Imaphi amapharamitha okusebenza kwenjini yamanzi?
Imingcele yokusebenza eyisisekelo ye-turbine yamanzi ihlanganisa ikhanda, izinga lokugeleza, isivinini, ukuphuma, nokusebenza kahle.
Inhloko yamanzi ye-turbine ibhekisela kumehluko weyunithi yesisindo samandla okugeleza kwamanzi phakathi kwengxenye yokungena kanye nengxenye yokuphuma kwe-turbine, evezwe ngo-H futhi ikalwa ngamamitha.
Izinga lokugeleza kwe-turbine yamanzi libhekisela kumthamo wokugeleza kwamanzi adlula esigabeni esiphambanayo se-turbine ngesikhathi seyunithi ngayinye.
Isivinini se-turbine sisho inani lezikhathi lapho i-shaft eyinhloko ye-turbine ezungeza ngomzuzu.
Ukukhishwa kwe-turbine yamanzi kubhekisela ekuphumeni kwamandla ekugcineni kwe-shaft ye-turbine yamanzi.
Ukusebenza kahle kwe-turbine kusho isilinganiso sokuphuma kwe-turbine nokuphumayo kokugeleza kwamanzi.
Yiziphi izinhlobo zama turbines amanzi?
Izinjini zamanzi zingahlukaniswa zibe izigaba ezimbili: uhlobo lokuhlasela kanye nohlobo lwe-impulse. I-counterattack turbine ihlanganisa izinhlobo eziyisithupha: i-mix flow turbine (HL), i-axial-flow fixed blade turbine (ZD), i-axial-flow fixed blade turbine (ZZ), i-inclined flow turbine (XL), nge-flow fixed blade turbine (GD), nangokugeleza kwe-fixed blade turbine (GZ).
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zama-turbines ashukumisayo: uhlobo lwebhakede (uhlobo lokusika) izinjini zomoya (CJ), izinjini zohlobo lwe-inclined type turbines (XJ), kanye nezinjini zohlobo lwe-double tap (SJ).
3. Yini i-counterattack turbine ne-impulse turbine?
I-turbine yamanzi eguqula amandla angaba khona, amandla okucindezela, namandla e-kinetic okugeleza kwamanzi abe amandla aqinile emishini ibizwa ngokuthi i-counterattack water turbine.
I-turbine yamanzi eguqula amandla e-kinetic okugeleza kwamanzi abe amandla aqinile emishini ibizwa ngokuthi i-impulse turbine.
Yiziphi izici kanye nobubanzi bokusetshenziswa kwezinjini zokugeleza ezixubile?
I-mix flow turbine, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Francis turbine, inokugeleza kwamanzi angena ku-impeller radially futhi ageleze aphume ngokuvamile nge-axially. Ama-turbine agelezayo axubile anezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo zekhanda lamanzi, isakhiwo esilula, ukusebenza okuthembekile, nokusebenza kahle okuphezulu. Ingenye yezinjini zamanzi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ezikhathini zanamuhla. Ibanga elisebenzayo lekhanda lamanzi lingama-50-700m.
Yiziphi izici kanye nobubanzi bokusetshenziswa kwe-turbine yamanzi ejikelezayo?
I-Axial flow turbine, ukugeleza kwamanzi endaweni ye-impeller kugeleza nge-axially, futhi ukugeleza kwamanzi kushintsha kusuka ku-radial kuya ku-axial phakathi kwama-vanes omhlahlandlela kanye ne-impeller.
Isakhiwo sophephela esingaguquki silula, kodwa ukusebenza kahle kwayo kuzokwehla kakhulu lapho sichezuka ezimeni zokuklama. Ifanele izitshalo zamandla ezinamandla aphansi kanye nezinguquko ezincane ekhanda lamanzi, ngokuvamile elisukela ku-3 kuya ku-50 amamitha. Isakhiwo se-rotary propeller siyinkimbinkimbi. Ifinyelela ukulungiswa okukabili kwama-vanes nama-blades omhlahlandlela ngokuxhumanisa ukuzungezisa ama-blades nama-vanes omhlahlandlela, ukwandisa ububanzi bokuphuma kwendawo esebenza kahle kakhulu nokuba nokuzinza okuhle kokusebenza. Njengamanje, ububanzi bekhanda lamanzi elisetshenzisiwe buhluka kusuka kumamitha ambalwa kuya ku-50-70m.
Yiziphi izici kanye nobubanzi bokusetshenziswa kwezinjini zamanzi zamabhakede?
I-turbine yamanzi yohlobo lwebhakede, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Petion turbine, isebenza ngokuba nomthelela kumabhakede e-turbine eduze nendawo ehlangene yesiyingi se-turbine nejethi evela emlonyeni. I-turbine yamanzi yohlobo lwebhakede isetshenziselwa amakhanda amanzi aphezulu, anezinhlobo ezincane zamabhakede ezisetshenziselwa amakhanda amanzi angu-40-250m kanye nezinhlobo ezinkulu zamabhakede ezisetshenziselwa amakhanda amanzi angu-400-4500m.
7. Yiziphi izici kanye nobubanzi bokusetshenziswa kwe-turbine ethambekele?
I-turbine yamanzi ethambekele ikhiqiza i-jet evela ku-nozzle eyenza i-engeli (imvamisa engu-22.5 degrees) nendiza ye-impeller endaweni yokungena. Lolu hlobo lwe-turbine yamanzi lusetshenziswa eziteshini zikagesi ezincane neziphakathi nendawo, ezinobubanzi obufanele bekhanda obungaphansi kwama-400m.
Siyini isakhiwo esiyisisekelo se-turbine yamanzi yohlobo lwebhakede?
I-turbine yamanzi yohlobo lwebhakede inezingxenye ezilandelayo ezidlulele, imisebenzi yazo eyinhloko ilandelayo:
(l) Umbhobho wakhiwa ukugeleza kwamanzi asuka epayipini lomfutho okhuphuka nomfula edlula emlonyeni, enze ijethi elithinta impompi. Amandla okucindezela okugeleza kwamanzi ngaphakathi kwe-nozzle aguqulwa abe amandla e-kinetic we-jet.
(2) Inalithi ishintsha ububanzi bendiza efuthwe isuka ku-nozzle ngokunyakazisa inaliti, ngaleyo ndlela futhi iguqule izinga lokugeleza lokungena kwenjini yamanzi.
(3) Isondo lakhiwe i-disc namabhakede amaningana agxilwe kulo. Indiza igijima ibheke emabhakedeni futhi idlulisela amandla ayo ekinetic kuwo, ngaleyo ndlela ishayela isondo ukuze lijikeleze futhi lenze umsebenzi.
(4) I-deflector itholakala phakathi kwe-nozzle kanye ne-impeller. Lapho i-turbine inciphisa umthwalo ngokuzumayo, i-deflector ngokushesha ichezukisa i-jet ibheke ebhakedeni. Kuleli qophelo, inaliti izovala kancane kancane endaweni efanele umthwalo omusha. Ngemuva kokuthi umlomo wombhobho uzinzile endaweni entsha, i-deflector ibuyela endaweni yokuqala ye-jet futhi ilungiselela isenzo esilandelayo.
(5) I-casing ivumela ukugeleza kwamanzi okuqediwe ukuthi kukhishwe kahle phansi komfula, futhi ukucindezela ngaphakathi kwe-casing kulingana nomfutho womoya. I-casing iphinde isetshenziselwe ukusekela ama-bearings we-turbine yamanzi.
9. Ungafunda kanjani futhi uqonde uhlobo lwe-turbine yamanzi?
Ngokusho kwe-JBB84-74 "Imithetho yokuqokwa kwamamodeli onjini" e-China, ukuqokwa kwe-turbine kuqukethe izingxenye ezintathu, ezihlukaniswe "-" phakathi kwengxenye ngayinye. Uphawu engxenyeni yokuqala luwuhlamvu lokuqala lwe-Chinese Pinyin lohlobo lwe-turbine yamanzi, futhi izinombolo zesi-Arabhu zimelela isivinini esikhethekile sesici se-turbine yamanzi. Ingxenye yesibili iqukethe izinhlamvu ezimbili zesiShayina ze-Pinyin, eyokuqala imele ukwakheka kweshafti eyinhloko ye-turbine yamanzi, kanti lena eyokugcina imele izici zegumbi lokuthatha. Ingxenye yesithathu ubukhulu besondo obujwayelekile ngamasentimitha.
Acaciswa kanjani amadayamitha okuzisholo ezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinjini zamanzi?
Idayamitha okuzisholo yona ye-turbine egelezayo exubile ubukhulu obukhulu bomkhawulo onqenqemeni lwe-inlet yama-impeller blades, okuwububanzi obusempambanweni yeringi engezansi ye-impeller kanye nonqenqema lokungena lokungena kwama-blades.
I-diameter ye-axial ne-inclined flow turbines ingububanzi obungaphakathi kwegumbi le-impeller empambanweni ye-axis ye-impeller blade kanye negumbi le-impeller.
Idayamitha encane yohlobo lwebhakede lohlobo lwe-turbine yamanzi ingububanzi bendilinga ye-pitch lapho umgijimi e-tangent emugqeni omkhulu wendiza.
Yiziphi izimbangela eziyinhloko ze-cavitation kuma-turbines amanzi?
Izimbangela ze-cavitation kuma-turbines amanzi ziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokuvamile kukholakala ukuthi ukusabalalisa kwengcindezi ngaphakathi komgijimi we-turbine akulingani. Isibonelo, uma umgijimi efakwe phezulu kakhulu ngokuphathelene nezinga lamanzi angaphansi komfula, ukugeleza kwamanzi ngesivinini esiphezulu esidlula endaweni yokucindezela okuphansi kujwayele ukufinyelela ukucindezela kwe-vaporization nokukhiqiza ama-bubbles. Lapho amanzi egelezela endaweni enengcindezi ephezulu, ngenxa yokwanda kokucindezela, amabhamuza ayajiya, futhi izinhlayiya zokugeleza kwamanzi zishayisana ngesivinini esikhulu ukuya phakathi nendawo yamabhamuza ukuze kugcwaliswe izikhala ezidalwe ukujiya, ngaleyo ndlela kudale umthelela omkhulu we-hydraulic kanye nemiphumela ye-electrochemical, okubangela ukuba ama-blades agugudeke, okuholela ekungeneni kwezinyosi nezimbobo zoju.
Yiziphi izinyathelo eziyinhloko zokuvimbela i-cavitation kuma-turbines amanzi?
Umphumela we-cavitation kuma-turbines wamanzi ukukhiqizwa komsindo, ukudlidliza, nokuncipha okubukhali ekusebenzeni kahle, okuholela ekugugulekeni kwe-blade, ukwakheka kwe-pitting kanye nezinyosi njengezimbobo, ngisho nokwakhiwa kwezimbobo ngokungena, okuholela ekulimaleni kweyunithi nokungakwazi ukusebenza. Ngakho-ke, imizamo kufanele yenziwe ukugwema i-cavitation ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Njengamanje, izinyathelo eziyinhloko zokuvimbela nokunciphisa ukulimala kwe-cavitation zifaka:
(l) Dala kahle umgijimi we-turbine ukuze unciphise i-cavitation coefficient ye-turbine.
(2) Thuthukisa ikhwalithi yokukhiqiza, qinisekisa ukuma kwejiyomethri efanele kanye nokuma okuhlobene kwama-blades, futhi unake izindawo ezibushelelezi nezipholile.
(3) Ukusebenzisa izinto ze-anti cavitation ukunciphisa umonakalo we-cavitation, njengamasondo ensimbi engagqwali.
(4) Nquma kahle ukuphakama kokufakwa kwe-turbine yamanzi.
(5) Thuthukisa izimo zokusebenza ukuze uvimbele umshini wokuphehla umoya ukuthi ungasebenzi ekhanda eliphansi kanye nomthwalo ophansi isikhathi eside. Ngokuvamile akuvunyelwe ukuthi izinjini zamanzi zisebenze ngokukhiphayo okuphansi (njengangaphansi kuka-50% wokukhipha okulinganiselwe). Eziteshini zamandla kagesi amayunithi amaningi, umthamo ophansi wesikhathi eside kanye nokusebenza okuchichimayo kweyunithi eyodwa kufanele kugwenywe.
(6) Ukugcinwa okufika ngesikhathi kanye nokunakwa kufanele kukhokhwe izinga lokupholisha lokulungisa ukushisela ukuze kugwenywe ukuthuthukiswa okubi komonakalo we-cavitation.
(7) Ngokusebenzisa umshini wokuphakela umoya, umoya ungeniswa epayipini lamanzi angemuva ukuze kuqedwe i-vacuum eningi engase ibangele umgodi.
Zihlukaniswa kanjani iziteshi zikagesi ezinkulu, eziphakathi nendawo nezincane?
Ngokwezindinganiso zamanje zomnyango, labo abanamandla afakiwe angaphansi kuka-50000 kW babhekwa njengabancane; Imishini yosayizi omaphakathi enamandla afakiwe angu-50000 kuya ku-250000 kW; Umthamo ofakiwe omkhulu kuno-250000 kW uthathwa njengomkhulu.
Uyini umgomo oyisisekelo wokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi?
Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla asebenza ngamanzi (anekhanda lamanzi) ukushayela umshini wokudonsa amanzi (i-turbine) ukuze ujikeleze, uguqule amandla amanzi abe amandla emishini. Uma olunye uhlobo lwemishini (ijeneretha) ixhunywe ku-turbine ukuze ikhiqize ugesi njengoba ijikeleza, amandla emishini abe eseguqulwa abe amandla kagesi. Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi, ngomqondo othile, kuyinqubo yokuguqula amandla angaba khona amanzi abe amandla asetshenziswayo bese abe amandla kagesi.
Yiziphi izindlela zokuthuthukisa izinsiza zamanzi kanye nezinhlobo eziyisisekelo zeziteshi zokuphehla amandla ngamanzi?
Izindlela zokuthuthukisa izinsiza zama-hydraulic zikhethwa ngokokwehla okugxilile, futhi ngokuvamile kunezindlela ezintathu eziyisisekelo: uhlobo lwedamu, uhlobo lokuphambukisa, kanye nohlobo oluxubile.
(1) Isiteshi sokuphehla ugesi ohlobo lwedamu sisho isiteshi sikagesi esiphehla ugesi ngamanzi esakhiwe emiseleni yomfula, esineconsi eligxilile kanye nomthamo wedamu elithile, futhi esitholakala eduze kwedamu.
(2) Isiteshi sokuphehla ugesi esiphambukisa amanzi sisho isiteshi sokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi esisebenzisa ngokugcwele iconsi lemvelo lomfula ukuze aphambukise amanzi futhi siphehle ugesi, ngaphandle kwedamu noma amandla okulawula, futhi sitholakala emfuleni ekude engezansi nomfula.
(3) Isiteshi sokuphehla ugesi esiyingxubevange sisho isiteshi sikagesi esiphehlwa ngamanzi esisebenzisa iconsi lamanzi, ingxenye esakhiwe ukwakhiwa kwamadamu futhi sisebenzise ingxenye yethonsi lemvelo lomsele womfula, namandla athile okugcina. Isiteshi sikagesi sisesiteshini somfula ongezansi komfula.
Kuyini ukugeleza, ukugeleza okuphelele, nokugeleza okumaphakathi konyaka?
Izinga lokugeleza libhekisela kumthamo wamanzi adlula engxenyeni ewela umfula (noma isakhiwo se-hydraulic) ngesikhathi seyunithi, evezwa ngama-cubic metres ngomzuzwana;
Isamba sokugeleza kwamanzi sisho isamba sokugeleza kwamanzi engxenyeni yomfula ngonyaka we-hydrological, evezwe ngo-104m3 noma 108m3;
Isilinganiso sokugeleza saminyaka yonke sisho isilinganiso sokugeleza saminyaka yonke esingu-Q3/S sesigaba somfula esibalwa ngokusekelwe ochungechungeni olukhona lwe-hydrological.
Yiziphi izingxenye eziyinhloko zephrojekthi encane yehabhu lesiteshi sikagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi?
Ikakhulukazi iqukethe izingxenye ezine: izakhiwo ezigcina amanzi (amadamu), izakhiwo zokulahla amanzi ezikhukhula (izindlela zokuchitheka noma amasango), izakhiwo zokuphambukisa amanzi (amashaneli okuphambukisa noma amahubhe, okuhlanganisa imishayo elawula ukucindezela), nezakhiwo zokuphehla amandla (okuhlanganisa imigudu yamanzi angemuva kanye neziteshi zokuthuthukisa).
18. Yini isiteshi sikagesi esigelezayo? Yiziphi izici zayo?
Isiteshi sikagesi esingenalo vimba olawulayo sibizwa nge-runoff hydropower station. Lolu hlobo lwesiteshi sikagesi esiphehlwa ngamanzi lukhetha umthamo waso ofakiwe ngokusekelwe esilinganisweni sesilinganiso sonyaka sokugeleza komsele womfula kanye nekhanda lamanzi elingase liwathole. Ukuphehlwa kukagesi ngenkathi eyomile kuncipha kakhulu, ngaphansi kwamaphesenti angama-50, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nokungakwazi ukukhiqiza ugesi, okuvinjelwa ukugeleza kwemvelo komfula, kuyilapho kunamanzi amaningi alahliwe ngesikhathi semvula.
19. Kuyini okukhiphayo? Ungalinganisa kanjani okukhiphayo nokubala ukukhiqizwa kwamandla esiteshi sikagesi ngamanzi?
Esiteshini esiphehla ugesi ngamanzi (isikhungo), amandla akhiqizwa iyunithi yokuphehla ugesi ubizwa ngokuthi okukhiphayo, futhi okuphumayo kwengxenye ethile yokugeleza kwamanzi emfuleni kumelela imithombo yamandla amanzi aleso sigaba. Ukukhishwa kokugeleza kwamanzi kubhekisela enanini lamandla amanzi ngesikhathi seyunithi. Esilinganisweni esithi N=9.81 η QH, Q izinga lokugeleza (m3/S); H inhloko yamanzi (m); I-N iwumphumela wesiteshi sokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi (W); η i-coefficient esebenza kahle ye-hydroelectric generator. Ifomula elinganiselwe yokukhishwa kweziteshi ezincane zikagesi ngu-N=(6.0-8.0) QH. Ifomula yokukhiqiza amandla ngonyaka ithi E=NT, lapho u-N eyisilinganiso esiphumayo; T amahora okusetshenziswa kwaminyaka yonke.
Athini amahora wonyaka wokusebenzisa umthamo ofakiwe?
Kubhekiselwa esilinganisweni sesikhathi sokusebenza komthwalo ogcwele weyunithi ekhiqiza ugesi ngamanzi phakathi nonyaka. Kuyinkomba ebalulekile yokulinganisa izinzuzo zezomnotho zeziteshi eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi, futhi iziteshi ezincane eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi kudingeka zibe nehora lokusebenzisa ngonyaka elingaphezu kwamahora angu-3000.
21. Kuyini ukulungisa kwansuku zonke, ukulungisa kwamasonto onke, ukulungisa konyaka, nokulungiswa kweminyaka eminingi?
(1) Umthethonqubo wansuku zonke: ubhekisela ekwabiweni kabusha kokugeleza kwamanzi phakathi nosuku nobusuku, nesikhathi sokulawula samahora angama-24.
(2) Ukulungiswa kwamasonto onke: Isikhathi sokulungisa isonto elilodwa (izinsuku ezingu-7).
(3) Umthethonqubo waminyaka yonke: Ukusatshalaliswa kabusha kokugeleza kwamanzi phakathi nonyaka owodwa, lapho ingxenye kuphela yamanzi engeziwe phakathi nenkathi yezikhukhula ingagcinwa, kubizwa ngokuthi umthethonqubo wonyaka ongaphelele (noma umthethonqubo wesizini); Ikhono lokusabalalisa kabusha ngokugcwele amanzi angenayo phakathi nonyaka ngokwezidingo zokusetshenziswa kwamanzi ngaphandle kwesidingo sokulahlwa kwamanzi kubizwa ngokuthi umthetho wonyaka.
(4) Umthetho weminyaka eminingi: Uma umthamo wechibi umkhulu ngokwanele ukuthi ungagcina amanzi eqile phakathi neminyaka eminingi echibini, bese uhlukaniselwa iminyaka embalwa eyomile ukuze ulawule unyaka, ubizwa ngokuthi umthetho weminyaka eminingi.
22. Liyini iconsi lomfula?
Umehluko wokuphakama phakathi kwezingxenye ezimbili eziphambanayo zengxenye yomfula osetshenziswayo ubizwa ngokuthi i-drop; Umehluko wokuphakama phakathi kwezindawo zamanzi emthonjeni nasemlonyeni womfula ubizwa ngokuthi ithonsi eliphelele.
23. Iyini imvula, ubude besikhathi semvula, amandla emvula, indawo yemvula, isikhungo sesiphepho?
Imvula iyinani eliphelele lamanzi eliwela endaweni ethile noma endaweni ethile phakathi nenkathi ethile yesikhathi, evezwa ngamamilimitha.
Ubude besikhathi bemvula busho ubude besikhathi semvula.
Amandla emvula asho inani lemvula ngesikhathi seyunithi ngayinye, elivezwa ngo-mm/h.
Indawo yemvula ibhekisela endaweni evundlile embozwe imvula, evezwe nge-km2.
Isikhungo semvula sisho indawo encane yendawo lapho imvula igxile khona.
24. Siyini isilinganiso sokutshala izimali kwezobunjiniyela? Isilinganiso sokutshalwa kwezimali kobunjiniyela kanye nesabelomali sobunjiniyela?
Isabelomali sobunjiniyela siwumbhalo wezobuchwepheshe nezomnotho ohlanganisa zonke izimali zokwakha ezidingekayo zephrojekthi ngendlela yemali. Isabelomali sokuqala sokuklama siyingxenye ebalulekile yemibhalo yokuqala yokuklama kanye nesisekelo esiyinhloko sokuhlola ukuhluzeka kwezomnotho. Isabelomali sisonke esigunyaziwe siyinkomba ebalulekile eqashelwa wuhulumeni ngokutshalwa kwezimali kwezokwakha okuyisisekelo, futhi siyisisekelo sokulungiselela amasu okwakha ayisisekelo kanye nemiklamo yokubhida. Isilinganiso sokutshalwa kwezimali kwezobunjiniyela yinani elitshaliwe elenziwe phakathi nesigaba socwaningo lokungenzeka. Isabelomali sobunjiniyela yinani lokutshalwa kwezimali elenziwe phakathi nesigaba sokwakha.
Yiziphi izinkomba zezomnotho eziyinhloko zeziteshi eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi?
(1) Iyunithi yokutshala i-kilowatt ibhekisela ekutshalweni kwezimali okudingekayo nge-kilowathi ngayinye yomthamo ofakiwe.
(2) Ukutshalwa kwezimali kweyunithi kubhekise ekutshalweni kwezimali okudingekayo ngehora ngalinye lekhilowathi likagesi.
(3) Izindleko zikagesi yimali ekhokhwa nge-kilowatt ngehora likagesi.
(4) Amahora okusebenza onyaka omthamo ofakiwe ayisilinganiso sezinga lokusetshenziswa kwempahla yesiteshi sokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi.
(5) Intengo kagesi yokudayisa iyinani nge-kilowatt ngehora likagesi elidayiselwa igridi.
Indlela yokubala izinkomba eziyinhloko zezomnotho zeziteshi zamandla kagesi?
Izinkomba eziyinhloko zezomnotho zeziteshi zikagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi zibalwa ngokuya ngale fomula elandelayo:
(1) Utshalomali lweyunithi ye-kilowatt=isamba sokutshalwa kwezimali ekwakhiweni kwesiteshi sikagesi ngamanzi/inani eliphelele lomthamo ofakiwe wesiteshi sikagesi
(2) Utshalomali lweyunithi yamandla=inani lokutshalwa kwezimali ekwakhiweni kwesiteshi sokuphehla ugesi/isilinganiso sonyaka sokuphehlwa kukagesi esiteshini samanzi
(3) Amahora okusebenza onyaka omthamo ofakiwe=isilinganiso sonyaka sokukhiqiza amandla/inani lomthamo ofakiwe
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Oct-28-2024
