Sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu, ugesi wamanzi ube yitshe lesisekelo samandla avuselelekayo, esebenzisa amandla amanzi ukukhiqiza ugesi. Kodwa esimweni samandla sanamuhla, ukukhiqiza ugesi akwanele. Inselele enkulu isekugcineni—futhi izitshalo zikagesi wamanzi zidlula ekuguqulweni okuphawulekayo ukuze zibe amabhethri anamandla kakhulu emhlabeni. Lesi sihloko sihlola umhlaba omusha wokugcina ugesi wamanzi, kusukela kubuchwepheshe obukhulu obuqinisekisiwe kuya kuzixazululo ezintsha ezingachaza kabusha amagridi ethu kagesi.
Ihhashi Elisebenzayo: I-Pomped-Storage Hydropower (PSH)
Uhlobo olusetshenziswa kakhulu nolusetshenziswa kabanzi lokugcina amandla kagesi amakhulu yi-Pumped-Storage Hydropower (PSH). Ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi “ibhethri elikhulu,” isikhungo se-PSH siwuhlobo lwesitshalo sikagesi esigcina amandla ngendlela yamandla angase abe khona emanzini.
Indlela Esebenza Ngayo
Lo mgomo muhle kakhulu ngoba ulula:
Ukushaja (Isitoreji): Ngezikhathi zokudingeka kukagesi okuphansi (amahora angewona avamile) noma lapho kunamandla amaningi avela kweminye imithombo njengomoya noma ilanga, ugesi oshibhile usetshenziselwa ukupompa amanzi kusuka edamini elingaphansi kuya edamini elingaphezulu, okwenza uhlelo "lushaje" ngempumelelo.
Ukukhipha Ugesi (Ukukhiqiza): Uma isidingo sikagesi sikhuphuka (amahora aphezulu), amanzi akhishwa echibini elingaphezulu. Ageleza ehla ngemigudu, ejikeleza ama-turbine ukuze akhiqize ugesi obuyiselwa kugridi.
Le nqubo ivumela i-PSH ukuthi inikeze ukuguquguquka okubalulekile kwegridi kanye nokuzinza. Ingaqala ngemizuzu embalwa, inikeze amandla ngokushesha ukuze imboze isidingo esiphezulu futhi ilinganisele isimo esingavamile sezinye izinto ezivuselelekayo njengomoya kanye nelanga.
Isikali kanye nomthelela womhlaba wonke
I-PSH ibusa indawo yokugcina amandla emhlabeni wonke, ibangela iningi lamandla agciniwe emhlabeni. Izibonelo zangempela ziqokomisa ubukhulu bayo:
Abaholi Bomhlaba Wonke: Amazwe afana neJapan, iChina, ne-United States ahola phambili ngomthamo we-PSH ofakiwe.
Ingqophamlando yaseTaiwan: Isikhungo Sikagesi Esinompompi iMingtan eTaiwan, esinamandla angu-1,602 MW, siyisibonelo esihle sesikhungo esikhulu se-PSH esakhelwe ukugcina amandla enuzi nawokushisa angekho ezingeni eliphezulu ukuze asetshenziswe ngesikhathi sokufunwa okukhulu.
Umngcele Wokusungula Izinto Ezintsha: Ubuchwepheshe Obusha Bokugcina Amandla Kagesi
Nakuba i-PSH isebenza kahle, idinga indawo ethile, ihilela isikhathi eside sokwakha, futhi ingaba nomthelela omkhulu emvelweni. Lokhu kukhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe besizukulwane esilandelayo.
1. Izinhlelo Zokugcina Amandla Kagesi Ahlanganisiwe
Umkhuba onamandla uhilela ukuhlanganisa izitshalo zamandla kagesi nezinye ubuchwepheshe bokugcina ukuze kudalwe izinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe ezinhle kakhulu.
Amabhethri e-Hydropower +: Ucwaningo lwango-2025 oluvela ePacific Northwest National Laboratory luthole ukuthi ukuhlanganisa idamu likagesi elinamandla angu-240 MW nohlelo lwebhethri elingu-60 MW kungandisa imali engenayo yonyaka ngaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-6 zamaRandi. Ibhethri linciphisa isidingo sokuba ama-hydro turbine aqale futhi ame njalo, linciphise ukuguguleka kwe-turbine ngaphezu kuka-98% futhi landise isikhathi sawo sokuphila.
Amandla kagesi kanye nama-Flywheel: Ucwaningo eShayina lubonise ukuthi ukuhlanganisa iyunithi yokugcina i-pumped engu-300 MW ne-flywheel array engu-25 MW kungaphinda kabili ukusebenza kokulawulwa kwemvamisa yesistimu, okwenza igridi iphendule kangcono ngenkathi kunciphisa izindleko zokulungisa.
2. Isitoreji “Esingenamanzi” kanye neSincane Samandla Amanzi
Imiqondo emisha iphonsela inselelo incazelo yamandla kagesi aphuma emanzini.
Isitoreji Esiphezulu Kakhulu: Ubuchwepheshe obusha bango-2023 obuvela ku-State Grid yaseShayina busebenzisa umoya ocindezelwe esikhundleni sedamu elikhulu ukudala umfutho wamanzi. Uhlelo lugcina amandla ngokucindezela umoya, bese lucindezela amanzi endaweni evalekile. Ukuze kukhiqizwe amandla, umoya ocindezelwe usunduza amanzi nge-turbine. Lokhu kuvumela indawo encane kakhulu kanye nokusetshenziswa ezindaweni ezingenazo izinsiza zamanzi ezinkulu.
Idamu “Elingenamanzi”: Inkampani entsha yase-UK, i-RheEnergize, ithuthukisa uhlelo oluthatha indawo yamanzi ngoketshezi olunobungani nemvelo olubizwa nge-R19. Ngobuningi obuphindwe kabili kunamanzi, lolu ketshezi lungakhiqiza amandla afanayo ngohlelo olunobukhulu obungu-40% kuphela futhi ezindaweni eziphansi, luvula izinkulungwane zezindawo ezintsha ezingaba khona zokugcina “ezipompiwe” ezingadingi izintaba.
3. Amandla kagesi kanye ne-Hydrogen
Ukuze kugcinwe isikhathi eside sonyaka, ukuhlanganisa amandla e-hydropower ne-hydrogen kuyindlela ethembisayo. Ugesi oweqile, njengalowo ovela ekukhiqizweni kwamanzi “okuvinjelwe” obekungachithwa ngenye indlela, ungasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza i-hydrogen eluhlaza nge-electrolysis. Le hydrogen ingagcinwa futhi kamuva isetshenziswe kumaseli kaphethiloli ukukhiqiza ugesi noma ngezinye izinjongo zezimboni, okuhlinzeka ngesisombululo sokugcina amandla esihlanzekile nesinobuningi obukhulu.
Ukuguqulwa Kwedijithali
Isitoreji samandla kagesi sanamuhla siya ngokuya sihlakanipha. Lo mkhakha wamukela ukwenziwa kwedijithali kanye ne-Artificial Intelligence (AI) ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza. Ubuchwepheshe obufana ne-Digital Twin bakha amamodeli e-virtual engqalasizinda asebenza ngesikhathi sangempela, kuyilapho ama-algorithm e-AI engabikezela izidingo zokugcinwa, athuthukise amashejuli okukhiqiza ngokusekelwe ekubikezelweni kwesimo sezulu kanye nesidingo, futhi athuthukise ukuphepha nokusebenza kahle okuphelele.
Amandla kagesi angaphansi kwamanzi awasagcini nje ngokukhiqiza ugesi emifuleni egelezayo. Ngokusebenzisa isitoreji esipompiwe kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha ezisezingeni eliphezulu ekuhlanganiseni kanye nezindlela ezintsha zokugcina, kuqinisa indima yayo njengensika ebalulekile yesistimu yamandla ehlanzekile, ethembekile, neyesimanje. Njengoba umhlaba uqhubeka nokwengeza imithombo yamandla evuselelekayo eguquguqukayo njengomoya kanye nelanga, ikhono lamandla kagesi angaphansi kwamanzi lokugcina amandla amaningi nokuhlinzeka ngokuqina kwegridi lizoba yigugu kakhulu, okuqinisekisa ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe obuvuselelekayo obujwayelekile buhlala busenhliziyweni yokuguquka kwamandla.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Okthoba-20-2025
