke: ubhekisela ekusatshalalisweni kabusha kokugeleza kwamanzi kungakapheli usuku nobusuku, kanye nesikhathi somthetho samahora angama-24.
(2) Ukulungiswa kwamasonto onke: Isikhathi sokulungiswa siyisonto elilodwa (izinsuku eziyi-7).
(3) Umthethonqubo wonyaka: Ukusatshalaliswa kabusha kwamanzi agelezayo kungakapheli unyaka owodwa, lapho ingxenye kuphela yamanzi angaphezulu ngesikhathi sezikhukhula ingagcinwa khona, kubizwa ngokuthi umthethonqubo wonyaka ongaphelele (noma umthethonqubo wonyaka); Amandla okusabalalisa ngokugcwele amanzi angenayo phakathi nonyaka ngokwezidingo zokusetshenziswa kwamanzi ngaphandle kwesidingo sokushiywa kwamanzi kubizwa ngokuthi umthethonqubo wonyaka.
(4) Ukulawulwa kweminyaka eminingi: Uma umthamo wedamu elikhulu ngokwanele ukugcina amanzi angaphezulu eminyakeni eminingi edamini, bese ulibeka eminyakeni eminingana eyomile ukuze kulawulwe minyaka yonke, kubizwa ngokuthi ukulawulwa kweminyaka eminingi.
22. Iyini ithonsi lomfula?
Umehluko wokuphakama phakathi kwezingxenye ezimbili eziwela ingxenye yomfula ezisetshenziswayo ubizwa ngokuthi i-drop; Umehluko wokuphakama phakathi kobuso bamanzi emthonjeni nasemlonyeni womfula ubizwa ngokuthi i-total drop.
23. Ingakanani imvula, ubude besikhathi semvula, ubuningi bemvula, indawo yemvula, nendawo yemvula enkulu?
Imvula yinani eliphelele lamanzi eliwela endaweni ethile noma endaweni ethile phakathi nesikhathi esithile, elivezwa ngamamilimitha.
Isikhathi semvula sibhekisela esikhathini semvula.
Ukuqina kwemvula kubhekisela enanini lemvula ngesikhathi seyunithi ngayinye, evezwa ngo-mm/h.
Indawo yemvula ibhekisela endaweni evundlile embozwe yimvula, evezwa ku-km2.
Isikhungo sesiphepho semvula sibhekisela endaweni encane yendawo lapho isiphepho semvula sigxile khona.
24. Kuyini isilinganiso sokutshalwa kwezimali kobunjiniyela? Isilinganiso sokutshalwa kwezimali kobunjiniyela kanye nesabelomali sobunjiniyela?
Isabelomali sobunjiniyela siyidokhumenti yobuchwepheshe nezomnotho ehlanganisa zonke izimali zokwakha ezidingekayo zephrojekthi ngendlela yemali. Isabelomali sokuklama sokuqala siyisici esibalulekile semibhalo yokuklama yokuqala kanye nesisekelo esiyinhloko sokuhlola ukuqonda kwezomnotho. Isabelomali esivunyiwe sisonke siyisibonakaliso esibalulekile esiqashelwa umbuso sokutshalwa kwezimali okuyisisekelo kokwakha, futhi siyisisekelo sokulungiselela izinhlelo zokwakha eziyisisekelo kanye nemiklamo yokubhida. Ukuqagela ukutshalwa kwezimali kobunjiniyela yinani lokutshalwa kwezimali elenziwe ngesikhathi sesigaba sokutadisha ukuthi kungenzeka yini. Isabelomali sobunjiniyela yinani lokutshalwa kwezimali elenziwe ngesikhathi sesigaba sokwakha.
Yiziphi izinkomba eziyinhloko zezomnotho zeziteshi zamandla kagesi ngamanzi?
(1) Ukutshalwa kwezimali kweyunithi ye-kilowatt kubhekisela ekutshalweni kwezimali okudingekayo nge-kilowatt ngayinye yamandla afakiwe.
(2) Ukutshalwa kwezimali kwamandla eyunithi kubhekisela ekutshalweni kwezimali okudingekayo nge-kilowatt ngehora likagesi.
(3) Izindleko zikagesi yimali ekhokhwa nge-kilowatt ngehora likagesi.
(4) Amahora okusetshenziswa konyaka womthamo ofakiwe ayisilinganiso sezinga lokusetshenziswa kwemishini yesiteshi sikagesi wamanzi.
(5) Intengo yokuthengisa kagesi yintengo nge-kilowatt ngehora kagesi ethengiswa kugridi.
Ungabala kanjani izinkomba eziyinhloko zezomnotho zeziteshi zamandla kagesi?
Izinkomba eziyinhloko zezomnotho zeziteshi zamandla kagesi zibalwa ngokwefomula elandelayo:
(1) Ukutshalwa kwezimali kweyunithi ye-kilowatt= ukutshalwa kwezimali okuphelele ekwakhiweni kwesiteshi sikagesi wamanzi/umthamo ophelele ofakiwe wesiteshi sikagesi wamanzi
(2) Ukutshalwa kwezimali kwamandla eyunithi = ukutshalwa kwezimali okuphelele ekwakhiweni kwesiteshi sikagesi wamanzi/ukukhiqiza ugesi okuvamile konyaka kwesiteshi sikagesi wamanzi
(3) Amahora okusetshenziswa konyaka womthamo ofakiwe= isilinganiso sokukhiqiza ugesi wonyaka/isamba somthamo ofakiwe
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Okthoba-28-2024
