1. Izinsiza zamandla zamanzi
Umlando wokuthuthukiswa kwabantu nokusetshenziswa kwemithombo kagesi usuka ezikhathini zasendulo. Ngokokuhunyushwa koMthetho Wamandla Avuselelekayo WeRiphabhulikhi Yabantu YaseShayina (ehlelwe yiKomidi Elisebenzayo Lomthetho leKomidi Elimisiwe Lenhlangano Yesizwe Yabantu), incazelo yamandla amanzi ithi: ukushisa komoya nelanga kubangela ukuhwamuka kwamanzi, umhwamuko wamanzi wenza imvula neqhwa, ukuwa kwemvula neqhwa kwakha imifula nemifudlana, futhi ukugeleza kwamanzi okubizwa ngokuthi amandla, okubizwa ngokuthi amandla.
Okuqukethwe okuyinhloko ekuthuthukisweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwemithombo yamandla kagesi ukuthuthukiswa nokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamandla aphehlwa ngamanzi, ngakho-ke abantu bavamise ukusebenzisa imithombo yamandla amanzi, izinsiza zamandla asetshenziswa ngamanzi, kanye nemithombo yamandla kagesi ngamanzi njengezinto ezifanayo. Kodwa-ke, empeleni, imithombo yamandla kagesi ihlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zokuqukethwe okufana nemithombo yamandla ashisayo aphehlwa ngamanzi, imithombo yamandla aphehlwa ngamanzi, imithombo yamandla aphehlwa ngamanzi, kanye nemithombo yamandla olwandle.
(1) Izinsiza zamanzi namandla ashisayo
Izinsiza zamanzi namandla ashisayo zaziwa ngokuthi iziphethu ezishisayo zemvelo. Ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu baqala ukusebenzisa ngokuqondile imithombo yamanzi nokushisa kwemithombo yemvelo eshisayo ukuze bakhe okugeza, ukugeza, ukwelapha izifo nokuzivocavoca umzimba. Abantu besimanje basebenzisa amanzi kanye nemithombo yamandla ashisayo ukwenza ugesi kanye nokufudumeza. I-Iceland, isibonelo, yayinamandla kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi angama-kilowatt amahora ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-7.08 ngo-2003, lapho amahora angama-kilowatt ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1.41 akhiqizwa kusetshenziswa amandla e- geothermal (okungukuthi imithombo yamandla ashisayo emanzini). Amaphesenti angama-86 ezakhamizi zakuleli zwe asebenzise amandla avela kumhlaba oshisayo (imithombo yamanzi ashisayo) ukufudumeza. Isiteshi sikagesi saseYangbajing esinamandla afakiwe angama-kilowatts angu-25000 sakhiwe e-Xizang, esiphinde sisebenzisa i-geothermal (imithombo yamandla okushisa amanzi) ukuze sikhiqize ugesi. Ngokwesibikezelo sochwepheshe, amandla okushisa aphansi (ukusebenzisa amanzi angaphansi komhlaba njengaphakathi) angaqoqwa yinhlabathi phakathi kwamamitha acishe abe yi-100 eChina minyaka yonke angafinyelela ku-150 billion kilowatts. Njengamanje, amandla afakiwe okukhiqiza amandla e-geothermal e-China angama-kilowatts angu-35300.
(2) Izinsiza zamandla we-Hydraulic
Amandla e-hydraulic ahlanganisa amandla e-kinetic namandla angaba khona amanzi. E-China yasendulo, izinsiza zamandla kagesi emifuleni enezinxushunxushu, izimpophoma, nezimpophoma zazisetshenziswa kabanzi ukwakha imishini efana namasondo amanzi, izigayo zamanzi, nezigayo zamanzi zokuchelela amanzi, ukucubungula okusanhlamvu, nokugawula irayisi. Ngawo-1830s, iziteshi zamanzi zakhiwe futhi zasetshenziswa eYurophu ukunikeza amandla ezimbonini ezinkulu ezifana nezigayo zikafulawa, izigayo zikakotini, nezimayini. Izinjini zamanzi zanamuhla ezishayela ngokuqondile amaphampu amanzi e-centrifugal ukukhiqiza amandla e-centrifugal okuphakamisa amanzi nokunisela, kanye neziteshi zephampu zesando samanzi ezisebenzisa ukugeleza kwamanzi ukukhiqiza umfutho wesando samanzi futhi zenze umfutho wamanzi ophakeme wokuphakamisa amanzi nokuchelela, konke kuyintuthuko eqondile kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamandla amanzi.
(3) Izinsiza zamandla kagesi
Ngeminyaka yawo-1880, lapho kutholwa ugesi, amamotho kagesi akhiqizwa ngokusekelwe kumbono kagesi kagesi, futhi kwakhiwa izitshalo zamandla kagesi ukuze kuguqulwe amandla asetshenziswa ngamanzi eziteshini zamandla kagesi abe amandla kagesi futhi alethwe kubasebenzisi, kungeniswe inkathi yentuthuko enamandla kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamandla kagesi.
Izinsiza zikagesi esikhuluma ngazo manje zivame ukubizwa ngemithombo kagesi ngamanzi. Ngaphezu kwemithombo yamanzi omfula, ulwandle luqukethe namagagasi amakhulu, usawoti kanye namandla okushisa. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi izinsiza zikagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi olwandle emhlabeni zingama-kilowatts ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-76, okuphindwe izikhathi ezingaphezu kweziyi-15 kunezinqolobane zethiyori zamandla aphehlwa emanzini asekelwe emhlabathini. Phakathi kwazo, amandla olwandle angama-kilowatts ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3, amandla amagagasi angama-kilowatts ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3, amandla okuhluka kwezinga lokushisa ama-kilowatts ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-40, futhi amandla okuhlukanisa usawoti angama-kilowatts ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-30. Njengamanje, ubuchwepheshe bokuthuthukiswa nokusetshenziswa kwamandla olwandle kuphela osebufinyelele esigabeni esisebenzayo esingathuthukiswa ngezinga elikhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwemithombo yamandla aphehlwa ngamanzi olwandle ngabantu. Ukuthuthukiswa nokusetshenziswa kweminye imithombo yamandla kusadinga ucwaningo olwengeziwe ukuze kuzuzwe imiphumela yempumelelo yezobuchwepheshe nezomnotho futhi kuzuzwe intuthuko engokoqobo nokusetshenziswa. Ukuthuthukiswa nokusetshenziswa kwamandla olwandle esivame ukubhekisela kukho ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla olwandle. Ukukhangwa kweNyanga neLanga phezu kolwandle loMhlaba kubangela ukuguquguquka ngezikhathi ezithile ezingeni lamanzi, okwaziwa ngamagagasi olwandle. Ukushintshashintsha kwamanzi olwandle kwakha amandla olwandle. Empeleni, amandla olwandle angamandla emishini akhiqizwa ukushintshashintsha kwamazinga olwandle.
Izigayo zama-tidal zavela ngekhulu le-11, futhi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, iJalimane neFrance zaqala ukwakha iziteshi ezincane zokuphehla ugesi.
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi amandla olwandle asebenzisekayo emhlabeni aphakathi kwebhiliyoni elilodwa kanye nezigidigidi eziyi-1.1 zama-kilowatts, ngokuphehlwa kukagesi ngonyaka cishe amahora angama-kilowatt ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1240. Imithombo yamandla aseShayina angasebenziseka kalula inamandla afakiwe angama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingama-21.58 kanye nokukhiqiza amandla onyaka angama-kilowatt ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-30.
Isiteshi sikagesi esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni okwamanje yisiteshi sikagesi iRennes tidal power eFrance, esinamandla afakiwe angama-kilowatts angu-240000. Isiteshi sokuqala sokuphehla ugesi e-China, i-Jizhou Tidal Power Station e-Guangdong, sakhiwa ngo-1958 sinamandla afakiwe angama-40 kilowatts. Isiteshi sikagesi iZhejiang Jiangxia Tidal Power Station, esakhiwa ngo-1985, sinamandla afakiwe angama-kilowatts angu-3200, sikleliswe endaweni yesithathu emhlabeni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, olwandle lwaseShayina, imithombo yamandla egagasi icishe ibe yizigidi eziyi-12.85 zama-kilowatts, amandla olwandle angaba ama-kilowatts ayizigidi eziyi-13.94, amandla omehluko kasawoti acishe abe ama-kilowatts ayizigidi eziyi-125, kanti amandla omehluko wokushisa acishe abe ngama-kilowatts ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1.321. Kafushane, isamba samandla olwandle eShayina singama-kilowatts ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1.5, okungaphezu kokuphindwe kabili kwetheyori egciniwe yama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingama-694 ophehlwa ngamanzi omfula, futhi inamathemba abanzi entuthuko nokusetshenziswa. Namuhla, amazwe emhlabeni jikelele atshala imali eningi ekucwaningeni izindlela zobuchwepheshe zokuthuthukisa nokusebenzisa izinsiza zamandla ezinkulu ezifihlwe olwandle.
2. Izinsiza zamandla kagesi
Imithombo yamandla kagesi wamanzi imvamisa ibhekisa ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla anamandla namandla e-kinetic okugeleza kwamanzi emfuleni ukukhipha umsebenzi futhi kuqhubekisele phambili ukujikeleza kwamajeneretha aphehla ugesi. Ukukhiqizwa kwamalahle, uwoyela, igesi yemvelo, namandla enuzi kudinga ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo kaphethiloli engavuseleleki, kuyilapho ukukhiqizwa kukagesi ngamanzi akusebenzisi imithombo yamanzi, kodwa kusebenzisa amandla okugeleza kwemifula.
(1) Izinsizakusebenza zamandla kagesi weGlobal Hydroelectric
Isamba esigciniwe semithombo yamandla kagesi emifuleni emhlabeni wonke singama-kilowatts ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-5.05, nokuphehlwa kukagesi ngonyaka afinyelela ku-44.28 trillion kilowatt amahora; Imithombo yamandla kagesi esetshenziswa ngobuchwepheshe ngama-kilowatts ayizigidigidi ezi-2.26, kanti ukukhiqizwa kukagesi ngonyaka kungafinyelela emahoreni angama-kilowatt ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-9.8.
Ngo-1878, iFrance yakha isiteshi sikagesi sokuqala sikagesi esisebenza ngamanzi esinamandla afakiwe angama-25 kilowatts. Kuze kube manje, amandla aphehlwa ngamanzi afakiwe emhlabeni wonke asedlule ama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingama-760, ngokuphehlwa kwamandla ngonyaka ngama-kilowatt ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezi-3.
(2) Izinsiza zikagesi zaseChina
I-China ingelinye lamazwe anemithombo yamandla kagesi ecebe kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngokwenhlolovo yakamuva yemithombo yamandla aphehlwa ngamanzi, imithombo yethiyori yamandla amanzi omfula eShayina iyizigidi ezingama-kilowatts angu-694, kanti ukukhiqizwa kwamandla okucatshangelwayo onyaka kungamahora angama-kilowatt angama-trillion ayi-6.08, kukleliswe kuqala emhlabeni ngokwemithombo yethiyori yamandla kagesi; Amandla asetshenziswayo ngokobuchwepheshe wemithombo yamandla kagesi yaseChina amakilowatts ayizigidi ezingama-542, amandla onyaka aphehlwa ama-kilowatt amahora angama-2.47 trillion, futhi amandla angasebenziseka ngokwezomnotho ama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingama-402, okuphehlwa kwamandla kagesi afinyelela ku-1.75 trillion kilowatt amahora, zombili zikleliswe kuqala emhlabeni.
NgoJulayi 1905, isiteshi sokuphehla ugesi samanzi sokuqala sase-China, i-Guishan Hydroelectric Power Station esiFundazweni sase-Taiwan, sakhiwa ngamandla afakiwe angama-500 kVA. Ngo-1912, isiteshi sikagesi sokuqala esiphehla ugesi e-China Mainland, i-Shilongba Hydropower Station e-Kunming, eSifundazweni sase-Yunnan, saqedwa ukuphehla ugesi, esinomthamo ofakiwe wama-kilowatts angu-480. Ngo-1949, umthamo ofakiwe wokuphehlwa kwamanzi ezweni wawungu-163000 kilowatts; Ekupheleni kuka-1999, yayisithuthuke yaba ngama-kilowatts ayizigidi ezingu-72.97, isibili ngemuva kwe-United States futhi isendaweni yesibili emhlabeni; Ngonyaka wezi-2005, isamba esifakiwe samandla kagesi e-China sase sifinyelele ezigidini eziyi-115 zama-kilowatts, sikleliswe kuqala emhlabeni, sibalwa u-14.4% wamandla aphehlwa ngamanzi asebenzisekayo kanye nama-20% engqikithi yamandla afakiwe embonini yamandla kazwelonke.
(3) Izici Zamandla Kagesi Wamanzi
Amandla kagesi akhiqizwa kabusha ngokuphindaphindiwe ngomjikelezo wemvelo we-hydrological, futhi angasetshenziswa ngokuqhubekayo abantu. Abantu bavame ukusebenzisa inkulumo ethi 'ingapheli' ukuchaza ukuvuselelwa kwamandla kagesi ngamanzi.
Amandla kagesi awawudli uphethiloli noma akhiphe izinto eziyingozi ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza nokusebenza. Izindleko zokuphatha nokusebenza kwayo, izindleko zokuphehla ugesi, kanye nomthelela emvelweni kuphansi kakhulu kunalezo zokukhiqiza amandla ashisayo, okuyenza ibe umthombo wamandla aluhlaza ongabizi kakhulu.
Amandla kagesi we-Hydropower anokusebenza okuhle kokulawula, ukuqala ngokushesha, futhi adlala indima ephezulu kakhulu yokushefa ekusebenzeni kwegridi yamandla. Iyashesha futhi iyasebenza, yehlisa ukulahleka kokuphakelwa kukagesi ezimeni eziphuthumayo nezimo zezingozi, futhi iqinisekisa ukuphepha kokunikezwa kwamandla.
Amandla kagesi namaminerali angamandla ayisisekelo asekelwe kwizinsiza, aguqulwa abe amandla kagesi futhi abizwe amandla esibili. Ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla kagesi ngumthombo wamandla oqeda kokubili ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla okuqala kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamandla esibili ngesikhathi esisodwa, nemisebenzi emibili yokwakhiwa kwamandla okuqala kanye nokwakhiwa kwamandla wesibili; Asikho isidingo sokukhishwa kwezimbiwa zamandla okukodwa, ukuthuthwa, kanye nenqubo yokugcina, kunciphisa kakhulu izindleko zikaphethiloli.
Ukwakhiwa kwamadamu okuthuthukisa ugesi ngamanzi kuzoshintsha imvelo yezindawo zendawo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kudinga ukucwiliswa komhlaba othile, okuholela ekuthutheni kwabokufika; Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingabuyisela i-microclimate yesifunda, idale indawo entsha yemvelo yasemanzini, ikhuthaze ukusinda kwezinto eziphilayo, futhi yenze kube lula ukulawula izikhukhula zabantu, ukuchelela, ezokuvakasha, nokuthuthukiswa kwemikhumbi. Ngakho-ke, ekuhleleni amaphrojekthi kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi, kufanele kubhekwe kabanzi ekunciphiseni umthelela omubi endaweni ezungezile, futhi ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla ngamanzi kunezinzuzo eziningi kunezimo ezimbi.
Ngenxa yobuhle bamandla kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi, amazwe emhlabeni jikelele manje asebenzisa izinqubomgomo ezibeka eqhulwini ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla ngamanzi. Ngeminyaka yawo-1990s, amandla kagesi afinyelela ku-93.2% wesamba somthamo ofakiwe waseBrazil, kanti amazwe afana neNorway, Switzerland, New Zealand, kanye neCanada ayenezilinganiso zamandla kagesi angaphezu kuka-50%.
Ngo-1990, ingxenye yamandla kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi kugesi osetshenziswayo kwamanye amazwe emhlabeni yayingu-74% eFrance, i-72% eSwitzerland, i-66% eJapane, i-61% eParaguay, i-55% e-United States, i-54% e-Egypt, i-50% eCanada, i-17.3% e-India 6%, e-China 6% ngesikhathi esifanayo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Sep-24-2024
